Bridgwater Tidal Barrier Bridgwater, Somerset
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Ref: 114861.01 May 2017
wessexarchaeology
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier Bridgwater, Somerset
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Prepared for: CH2M Ash House Falcon Road Sowton Exeter EX2 7LB
Prepared by: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury Wiltshire SP4 6EB
www.wessexarch.co.uk
May 2017
114861.01
© Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2017, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity No. 287786 (England & Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland) Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Quality Assurance
Project Code 114861 Accession Client Code Ref. Planning Ordnance Survey Site A: 325767, 142703 to 326778, 141441 Application (OS) national grid Site B: 329533, 142540 to 329960, 141637 Ref. reference (NGR) Site C: 330567, 140812 to 330972, 140712 Site D: 328486, 139021 to 330226, 139125
Version Status* Prepared by Checked and Approver’s Signature Date Approved By v01 I NB File: X:\PROJECTS\114861\_Reports v02 E NB SPB 31-05-2017
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* I = Internal Draft; E = External Draft; F = Final
DISCLAIMER
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE.
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier Bridgwater, Somerset
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Contents
Summary ...... v Acknowledgements ...... vii
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project background ...... 1 1.2 The Site ...... 1 1.3 Development proposals ...... 2 1.4 Scope of document ...... 2 1.5 Aims ...... 2
2 PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 3 2.1 Introduction ...... 3 2.2 Designated heritage assets ...... 3 2.3 Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as Amended 2002) ...... 3 2.4 National Planning Policy Framework ...... 4 2.5 Local planning policy ...... 4 2.6 Supplementary planning guidance ...... 4
3 METHODOLOGY ...... 5 3.1 Introduction ...... 5 3.2 Study Area ...... 5 3.3 Sources ...... 5 3.4 Site visit ...... 5 3.5 LiDAR and aerial photography assessment ...... 6 3.6 Assessment criteria- Significance ...... 6 3.7 Setting assessment ...... 7 3.8 Assumptions and limitations ...... 8 3.9 Copyright ...... 9
4 BASELINE RESOURCE ...... 9 4.1 Introduction ...... 9 4.2 Designated heritage assets ...... 9 Site ...... 9 Study Area ...... 9 4.3 Previous studies ...... 10 Site ...... 10
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Study Area ...... 10 4.4 LiDAR and aerial photography assessment ...... 12 4.5 Archaeological and historical context ...... 13 Prehistoric (970,000 BC – AD 43) ...... 13 Romano-British (AD 43 – 410) ...... 14 Saxon and medieval (AD 410 – 1500) ...... 15 Post-medieval, 19th century and modern (AD 1500 – present day) ...... 17 Undated ...... 20 4.6 Historic Landscape Character ...... 21 4.7 Assessment of archaeological survival and previous impacts ...... 22
5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- PHYSICAL EFFECTS ...... 22 5.1 Introduction ...... 22 5.2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource ...... 22 5.3 Statement of potential impact ...... 29 Designated heritage assets ...... 29 Archaeological remains ...... 29 Historic Landscape Character ...... 29
6 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- NON-PHYSICAL EFFECTS ...... 29 6.1 Introduction ...... 29 6.2 Scoping exercise and assessment ...... 30
7 CONCLUSIONS ...... 31 7.1 General ...... 31 Designated heritage assets- physical impacts ...... 31 Archaeological remains ...... 31 Palaeoenvironmental remains ...... 32 Historic Landscape Character and the settings of heritage assets ...... 32 7.2 Recommendations ...... 32
8 REFERENCES ...... 34 8.1 Bibliography ...... 34 8.2 Historic Environment Records ...... 36 8.3 Cartographic and documentary sources ...... 36 8.4 Online resources ...... 36
9 APPENDICES ...... 38 9.1 Appendix 1: Terminology ...... 38 9.2 Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework ...... 39 9.3 Appendix 3: Aerial photographs viewed at the Historic England Archive ...... 44 9.4 Appendix 4: Gazetteer ...... 58
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Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Tables Table 1: Generic schema for classifying the significance of heritage assets ...... 7 Table 2: Summary of known and potential historic environment resource within the Site ...... 24
Figures Figure 1: Location of Sites and Study Areas Figure 2: Site A: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 3: Site B: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 4: Site C: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 5: Site D: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 6: Site A: Historic maps Figure 7: Site B: Historic maps Figure 8: Site C: Historic maps Figure 9: Site D: Historic maps
Plates Plate 1: View northwards along existing floodbank, Site B Plate 2: View southwards along existing floodbank, Site D Plate 3: Church of St Peter, Combwich (A03), view from the south Plate 4: Grange Farm, Chilton Trinity (D03), view from the north-west Plate 5: Rhyne, Site D Plate 6: Existing field drainage, Site B Plate 7: View north-eastwards to Pawlett and the Church of St John the Baptist (NHLE 1173441) Plate 8: Fives Wall, Combwich (A05), view from the north-west Plate 9: 19th century terrace, Combwich, view from the existing floodbank to the south Plate 10: Combwich Pill, view from the south-west Plate 11: Late 19th century houses, Pawlett, view from the west Plate 12: Rail lines within former factory complex, Dunball, view from the east Plate 13: The Admiral’s Table, Dunball (C14), view from the south Plate 14: Second World War pillbox, Dunball (C19), view from the north Plate 15: Middle Drove, Chilton Trinity, view from the west Plate 16: Embanked feature, Site D (D39), view from the east Plate 17: Second World War pillbox, (D28), view from the west Plate 18: View to Fives Wall, Combwich (A05), south-eastwards from existing floodbank Plate 19: View to Church of St Peter, Combwich (A03), southwards from the northern part of Site A
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Plate 20: View to Combwich and the Church of St Peter (A03), northwards from existing floodbank Plate 21: View north from Dunball Wharf (C10) Plate 22: View from Site D south-west towards Grange Farm (D03) and Manor Farmhouse (D02)
Front Cover View along existing floodbank towards Combwich Back Cover Suckling calf
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Bridgwater Tidal Barrier Bridgwater, Somerset
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Summary Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by CH2M to prepare a Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment of four sites in relation to the Bridgwater Flood Defence Scheme to the north of Bridgwater, Somerset; Site A located to the north, south and east of the village of Combwich (National Grid Reference (NGR) 325767, 142703 to 326778, 141441), Site B just to the south of Pawlett (NGR 329533, 142540 to 329960, 141637), Site C west of Dunball (NGR 330567, 140812 to 330972, 140712) and Site D to the north of Chilton Trinity (NGR 328486, 139021 to 330226, 139125). This study is intended to support proposed new flood defences in relation to the four sites comprising the raising the height of existing floodbanks and the construction of sections of new floodbanks.
The aims of this study were to assess the known and potential heritage resource within the site and the surrounding area, and to assess the likely impacts of the development proposals on this resource.
The effect of the development proposals on the historic environment resource will be a material consideration in the determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding heritage constraints which are likely to prohibit development.
This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains, in particular relating to Romano-British occupation at Sites A and D, medieval and post-medieval agricultural landscape and water management features at Sites A, B and D and 19th century industrial activity at Sites B, C and D. The development also lies within the Somerset Levels and Moors which demonstrates a deep stratigraphic sequence reflecting changes in climatic, environment and human landscape management from the Palaeolithic period onwards. Samples taken through the successive deposits can provide significant information of past landscape change and evolution through the analysis of pollen, snails and other plant remains.
Due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation across the majority of the sites, the presence, location and significance of any buried heritage assets cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such it is likely that additional archaeological investigations may be required by the planning archaeologist for Sedgemoor District Council.
The development proposals consist of minor changes to the existing flood defences and the creation of new low lying floodbanks and are not considered to represent a change to the historic landscape character. As a consequence, the proposed development is unlikely to result in any adverse impacts to the settings of any designated or non-designated heritage assets within the wider landscape surrounding the sites. Construction of new floodbanks and the widening of the existing flood defences may also entail the removal of short sections of hedgerow which may fulfil the criteria for being considered historically Important as defined under the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as amended in 2002). However, the areas to be removed are likely to be minimal.
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While the impact of the development is likely to relatively shallow, the project provides an opportunity to sample and investigate the deep stratigraphic sequence within this area of the Somerset Levels and Moors, potentially providing valuable information on landscape change and exploitation. As well as identifying and recording archaeological remains investigation works would provide a chance to undertake environmental sampling and paleoenvironment assessment.
Earlier archaeological features and deposits may lie below the depth of development impact and may therefore be preserved in situ. Where this is the case measures should be taken to avoid any damage to these remains during construction works.
The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further assessment and/or archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.
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Bridgwater Tidal Barrier
Bridgwater, Somerset
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
Acknowledgements This project was commissioned by CH2M, and Wessex Archaeology is grateful to Charlotte Handy and Russel Corney in this regard. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank the South West Heritage Trust for supplying the Historic Environment Record data and the staff at the Somerset Heritage Centre and Historic England Archive for their help and assistance.
The report was researched and compiled by Naomi Brennan. Research at the Historic England Archive and the Somerset Heritage Centre was undertaken by Lewis Ernest. The site visit was carried out by Naomi Brennan and Emma Clark. The illustrations were prepared by Naomi Brennan, Nancy Dixon and Karen Nichols. Steve Beach managed the project on behalf of Wessex Archaeology.
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Bridgwater Tidal Barrier Bridgwater, Somerset
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by CH2M (the Client), to prepare a Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment of four sites in relation to the Bridgwater Flood Defence Scheme to the north of Bridgwater, Somerset (hereafter ‘the Site’, Figure 1).
1.1.2 The River Parrett is the only major river in Somerset that does not have a sluice or other structure to exclude high tides (Black & Vetch 2014, 8). Exceptionally high rainfall in 2012 and late 2013/early 2014 caused river flows in the River Parrett and River Tone catchments that exceeded the capacity of the river channels, resulting in overtopping of the spillways and river banks upstream and causing extensive flooding in the Somerset Levels and Moors (Black & Vetch 2014, 5).
1.1.3 Due to the risk of flood within the town of Bridgwater and in the wider area, long-term strategic flood defences are required. The preferred solution, as outlined in the Local Development Framework Core Strategy (Sedgemoor District Council 2013), is for the construction of a tidal surge barrier on the River Parrett Barrier in combination with downstream bank improvements.
1.1.4 This study is intended to inform proposals in relation to the proposed new flood defences comprising four sites located near Combwich, Pawlett, Dunball and Chilton Trinity.
1.2 The Site 1.2.1 The Site comprises of four individual sites located on the River Parrett, just to the north of Bridgwater (Figure 1).
1.2.2 Site A is located to the north, south and east of the village of Combwich and comprises approximately 2600 m of proposed new defences along the western bank of the river and to the south of the lake at the southern edge of the village. The defences lie between National Grid Reference (NGR) 325767, 142703 in the north to NGR 326778, 141441 in the south.
1.2.3 Site B is situated just to the south of Pawlett and comprises approximately 1080 m of proposed new defences along the eastern bank of the river, and to the west of River Road. The defences lie between NGR 329533, 142540 in the north to NGR 329960, 141637 in the south.
1.2.4 Site C lies to the west of Dunball and comprises approximately 500 m of proposed new defences along the northern bank of the river adjacent to Dunball Wharf. The defences lie between NGR 330567, 140812 in the west to NGR 330972, 140712 in the east.
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1.2.5 Site D is located to the north of Chilton Trinity and comprises approximately 3540 m of proposed new defences along the western bank of the river and to the north of the village. The defences to the north of the village are situated to the south of Chinehorn Drove and on the northern and north-western edge of Middle Drove and Moore’s Lane. An alternative to of Middle Drove is also being considered. The defences lie between NGR 328486, 139021 in the west to NGR 330226, 139125 in the east.
1.2.6 The Site is situated within the western edge of the Somerset Levels and Moors, a low- lying landscape of reclaimed land and water management. Site A lies at an elevation of approximately 3.5-6 m above Ordnance Datum (aOD), Site B at an elevation of approximately 5-8 m aOD, Site C at an elevation of approximately 5-7 m aOD and Site D at an elevation of approximately 3.5-8 m aOD.
1.2.7 The underlying bedrock geology throughout the majority of the Site is mapped as Langport Member, Blue Lias Formation and Charmouth Mudstone Formation (undifferentiated), overlain by tidal flat deposits (British Geological Survey, Geology of Britain Viewer). The exception is in the area of Middle Drove and Manor Farm to the north and west of Chilton Trinity where an outcrop of the Mercia Mudstone Group and no superficial deposits is recorded.
1.3 Development proposals 1.3.1 Exact routes and specifications for the new flood defences are still being finalised. However, where the route follows the course of the existing floodbanks (Plates 1 and 2) it is envisaged that these banks will be raised by around 0.5 m, entailing the widening of the bank by some 5-10 m on the landward side. Where new banks are proposed these will be around 1-2 m high and are likely to occupy a footprint approximately 20 m wide.
1.4 Scope of document 1.4.1 This assessment was requested by the Client in order to determine, as far as is possible from existing information, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment resource within the Site and its environs, and to provide an initial assessment of the potential impact of development on the heritage assets that embody that significance.
1.4.2 The Historic Environment, as defined in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012): Annex 2, comprises:
‘all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’
1.4.3 NPPF Annex 2 defines a Heritage Asset as:
‘a building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’
1.5 Aims 1.5.1 The specific aims of this assessment are to:
outline the known and potential heritage assets within the Site based on a review of existing information within a defined study area;
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assess the significance of known and potential heritage assets through weighted consideration of their valued components; assess the potential impact of development or other land changes on the significance of the heritage assets and their setting; and make recommendations for strategies to mitigate potential adverse impacts arising from the proposed development.
2 PLANNING BACKGROUND
2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and proposed development on or near, important archaeological sites or historical buildings within planning regulations as defined under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.
2.1.2 The following section summarises the main components of the national and local planning and legislative framework governing the treatment of the historic environment within the planning process. Further detail is presented in Appendix 2.
2.2 Designated heritage assets 2.2.1 Designated heritage assets are defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:
‘World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Park and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas designated under the relevant legislation.’
2.2.2 Designation can be defined as:
‘The recognition of particular heritage value(s) of a significant place by giving it formal status under law or policy intended to sustain those values’ (English Heritage 2008, p.71).
2.2.3 Statutory protection is provided to certain classes of designated heritage asset under the following legislation:
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990; Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 2.2.4 Further information regarding heritage designations is provided in Appendix 2.
2.3 Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as Amended 2002) 2.3.1 Hedgerows that fulfil certain criteria are afforded protection under the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as Amended 2002). The administration of the regulations is the responsibility of the Local Planning Authority (LPA).
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2.4 National Planning Policy Framework 2.4.1 National Planning Policy Framework Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment sets out the principal national guidance on the importance, management and safeguarding of heritage assets within the planning process.
2.4.2 The aim of NPPF Section 12 is to ensure that Local Planning Authorities, developers and owners of heritage assets adopt a consistent and holistic approach to their conservation and to reduce complexity in planning policy relating to proposals that affect them.
2.4.3 To summarise, government guidance provides a framework which:
recognises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource; requires applicants to provide proportionate information on the significance of heritage assets affected by the proposals and an impact assessment of the proposed development on that significance; takes into account the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and their setting; places weight on the conservation of designated heritage assets, in line with their significance; and requires developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. 2.4.4 A selection of excerpts from NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment is presented in Appendix 2.
2.4.5 On 6 March 2014 the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) launched the Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) web-based resource. The resource provides additional guidance intended to accompany the NPPF. It includes a section entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic environment (ID: 18a), which expands upon NPPF Section 12.
2.5 Local planning policy 2.5.1 Sedgemoor District Council adopted its Core Strategy in 2011 to guide development in the district up to 2027. Although this supersedes the Sedgemoor Local Plan (Sedgemoor District Council 2005) a number of the Local Plan policies have been saved in the Core Strategy including some relevant to the historic environment.
2.5.2 The council are preparing a new Local Plan to replace the Core Strategy and have taken consultation on its proposed submission. Relevant policies from the Proposed Submission Local Plan 2011-2032 are included for reference.
2.5.3 Local planning policies that relate to the historic environment and may be relevant to the proposed development are presented in Appendix 2.
2.6 Supplementary planning guidance 2.6.1 An assessment of the landscape of the area was undertaken in 1997 and later revised, this is reported in the Sedgemoor Landscape Assessment and Countryside Design Summary (Sedgemoor District Council 2003) which contains a framework and guidance
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for development in relation to the historic and natural landscape character. The Site lies in the Level and Moors National Character Area (ID 142) (Natural England 2013).
2.6.2 A framework has also been produced for the continued planned growth of Bridgwater and its surrounding area, Bridgwater Vision (Sedgemoor District Council 2015). This includes reference to the flood defence scheme as one of the key strategic projects in the region.
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The methodology employed during this assessment was based upon relevant professional guidance, including the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2014).
3.2 Study Area 3.2.1 A Study Area was established within a 500 m radius of the Site boundary. The recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area was considered in order to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential resource within the Site.
3.3 Sources 3.3.1 A number of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information were consulted. These comprised:
The National Heritage List for England (NHLE), which is the only official and up to date database of all nationally designated heritage assets; The Somerset Historic Environment Record (SHER), comprising a database of recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and archaeological events within the county; National heritage datasets including the Archaeological Data Service (ADS), Heritage Gateway, OASIS, PastScape and the National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) Excavation Index; Filtered LiDAR datasets at 1-0.25 m (as available) horizontal cell resolution, sourced from the Environment Agency’s LiDAR data archive; Aerial photographs held at the Historic England Archive in Swindon; Historic manuscripts, surveyed maps, and Ordnance Survey maps held at the Somerset Heritage Centre; and Relevant primary and secondary sources held at the Somerset Heritage Centre and in Wessex Archaeology’s own library. Both published and unpublished archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the vicinity of the Site were studied. 3.3.2 Sources consulted during the preparation of this assessment are listed in Section 8.
3.4 Site visit 3.4.1 The Site was visited on the 11-12 May 2017. Weather conditions were predominantly dry and clear. A fieldwork record comprising digital photography is held in the project archive.
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3.4.2 The aim of the Site visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting of the Site and to identify any prior impacts not evident from secondary sources. The Site visit also sought to ascertain if the Site contained any previously unidentified features of archaeological, architectural or historic interest.
3.4.3 A key objective of the Site visit was the gathering of observations upon which to assess the potential for the development proposals to affect the settings of heritage assets (see Section 3.6).
3.5 LiDAR and aerial photography assessment 3.5.1 A full search of aerial photographs held by the Historic England Archive was carried out for the Site (ref. 106746) (Appendix 3). This returned 48 oblique photographs and 367 vertical photographs (27 sorties), all of which were viewed for this report at the Historic England Archive. Features identified on aerial photographs were compared to features already transcribed by the National Mapping Programme (NMP) and those contained in the SHER.
3.5.2 LiDAR data was provided by the Environment Agency in Digital Terrain Model and/or Digital Surface Model format at 25cm, 50cm and 100cm resolution as available. This data was compared to features already identified in the SHER, the NMP and those visible on aerial photographs viewed as part of this assessment.
3.5.3 Any features already identified and recorded by other datasets were not duplicated. The overall shape and extent of any new potential features were transcribed using a geographic information system (GIS) software package and recorded in the project gazetteer (Appendix 4).
3.6 Assessment criteria- Significance 3.6.1 Significance (for heritage policy) is defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:
‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’
3.6.2 Current national guidance for the assessment of the significance of heritage assets is based on criteria provided by English Heritage (now Historic England) in Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (2008). Within this document, significance is weighed by consideration of the potential for the asset to demonstrate the following value criteria:
Evidential value Deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity; Historical value Deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative; Aesthetic value Deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place; and Communal value Deriving from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects.
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3.6.3 This assessment was also informed by the advice published by Historic England in the document entitled Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 (2015a).
3.6.4 The relative significance of heritage assets was determined in general accordance with the schema laid out below in Table 1.
Table 1: Generic schema for classifying the significance of heritage assets
Significance Categories
World Heritage Sites (including nominated sites) Very High Assets of recognised international importance Assets that contribute to international research objectives Scheduled Monuments Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings Grade II Listed Buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical associations High Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens Registered Battlefields Non-designated assets of national importance Assets that contribute to national research agendas Grade II Listed Buildings Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens Moderate Conservation Areas Assets that contribute to regional research objectives Locally listed buildings Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual Low associations Assets with importance to local interest groups Sites, features, structures or landscapes with little or no archaeological, Negligible architectural or historical interest The importance of the asset has not been ascertained from available Unknown evidence
3.7 Setting assessment 3.7.1 Annex 2 of the NPPF defines the setting of a heritage asset as:
‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’
3.7.2 The aim of the setting assessment, presented in Section 6, was to explore the potential effects of the proposed development on the settings of designated and non-designated heritage assets situated within the wider context of the Site.
3.7.3 The setting assessment was guided by the recommendations outlined in The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning. Note 3: (Historic England, 2015b). The aforementioned guidance advocates a systematic and staged approach to the assessment of the effects of development on the settings of heritage assets.
3.7.4 Step 1 of the approach is ‘identifying the heritage assets affected and their settings’.
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3.7.5 This initial step of the setting assessment has been carried out by undertaking a Scoping Exercise, the results of which are presented in Section 6.2.
3.7.6 The Scoping Exercise employed a 500 m Study Area in order to aid the identification of those heritage assets and their settings that might be affected by the development proposals. The methodology employed in this regard is set out in Appendix 4.
3.7.7 The Scoping Exercise also aimed to identify any additional designated and/or non- designated heritage assets that did not lie within the Study Area, but which nevertheless share intervisibility with the Site, or that may be affected by non-visual effects resulting from the development proposals.
3.7.8 The potential for the proposed development to affect the settings of the heritage assets included in the Scoping Exercise was then assessed via the application of professional judgement, informed by observations made during the Site visit.
3.7.9 Where it could be confidently determined that a heritage asset and its setting would not be affected by the development proposals, no further assessment was undertaken.
3.7.10 Where it could be anticipated that the proposed development may have the potential to alter the setting of a heritage asset, these assets were scoped in for further detailed assessment. These heritage assets were assessed on a case by case basis, in accordance with Steps 2 and 3 of the process outlined below.
3.7.11 Step 2 requires consideration of ‘whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s)’. This stage of the assessment should first address the key attributes of the heritage asset itself and then consider:
the physical surroundings of the asset, including its relationship with other heritage assets; the way the asset is appreciated; and the asset’s associations and patterns of use. 3.7.12 Step 3 is ‘Assessing the effect of the proposed development on the significance of the asset(s)’. This stage of the assessment addresses the key attributes of the proposed development, such as its:
Location and siting; Form and appearance; Additional effects; and Permanence. 3.7.13 Step 4 is to explore opportunities for ‘maximising enhancement and minimising harm’, while Step 5 is to ‘make and document the decision and monitor outcomes’. For the purposes of this assessment, only Steps 1-3 of the process have been followed with elements of Step 4, where appropriate.
3.8 Assumptions and limitations 3.8.1 Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.
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3.8.2 The records held by the SHER are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the historic environment. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.
3.9 Copyright 3.9.1 This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g. Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which Wessex Archaeology are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non- transferable by Wessex Archaeology. Users remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.
4 BASELINE RESOURCE
4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The following section provides a summary of the recorded historic environment within the Study Area, compiled from the sources summarised above and detailed in the references section of this report (Section 8). The aim is to identify the known and potential components of the historic environment (heritage assets) that could be affected by the proposed development.
4.1.2 All heritage assets identified within the Study Area are listed in Appendix 4. The NHLE and HER entries are assigned a unique number within the text and given a prefix relating to the site name (e.g. Site A, asset A01) for ease of reference.
4.2 Designated heritage assets Site 4.2.1 There are no designated heritage assets within any of the sites.
Study Area 4.2.2 Designated heritage assets within each Study Area comprise:
Site A 4.2.3 Five Grade II Listed Buildings (A01-A05) lie within the Site A Study Area. These comprise four post-medieval structures including a former public house (A04), bridge (A01) and farmhouse (A02). The remaining Listed Building relates to the 19th century parish church (A03) (Plate 3).
Site B 4.2.4 There are no designated assets within the Study Area.
Site C 4.2.5 A single Scheduled Monument lies on the northern edge of the Study Area (C01). This comprises a medieval motte and bailey castle. This was constructed in a strategic position on higher ground within the marshland. Partial excavation indicates that the site was occupied in the Norman period.
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Site D 4.2.6 One Grade II* Listed Building (D01) and five Grade II Listed Buildings (D02-D06) lie within the Site D Study Area. The parish church (D01) dates to the 13th century and the remains of a contemporary medieval churchyard cross are also listed (D04) as is the adjacent 19th century vestry and Sunday school room (D05). The remaining assets comprise two farmhouses (D02 and D03 (Plate 4)) and a 17th century house (D06).
4.2.7 There are no World Heritage Sites, Protected Wrecks, Registered Parks and Gardens or Registered Battlefields within any of the Study Areas.
4.2.8 Designated heritage assets located within the Study Areas are depicted in Figures 2-5.
4.3 Previous studies Site 4.3.1 No record of any previous intrusive archaeological investigation within the Sites B, C and D has been identified during the preparation of this assessment, however some investigations are recorded within Site A:
Site A A geophysical survey to the south of the village incorporated much of the Site and located a number of sinuous features thought to relate to palaeochannels or relic drainage features (A36) (Cotswold Archaeology 2010a). Later evaluation, including one trench within the area of the site, located a series of ditches and gullies, not all of which were identified by the geophysical survey, as well as the palaeochannels. No dating evidence was recovered. Tidal erosion to the north of the village uncovered evidence for extensive Romano- British occupation at around 1.3-1.5m below the present ground surface, inclusion wall footing, paving and a hearth (A08). Study Area 4.3.2 The SHER and other sources contains information pertaining to a small number of investigations which have been carried out within each Study Area. These comprise:
Site A A number of boreholes (ST24SE13, ST24SE14, ST24SE15, ST24SE16 and ST24SE17) are recorded associated with the tidal defences at Combwich harbour (British Geological Survey). These recorded a number of different layers of silty clay, gravel and clay overlying the bedrock geology. Brick inclusions within a couple of the upper deposits suggests modern made ground or dumped material. Traces of organic inclusions in two of the boreholes at 2.85-4.80 m and 1.80- 6.00 m below ground level suggests possible salt marsh deposits. An evaluation adjacent to the Old Ship Inn found a large Iron Age ditch along with later Romano-British and medieval features (A06). Roman pottery and a medieval ditch were also found during an evaluation to the south-east at The Anchor Inn (A10). An evaluation at the southern edge of the village (A22) located Roman and medieval pottery and post-medieval activity. A desk-top assessment and walkover survey was undertaken on the eastern side of the river which located earthworks of possible Roman, Saxon and medieval date (A39). Watching briefs undertaken at the northern edge of this area located possible medieval occupation and drainage features (A15-A16).
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Geophysical survey on the line of proposed bypass identified anomalies likely to relate drainage features (A37). A number of investigations which did record any archaeological finds or features within the Study Area (A40-A45). Some investigations are also recorded in the HER for which no details are yet available (A34 and A38). Site B An evaluation of land adjacent to Junction 23 of the M5 in connection with the new nuclear power station at Hinkley Point extended into the south-east of the Study Area (B11). No archaeological features or deposits were found (Cotswold Archaeology 2010b). The underlying superficial geology encountered was alluvium. Site C Borehole monitoring was undertaken December 2016 in relation to Options 4 and 5 of the Bridgwater Tidal Barrier at the southern edge of the Study Area (Wessex Archaeology 2017) (C28). Thin bands of peat noted from 6.2m below ground level and representative of short lived periods of sea level stability or marine regression but were not considered to be of particular palaeoenvironmental or archaeological significance. A number of boreholes (ST34SW1, ST34SW2, ST34SW3, ST34SW4, ST34SW5 and ST34SW6) are recorded associated with the construction of the A38 near Dunball (British Geological Survey). These recorded a number of different layers of silt, clay, sand and gravel reflecting succession deposition of riverine and tidal flat deposits. Archaeological monitoring and recording was carried out as part of a programme of geotechnical ground investigations associated with potential borrow pit locations for the flood defence scheme (C31). The trial pits exposed no archaeological features but did record the variable presence of a peat deposit present from a depth of around 4 m below existing levels. This was overlain by a series of alluvial clays. Two separate investigations in the area of Downend located several medieval features, including a building (C05) and evidence of extensive quarrying (C06), confirming the known area of medieval activity and settlement in this area. Evaluation of land to the north of the feed factory located evidence for post- medieval ridge and furrow (C10). Evaluation of land adjacent to Junction 23 of the M5 in the north-western part of the Study Area did not locate any archaeological features or deposits (Cotswold Archaeology 2010b) (C27). An evaluation of land to the south of Downend did not locate any archaeologically significant features or deposits, however the deeper stratigraphy (below 1.3 m) was not explored (C29). Assessment of Little Sydenham Farm at the south-eastern edge of the Study Area concluded that the land formerly comprised tidal channels and channel edge environment (C30). Evaluation did not locate any archaeological finds or features. Site D Watching brief and borehole monitoring in relation to Options 4 and 5 of the Bridgwater Tidal Barrier (D41) encountered made ground deposits thought to 11 WA Project No. 114861.01
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relate to the nearby brick and tile factory at Chilton Trinity (D25-D27). The borehole monitoring recorded sandy silts and clays represents salt marsh deposits, which have been subsequently ‘reclaimed’ by drainage and embankment (Wessex Archaeology 2017). Geotechnical investigations were carried out in connection with the Quantock Business Park on the eastern bank of the River Parrett and to the east of Chilton Trinity (Geo-Testing Services Ltd. 1993). These located some localised variation in the deposits encountered. A series of silty clay with sand lenses, gravel, silt and sand layers was encountered. Some traces or organic matter were located in sand located at depths of between 5-15 m below ground level. Peat was encountered in two of the boreholes at 23.4-23.5 m and 24.5-24.8 m below ground level. These organic deposits indicate periods of stabilisation within this tidal and riverine environment. A watching brief is recorded in the HER in the northern part of the village but no details are currently available (D37). 4.3.3 Where relevant, the results of these investigations are discussed in further detail in Section 4.4.
4.3.4 Previous archaeological investigations carried out within the Study Areas are illustrated in Figure 2-5.
4.4 LiDAR and aerial photography assessment 4.4.1 LiDAR data at 25 cm resolution was available for the majority of the project area including the entirety of the Study Areas for Site C and D. Data for almost all of Site B also existed at this resolution, although in the northern part of the Study Area only 1 m resolution imagery was available. Coverage at 50 cm resolution existed for Site A and its associated Study Area.
4.4.2 Most noticeable in the LiDAR data is the network of drainage channels across much of the agricultural landscape, these include the main (drainage channels) rhynes (Plate 5) as well as shallower channels criss-crossing the fields which help reduce and channel standing water (Plate 6). Contained within the present field pattern are some potential elements of earlier field patterns (A19, B02, B05, D15, D17, D19, D20 and D22).
4.4.3 A series of former flood defences have also been identified by the SHER which mirror earlier positions of the river channel (A14, A17, A18, A20, A21, B03, B04, C02, C07 and C08) the course of these is also predominantly visible in the LiDAR data.
4.4.4 While a series of sub-oval enclosures visible in the LiDAR data may be associated with the area of possible settlement at D38, other cropmark features identified in the HER are not visible in the data indicating that no above ground remains survive.
4.4.5 New potential features identified in through the LiDAR assessment comprise a circular embanked feature around a small pond (D39) and a possible moated site (D40).
4.4.6 The project area has already been considered as part of the National Mapping Programme (NMP), which is an initiative to identify, map and interpret archaeological sites in England visible on aerial photographs. This data has also been fully integrated into the SHER. As a result, the majority of features visible on the as part of the aerial photography assessment have already been recorded. This includes former flood defences (A14, A17, A18, A20, A21, B03, B04, C02 and C07), oyster beds (B06, C09 and D23) and field
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systems (A19, B02, B05, D15, D17, D19, D20 and D22) as well as military structures from the Second World War (B08, B09, C17, C19, C21, D28-D32).
4.4.7 A possible moated site which was not previously recorded was identified on an aerial photograph from 1924 (Historic England Archive RAF/CPE/UK/1924, frame 1040) at the southern edge of Pawlett (B11).
4.4.8 The results of the assessment are discussed the relevant period sections below.
4.5 Archaeological and historical context 4.5.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from the sources listed above. The potential for the likelihood of as yet unrecorded archaeological remains within the Site is informed by the consideration of the known heritage assets within the Study Area, in conjunction with the geology and topography of the area.
4.5.2 Records obtained from the NHLE, SHER and other sources are listed in Appendix 4 and illustrated in Figures 2-5.
Prehistoric (970,000 BC – AD 43) The Somerset Levels and Moors 4.5.3 During the Last Glacial Maximum (c18,000 years ago), the mean sea level was around 130-140 m below its present level with sea level in the South West rising by around 30- 40 m in the last 10,000 years (Hosfield et al. 2008, 27). Although the present coastline was broadly present by around 7000-6000 year ago the mean sea level was around 4-6 m lower than at present (ibid). As a result the landscape of the Somerset levels and moors was profoundly different during the early prehistoric periods. During episodes free from marine flooding oak fen woodland has been identified (e.g. at the coast in Stolford) (ibid, 43-45). A major marine inundation occurred in the late Mesolithic when extensive saltmarsh development is seen (ibid).
4.5.4 The Mesolithic period is generally seen as one in which diverse habitats were exploited for their natural resources. The wetlands would have provided opportunities for fishing, fowling, hunting and gathering. Sites which provided easy access to both the wetlands and higher areas, may well have been particularly attractive.
4.5.5 Post-glacial rising sea levels led to the gradual flooding of much of the Somerset Levels along with deposition of alluvial and estuarine deposits. Relative sea level rise decelerated during the Neolithic with levels at about 4500 BC some 5 m below those of the present, however by 1500 BC (Middle Bronze Age) there were within 1-2 m of the current levels (Wilkinson and Straker 2008, 63). The environment is likely to have composed areas of reed swamp and alder carr with more permanent areas of activity located on elevated ‘islands’ within the landscape.
4.5.6 Due to successive flooding episodes and the deposition of alluvial and tidal mud deposits earlier archaeological horizons may lie at some depth below current ground levels. Earlier ground surfaces can be identified through peat deposits which indicate the stabilisation of the immediate environment and the establishment of vegetation. Deep sequences through the successive deposits can provide significant information of past landscape change and evolution through the analysis of pollen, snails and other plant remains.
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Site A (Figure 2) 4.5.7 A large, possibly defensive ditch found during an evaluation adjacent to the Old Ship Inn indicates some Iron Age activity within the village of Combwich (A06) (Brigers 2003). Some Iron Age pottery has also been recovered during work at the clay pits at the southern edge of the village (A07). There is a known Romano-British settlement in the area of the modern village and this may therefore have earlier Iron Age antecedents.
Site B (Figure 3) 4.5.8 There are no specific records within the HER relating to this period.
Site C (Figure 4) 4.5.9 There are no specific records within the HER relating to this period. However, deep peat deposits recorded during geotechnical investigations to the south of the river noted peat deposits at 4 m below the present ground surface (C31). These are indicative of the establishment of vegetation and period of ground stability potentially linked to fluctuating sea levels during the early prehistoric periods. Occupation and activity at this time is likely to have been focused on higher ground and ‘islands’ within the marshlands.
4.5.10 Despite this, boreholes from the eastern side of the river show little evidence for any significant peat deposits (British Geological Survey). This may indicate that this area and the Site did not experience any significant periods of stabilisation or it could be the result of later erosion of these horizons by the river channel. Regardless, the current evidence suggests the potential for remains from this period is low and if present would lie at considerable depths below the tidal flat deposits.
Site D (Figure 5) 4.5.11 There are no specific records within the HER relating to this period; however peat deposits located at a significant depth below the current ground surface do suggest a period of stabilisation. This deposit has not been dated but may indicate a time when higher ground within the marshland may have been exploited. This deposit and any associated activity lies below any impact associated with the development proposals, therefore the potential for remains from prehistoric periods is judged as low.
4.5.12 A single worked flint recovered from an evaluation suggests some later prehistoric activity in the area at this time (D13).
Romano-British (AD 43 – 410) The Somerset Levels and Moors 4.5.13 As with the later Prehistoric periods the landscape during the Romano-British period is likely to have been predominantly marshland with areas of occupation focused on the more elevated ground. Some drainage and land reclamation is noted during this period within the Somerset Levels (Straker et al. 2008, 147), but this is likely to be restricted to localised areas. Settlement located on the banks of the tidal channels in this area are also often associated with areas of salt production, typically recognised and characterised by briquetage (burnt clay and pottery) mounds (Rippon 1996).
Site A (Figure 2) 4.5.14 Combwich was the site of a Roman settlement and port with occupation throughout this period (A08). Confirmed activity is known from the area of the clay pits at the southern edge of the modern village (A07), in Ship Lane (A06) and on the river bank at the north- eastern edge of the village (A08). This suggests that the settlement lay within the area occupied by the current village and extended further east, suggesting that the course of
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the river was also further east at this time. Roman briquetage recovered during an evaluation adjacent to The Anchor Inn suggest that salt production was occurring nearby (A10). Excavations in the area of the current flood defences indicate that the Roman archaeological horizon lies around 1.3-1.5 m below the current ground level.
Site B (Figure 3) 4.5.15 Although confirmed activity or features from this period within the Study Area is limited some Romano-British pottery is recorded as having been found within the churchyard (B01). Both Chilton Trinity and Combwich on the western bank of the river have indications for Romano-British occupation suggesting that the areas of medieval settlement were also favoured in the Romano-British period.
Site C (Figure 4) 4.5.16 There are no specific records within the HER relating to this period, however there are antiquarian references to Roman coins and pottery from the area of the motte and bailey castle or ‘Chidley Mount’ (C01) (Page 1906).
Site D (Figure 5) 4.5.17 The HER indicates an area of Romano-British activity and occupation to the west of Chilton Trinity. This is mainly indicated by finds recovered from fieldwalking and recovered from during drainage work (D07, D09, D11 and D12). Intrusive investigations and confirmed features are limited but a cobbled surface (D08) and burnt clay spread (D10) have been found. Cropmarks at the south-western edge of the Study Area suggest several enclosures and a possible settlement (D11).
4.5.18 Roman activity is also recorded within Chilton Trinity itself where a Roman coin (D14), pottery and two ditches (D13) have been located to the north and east of the church. Late Iron Age pottery found along with the later Roman pottery could indicate some continuity of activity or occupation.
4.5.19 The recorded archaeology suggest moderate to high potential for remains from this period along the western part of the Site. As finds have been recovered as a result of plough disturbance, this indicates that the Romano-British archaeological horizon does not lie at a significant depth below the ground surface.
Saxon and medieval (AD 410 – 1500) The Somerset Levels and Moors 4.5.20 The 11th century saw the beginning of systematic drainage and reclamation in the Somerset Levels a process that continued into the 13th century (Straker 2008, 190-191). This would have entailed the excavation and construction of a widespread series of banks and drainage ditches (rhynes). This process would have enabled more permanent occupation and agricultural exploitation of formerly marshland areas and would have enabled the land to support higher populations. A flooding episode and a period of abandonment is noted in the parts of the Parrett Estuary during the 13th century.
4.5.21 As most of the medieval settlements recorded in the 1086 Domesday Survey are likely to have had earlier origins they are likely to have been situated on the naturally higher, drier ground.
Site A (Figure 2) 4.5.22 Combwich is recorded as a moderately sized settlement in the 1086 Domesday Survey which indicates a mixture of pasture and arable land. The settlement lies adjacent to a natural harbour which is documented as a key landing site with a connection to the port at 15 WA Project No. 114861.01
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Bridgwater (A12). A causeway across the river is also recorded which would have been accessible at low tide (A13). This route may have been used in the Romano-British and Saxon period as an important connection, though by the medieval period is it likely to have been of only local importance as most traffic would use the bridge at Bridgwater (Sidaway 1992).
4.5.23 The current church dates to the 19th century (A03), nevertheless a chapel is documented within the village of possible medieval date (A11) (Collinson 1791, 234). As relatively little intrusive investigation has occurred within the village there is little confirmed medieval activity, however a medieval ditch was located during an evaluation at The Anchor Inn (A10) and possible tenement plot boundaries were found during investigations adjacent to the Old Ship Inn (A06). Medieval activity and possible occupation is recorded on the eastern side of the river (A15, A16) in the area which would have been linked by the causeway (A13). Investigation has uncovered evidence for activity from the 10th-14th century but has also identified a flooding episode, and a period of abandonment in the 13th century. A medieval coin is recorded as being found in the north-western part of the Study Area (A09).
4.5.24 Several areas of possible medieval or post-medieval ridge and furrow earthworks have been identified from aerial photographs, these may relate to either cultivation or improvement drainage and help to indicate the wider agricultural hinterland which would have extended around the medieval settlements (A19).
4.5.25 The course of the river is constantly evolving and shifting over time, as a result the position of any floodbanks and defences also needs to alter to response to this change. With the reclamation and drainage of this area in the medieval and post-medieval period protection from inundation would have been crucial to agriculture. A series of relic flood defences can therefore be identified in aerial photographs and LiDAR data reflecting the shifting course of the river during these periods (A14, A17, A18, A20 and A21). Some of these banks are still visible on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey maps (Figure 6, Map B). LiDAR data reveals that the current village along with land to the north and west lies on an elevated area corresponding to an outcrop of the overlying mudstone bedrock.
Site B (Figure 3) 4.5.26 As seen elsewhere the position of the river itself has changed significantly overtime. The movement of the river from the medieval period onwards can be traced through the remains of relic flood defences (B03 and B04).
4.5.27 Possible medieval or post-medieval field systems and ridge and furrow has been identified in the north-eastern part of the Study Area (B02 and B05). While the typical S-shaped curve of some of these earthworks suggest medieval cultivation many of the features may reflect early improvement drainage.
4.5.28 Pawlett is recorded as a small settlement in the 1086 Domesday Survey, the parish church which lies just to the north-east of the Study Area dates from the 12th century (NHLE 1173441) (Plate 7).
Site C (Figure 4) 4.5.29 Significant medieval activity is known at the northern edge of the Study Area where a Norman motte and bailey castle (C01) is situated at the western edge of an area of medieval settlement (C06). Limited excavation of the castle site has confirmed Norman and later occupation with some pre-Conquest pottery, suggesting possible earlier use of
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the site. Excavations associated with a sewer trench to the west of the castle site located medieval and post-medieval pottery (C03).
4.5.30 The medieval borough of Caput Montis is mentioned in 13th century documents but though to have been established by the 12th century (C06). The settlement may have been associated with a port to the south-east. Archaeological investigations in Downend crescent confirmed the presence of medieval occupation overlying earlier medieval cultivation soils (C05). Evidence for limestone quarrying may be associated with the establishment of the town (C04).
4.5.31 Considerable change in the course of the river is known in this area with an earlier meander situated at the eastern edge of the Study Area (C08), this is still marked with a dotted line on a map from 1733 (SHC A\DVP/3/1) and labelled as ‘The Old River’. Flood defences likely associated with the former positon of the river have been identified from aerial photographs and are still visible in the LiDAR data (C07). A further set of defences have been identified from aerial photographs in the western part of the Study Area (C02). This have been subsequently levelled but are still faintly visible in the LiDAR data. The positon of these banks suggests the river previously lay further to the north and that the Site lay within the margin of the active river channel at this time.
Site D (Figure 5) 4.5.32 Chilton Trinity is recorded as a small settlement at the time of the 1086 Domesday Survey. The church dates from the 12th or 13th century (D01, D18) and is likely to have formed the focus of the medieval settlement. The remains of a medieval cross also lie in the churchyard (D04).
4.5.33 A number of areas containing medieval or post-medieval field systems are noted across the Study Area, these underlie the more modern drainage pattern (D15, D17, D19, D20 and D22). Ridge and furrow earthworks are visible on aerial photographs within these areas which may relate to early drainage. Some aspects of this earlier field system, particularly former drainage channels, are still visible within the LiDAR data. A series of narrow fields on the tithe maps to the south of Middle Drove, ‘The Chilton Commons’, may be the remnants of medieval strip fields (Figure 9, Map G). At the north-eastern edge of the Study Area a short section of former flood defence was noted as an earthwork feature on aerial photographs (D21), although since ploughed this is still visible on the LiDAR data and can be seen extending further to the south-west.
4.5.34 At the western edge of the Study Area a possible area of medieval settlement is recorded based on fieldwalking finds and 18th century documentary sources (D16).
Post-medieval, 19th century and modern (AD 1500 – present day) The Somerset Levels and Moors 4.5.35 In January 1607 the area around the Bristol Channel suffered a catastrophic flood event affecting some 570 m of coastline and impacting as far inland as Glastonbury Tor. Fatalities are estimated in the region of 2,000 people with houses and villages ‘swept away’.
‘The lowe Marshes and fenny groundes, neere Barstable in the Countie of Deuon were overflowne, so farre out, and in such outragious sort, that the cuntrey all along to Bridge- water was greatly distressed thereby… there is little now remaining there, to be seene, but huge Waters like to the maine Ocean: The tops of Churches and Steeples like to the tops of Rockes in the Sea (Anon 1607).’
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4.5.36 The sites lie within the area calculated to have been affected by the event (Skellern et al. 2007) and so a gap or lacuna in the occupational sequence may be anticipated around the early 17th century with likely rebuilding and new drainage works shortly after. Further smaller inundation events are also likely to have occurred causing localised damage.
4.5.37 The late post-medieval and 19th century saw considerable brick, tile and pottery production in the area around Bridgwater. The factories were able to utilise both natural resources and water transport, and by the 19th century was the major employer in the area. Brick and tile from the area was exported to the Americas, North Africa and France, along with the patented Bath Brick, a scouring pad for cutlery and other metalwork, made from fine river sediment.
Site A (Figure 2) 4.5.38 Although the causeway (A13) continued in use until the 20th century (Sidaway 1992), a ferry crossing was also established between Combwich and the White House Inn until the early 1800s (A23) and which may have had medieval origins (Baggs and Siraut 1992a). The White House Inn was situated on the eastern side of the river opposite Combwich and can be seen depicted on 19th century maps (A24). On the eastern side of the river and crossing was The Anchor Inn documented from at least the 17th century (ibid.). An early 18th century map indicates two areas of settlement on either side of the river with ‘The Passage’ labelled, a symbol adjacent to Combwich Pill would seem to indicate an anchorage point (SHC A\DVP/3/1). An 18th century wall survives adjacent to the current building (A05) (Plate 8). Evidence of post-medieval flood defence measures can be seen on the eastern bank of the river where traces of a brushwood mattress underlying the floodbank (A25) and an 18th century old clyce (sluice) wall (A26) were found. Another eroded section to the north of the West Clyce is thought to have exposed cribbing or revetment of more recent date (A33).
4.5.39 The northern part of the Site can be seen to border the eastern edge of the village as depicted on the Cannington and Otterhampton tithe maps (Figure 6, Map A); with the isolated terrace of houses adjacent to the river edge still extant today (Plate 9). The wider stream or pill mouth (Plate 10) extends further westwards and is crossed by the route. A group of structures on the edge of the stream are also shown which may lie within the route area. Much of the surrounding area is used for pasture and two sheep pens are noted on the 1888 Ordnance Survey map in the southern part of the Study Area (A30 and A31).
4.5.40 Brick and tile were the main export of Combwich in the 19th century with a large brick, tile and pottery works shown on the 1888 Ordnance Survey map at the southern edge of the village (A29) (Baggs and Siraut 1992b) (Figure 6, Map B). A corn mill (A28) and Methodist chapel (A37) are also noted on early Ordnance Survey maps. There is also the suggestion of a 16th century mill on the north bank of the pill (ibid).
4.5.41 Evaluation at the western edge of the village indicates 18th and 19th century development extending into this area (A22). The church in Combwich was constructed in the late 19th century (A03) (Plate 3), the lych gate was erected as a memorial to the parishioners who died in the First World War (A32).
Site B (Figure 3) 4.5.42 A series of possible oyster beds have been identified from aerial photographs in the north- western part of the Study Area adjacent to the river (B06). These lack the regularity of other examples further to the south (C09 and D23) and are only faintly visible on images
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from the 1940s suggesting they are no longer in use. Alternatively they may relate to another form of riverine exploitation such as salt production.
4.5.43 In common with other examples in neighbouring settlements Pawlett was the location of a brick and tile works (B07). This was established in the early 19th century but appears to have been abandoned by the end of the century. A long building potentially associated with this works can be seen within the route on the Pawlett tithe map (Figure 7, Map C) with considerable expansion of the complex visible on the 1887-1888 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 7, Map D). Most of the buildings appear to have been removed by the 1904 edition although the land stages and clay pits are still in evidence. Fuel and the finished products would have been transported by river. A terrace of houses immediately adjacent to the route is first visible on the 1887-1888 Ordnance Survey map (Plate 11).
4.5.44 The location of two pillboxes, now no longer extant, is recorded from maps and aerial photographs (B08 and B09). These represent the northward continence of a line of pillboxes along the eastern bank of the river with still extant examples still visible to the south (C17, C19, D28-D32).
Site C (Figure 4) 4.5.45 A series of rectangular oyster beds are clearly visible in aerial photographs from the 1940s (C09), such management of oysters was common from the post-medieval period onwards and oysters were a common and cheap food source until the mid-19th century.
4.5.46 Ridge and furrow of likely 18th century date was recorded during an evaluation to the north of Dunball Wharf (C10). Aerial photographs from the 1940s and 1970s shows a series of grips and ditches in this area with further modern drainage visible on aerial photographs and the in the LiDAR data in the north-western part of the Study Area and south of the river.
4.5.47 Dunball Wharf was established in 1844 principally to handle coal imported from Wales (C13). Prior to this, the area and the Site are shown on the 1842 Puriton tithe map as a series of large regular fields (Figure 8, Map E). Two houses can be seen either side of the former turnpike road just to the north-west but the main settlement is to the north focused on the location of the medieval village. On the 1888 Ordnance Survey map the wharf is shown primarily as a series of rail sidings linked to main railway line (Figure 8, Map F). These rail lines are no longer extant but other examples can be seen to the west (Plate 12). A manure works is marked but labelled as disused. By the 1961 6-inch edition a mill is depicted which then develops into an animal feed factory (C18).
4.5.48 The current course of the A38, corresponds to the former turnpike road (C11), constructed in the 18th century. Milestones were compulsory on most roads from 1744 and as a result of the General Turnpike Trust Act of 1766, turnpike trusts were expected to erect them along the roads that they controlled (Wright 1992, 31). A milestone is marked on the now A38 on the 1888-89 edition Ordnance Survey map (C15). The presence of the 19th century public house and hotel at Dunball (C14) (Plate 13) is also likely to be a reflection of its location on this key route. A sheep pen is also shown immediately adjacent to the road on 19th and 20th century Ordnance Survey maps (C22).
4.5.49 At the eastern edge of the Study Area is the Bristol and Exeter Railway, constructed in the mid-19th century (C12). A station is shown on the 1888 edition Ordnance Survey map which was opened where the sidings from the wharf joined the main line (C25). The station closed in 1964 and has subsequently been demolished. To the east of the station was a small industrial complex of limekilns and a cement works which dates from the 19th century (C16). 19 WA Project No. 114861.01
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4.5.50 The River Parrett formed part of the Tauton Stopline, the defensive stoplines were constructed during the Second World War and were designed to disrupt and slow the advance of any invading troops. Three pillboxes line along the eastern of the River Parrett (C17, C19 (Plate 14) and C20) and two further inland (C23 and C24) adjacent the later military camp (C21). Pillboxes are perhaps one of the most ubiquitous and recognisable defensive structures associated with the anti-invasion measures, it is estimated that as many as 28,000 were constructed, of which perhaps only 6,500 survive (English Heritage 2013, 8).
4.5.51 The military camp at Dunball (C21) was also constructed during the Second World War and served as accommodation for workers at the Royal Ordnance Factory to the north- east of Puriton (SHER 12502). It is visible on aerial photographs from the 1940s.
Site D (Figure 5) 4.5.52 Specific post-medieval activity in the Study Area is limited to oyster beds on the western bank of the river (D23), the Grade II listed Braddocks Cottage (D06) at the southern edge of the village and the 17th century Manor Farmhouse (D02). The farm is marked on the Wembdon tithe map as Wembdon Farm (Figure 9, Map G). Middle Drove (Plate 15) and Straight Drove are also marked on the tithe maps, these would have been used to move livestock across the landscape.
4.5.53 A large area to the north and east of the village formed the former brick and tile factory and associated clay pits (D25-D27). This was established in 1904 and eventually expanded to cover over 20 ha and may extend into the Site (Figure 9, Map I). Competition from the continent led to the decline of the industry and the works was abandoned by the latter part of the 20th century. Made ground deposit located during test pit monitoring adjacent to the existing floodbank located a modern made ground deposit though to potentially be related to the former factory site (D41).
4.5.54 A banked area surrounding a depression visible on the LiDAR data adjacent to the north- eastern part of the Site (D39) can be seen to surround a small pond visible on the 1888- 1889 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 9, Map H) (Plate 16).
4.5.55 Further defensives features relating to the Tauton Stopline lie within the Study Area forming the southern continuation of a line of pillboxes on the eastern bank of the river (D28-D32) (Plate 17). Although they are all the same basic type, there are some differing features. The pillboxes would have been constructed by local firms and modified from the basic template as required under the direction of the area commands and using readily available local materials.
Undated Site A (Figure 2) 4.5.56 A line of posts at the northern edge of the Study Area are undated but likely to relate to flood defences (A35). Geophysical survey and later evaluation to the south of the village and within the area of the site located a number of ditches, gullies and paleochannels (A36). Anomalies identified during geophysical survey along the line of a proposed bypass are likely to medieval, post-medieval or modern drainage (A37).
4.5.57 On the eastern side of the river several earthwork features were identified during a walkover survey including a possible Roman road (A39), however, there is no further information or entries in the HER relating to this route.
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Site B (Figure 3) 4.5.58 An enclosure and possible settlement has been identified at the eastern edge of the Study Area near Walpole (B10). Though undated its position on the clay levels suggests a probable medieval or post-medieval date.
4.5.59 A possible moated site was identified during the aerial photographic assessment on a photograph from 1924 (Historic England Archive RAF/CPE/UK/1924, frame 1040) (B11). Though undated this is likely to be medieval or post-medieval in date.
Site C (Figure 4) 4.5.60 The remains of two buildings have been identified from aerial photographs in the southern part of the Study Area (C26). These are not marked on any of the available historic maps and are undated.
Site D (Figure 5) 4.5.61 Several cropmark features are noted in the HER including two possible enclosures (D33 and D35) and a possible ring ditch (D34). Without intrusive investigation, the exact date and character of these features cannot be confirmed. An embanked feature on a north- east – south-west alignment to the north of Middle Drove can be clearly seen on aerial photographs and in the LiDAR data (D36) (Plate 16) and a possible moated site has been identified to the south of Chinehorn Drove (D40).
4.5.62 A possible deserted settlement has been identified from aerial photographs in the north- eastern part of the Study Area (D38) (Dennison 1985, 30-31). A series of possible irregular enclosures, banks and possible earthwork platforms are still visible in the LiDAR data in this area.
4.6 Historic Landscape Character Site A 4.6.1 Much of the Site is characterised as ‘anciently enclosed land pre 17th century’, though there is a reference to this date being superseded there is no further information. While most of the current field boundaries reflect later enclosure traces of the medieval field systems have been identified within parts of this landscape (A19).
4.6.2 The southern part of the northern section of the Site adjacent to the harbour and Combwich pill lies on the boundary of the pre-tithe map and post-tithe map settlement.
Site B 4.6.3 The Site is characterised as ‘anciently enclosed land modified 17th to 19th century’, though there is a reference to this date being superseded there is no further information. As elsewhere the landscape reflects post-medieval agriculture and drainage underlain by traces of earlier field systems (B02 and B05).
Site C 4.6.4 The Site is characterised as ‘industry’ and ‘settlement, post-tithe map’, however the Site lies largely within the area of the current and 19th century wharf.
Site D 4.6.5 The majority of the Site lies within land characterised as ‘anciently enclosed land modified 17th to 19th century’ and ‘anciently enclosed land pre 17th century’, though there is a reference to this date being superseded there is no further information. Sections of the route to the south of Pims Pill and adjacent to Middle Drove are however characterised as 21 WA Project No. 114861.01
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later ‘recently enclosed land 18th to 21st century’, although there is also a note to say this date has been superseded. The landscape reflects post-medieval agriculture and drainage underlain by traces of earlier field systems (D15, D17, D19, D20 and D22).
Historic hedgerows 4.6.6 As discussed above, the current field pattern is likely to reflect post-medieval enclosure and drainage and is documented on the 1840s tithe maps. As a result, mature hedgerows within the Site areas may fulfil the criteria for being considered historically Important as defined under the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as amended in 2002), and could therefore be subject to statutory protection. Possible areas of hedgerow which may be affected have been identified in Site A, B and D. These hedgerows represent an important element of the HLC of the area as they legibly define historically derived patterns of land management.
4.7 Assessment of archaeological survival and previous impacts 4.7.1 A specific assessment of the potential survival of archaeological remains for each site is detailed in Table 2, Section 5 below. In general, impact from modern disturbance within the sites is localised and is likely to have extended only into the upper stratigraphic layers. Earlier archaeological horizons are likely to lie beneath later deposits and particularly beneath layers of alluvial and tidal mud deposited by flooding. Earlier archaeological periods may therefore lie beneath the anticipated depth of impact for the project. However, localised variation must be expected with the depth of overlying deposits on higher ground being much less. These are also the areas where there is a higher potential for more permanent activity and occupation.
4.7.2 Deposits may also be eroded by water, due to the shifting position of the river and tributaries it is difficult to predict where this may have occurred in the past and may result in lacunae in the archaeological sequence.
4.7.3 The presence of water-logged and particularly anaerobic conditions can lead to the preservation of organic material which would normally decay. This can include wooden and leather artefacts but also relates to environmental evidence such as plant remains.
5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- PHYSICAL EFFECTS
5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 This section provides an initial assessment of the potential effects of the proposed development in relation to elements of the historic environment resource that may be subject to physical impacts.
5.2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource 5.2.1 The following table (Table 2) presents a summary of the known and potential elements of the historic environment resource within the Site and its vicinity, which could be physically affected by the development proposals, based on the information presented in Section 4.
5.2.2 Entries in the table are assigned a ‘Potential’ rating, which represents a measure of probability. This has been determined via the application of professional judgement, informed by the evidence presented in the preceding sections of this assessment. ‘Potential’ is expressed on a four point scale, assigned in accordance with the following criteria:
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High Situations where heritage assets are known or strongly suspected to be present within the Site or its vicinity and which are likely to be well preserved. Moderate Includes cases where there are grounds for believing that heritage assets may be present, but for which conclusive evidence is not currently available. This category is also applied in situations in which heritage assets are likely to be present, but also where their state of preservation may have been compromised. Low Circumstances where the available information indicates that heritage assets are unlikely to be present, or that their state of preservation is liable to be severely compromised. Unknown Cases where currently available information does not provide sufficient evidence on which to provide an informed assessment with regard to the potential for heritage assets to be present. 5.2.3 The relative ‘Significance’ of known and potential heritage assets included in Table 2 has been determined in accordance with the criteria set out in Section 3.5.
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Table 2: Summary of known and potential historic environment resource within the Site
Site Potential Period and Description Significance Previous impacts
A series of former floodbanks along the western bank of the River Parrett are still visible on the LiDAR data and can be seen to extend into the Site (A14). There is also elements of an earlier field system of possible medieval date which have been identified from aerial photographs and which may survive as buried archaeological Medieval features (A19). Some undated ditches and gullies located during an evaluation in Low Some impacts have the area of the Site may relate to this activity (A36). occurred along the Such activity is part of a wide spread landscape change during this period. While areas of the route overall contributing to a regional pattern of land use and exploitation individual adjacent to Riverside features in themselves are likely to be of local importance. and where it follows the Much of the Site crosses the current agricultural landscape which reflects post- track near Riverside High medieval and 19th century enclosure and water management. The Site also Farm. However, any Post-medieval crosses the formerly more open stream location and an adjacent building as impacts are only likely and 19th Low indicated on the 19th century tithe map. to have disturbed the century This activity is documented through cartographic sources and is considered to be most recent parts of the locally significant. stratigraphic sequence. Site A Due to flooding and A series of a palaeochannels have been identified which cross the Site during a alluvial deposition A36 geophysical survey and subsequent evaluation ( ). Although an environmental remains may lie deeply sample was taken for dating suitable material was not recovered. Undated Low to moderate stratified beneath a Such features have the potential to provide evidence of past landscape change as series of later deposits. well indicating the course of earlier river channels and the potential of alluvial The shifting course of sequences is highlighted in the research strategy (Grove and Croft 2012, 13-14). the river and associated There is a known area of Romano-British occupation which crosses the Site (A08). tributaries will also have While this is likely to lie below the level of impact there is the potential for residual resulted in periods of material to lie at higher levels within the stratigraphic sequence. The possibility of erosion which may in situ material occupying higher level ground should also not be discounted as result in lacunae in the Iron Age and Romano-British activity was located at around 0.6 m below the Moderate Romano-British Moderate archaeological current ground level around 150 m further inland adjacent to the Old Ship Inn sequence. (A06). Activity from this period and in particular its relationship to previous and successive occupation would help address key research objectives (Grove and Croft 2012, 11- 12).
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Combwich is believed to have Saxon antecedents however the exact focus and extent of occupation at this time is largely unknown. Prior to systematic drainage however permanent occupation and activity is likely to have been restricted to areas of higher ground. Exploitation of the river margins and wetlands would have Saxon occurred though such ephemeral activity can be difficult to identify in the Moderate to high archaeological record and will lie beneath later tidal flood deposits. Due to the current scarcity of recorded activity from this period and the key landscape changes which occur any remains are likely to contribute to regional research objectives. Low The full extent and character of activity from the prehistoric periods is relatively unknown although confirmed Iron Age activity is known adjacent to the Old Ship Inn (A06). Earlier activity is likely to lie beneath later tidal flood deposits and below the expected level of impact however there is the potential for residual material to Prehistoric lie at higher levels within the stratigraphic sequence and the possibility of in situ Moderate to high material occupying higher level ground. The value and significance of any such activity would depend on its character and preservation but any in situ or early prehistoric finds are likely to be of at least moderate importance.
Site Potential Period and Description Significance Previous impacts
A series of former floodbanks along the western bank of the River Parrett are still visible on the LiDAR data and can be seen to extend into the Site (B03). There is also elements of an earlier field system of possible medieval date which have been identified from aerial photographs and which may survive as buried archaeological Medieval Low features (B02). Some impacts have Such activity is part of a wide spread landscape change during this period. While occurred along the areas overall contributing to a regional pattern of land use and exploitation individual Site B High of the within the former features in themselves are likely to be of local importance. brick and tile works. Much of the Site crosses the current agricultural landscape which reflects post- However, any impacts medieval and 19th century enclosure and water management. Within the southern are only likely to have Post-medieval part of the Site was situated a brick and tile works (B07) with a number of disturbed the most recent and 19th Low structures shown within the Site on the tithe and 1st edition OS map. parts of the stratigraphic century This activity is documented through cartographic sources and is considered to be sequence. Due to locally significant. flooding and alluvial
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There is no recorded Saxon activity within the Study Area, although Pawlett itself deposition remains may may have had earlier origins. Prior to systematic drainage however permanent lie deeply stratified occupation and activity is likely to have been restricted to areas of higher ground. beneath a series of later Exploitation of the river margins and wetlands would have occurred though such deposits. The shifting Moderate to Saxon ephemeral activity can be difficult to identify in the archaeological record and will lie course of the river and high beneath later tidal flood deposits. associated tributaries will Due to the current scarcity of recorded activity from this period and the key also have resulted in landscape changes which occur any remains are likely to contribute to regional periods of erosion which research objectives. may result in lacunae in There is limited recorded activity from this period although some pottery is the archaeological recorded from the current village suggesting possible Romano-British occupation sequence. here (B01). Prior to systematic drainage however permanent occupation and activity is likely to have been restricted to areas of higher ground. Exploitation of Low the river margins and wetlands would have occurred though such ephemeral Romano-British Moderate activity can be difficult to identify in the archaeological record and will lie beneath later tidal flood deposits. Activity from this period and in particular its relationship to previous and successive occupation would help address key research objectives (Grove and Croft 2012, 11- 12). The full extent and character of activity from the prehistoric periods is relatively unknown. Earlier activity is likely to lie beneath later tidal flood deposits and below the expected level of impact however there is the potential for residual material to lie at higher levels within the stratigraphic sequence and the possibility of in situ Moderate to Prehistoric material occupying higher level ground. high The value and significance of any such activity would depend on its character and preservation but any in situ or early prehistoric finds are likely to be of at least moderate importance.
Site Potential Period and Description Significance Previous impacts
The Site lies alongside Dunball Wharf which dates from the mid-19th century 19th century (C13). Much of the route incorporates the existing concrete wharf front and wall. Site C High Low and modern This activity is documented through cartographic sources and is considered to be Much of this Site lies locally significant. along the already built up wharf. It is unknown at
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Medieval and pre-Conquest activity is known from the northern edge of the Study this time whether this Area (C01, C06) and the location of former floodbanks. The positon of these banks area has been built up or suggests the river previously lay further to the north and that the Site lay within the whether construction Saxon, margin of the active river channel at this time. Exploitation of the river margins and works would have Moderate to medieval and wetlands would have occurred though such ephemeral activity can be difficult to disturbed underlying high post-medieval identify in the archaeological record and will lie beneath later tidal flood deposits. deposits. Due to flooding Due to the current scarcity of recorded activity from this period and the key and alluvial deposition landscape changes which occur any remains are likely to contribute to regional remains may lie deeply research objectives. stratified beneath a There is limited recorded activity from this period although some finds are recorded series of later deposits. from the area of the motte and bailey castle suggesting possible Romano-British The shifting course of the occupation here (C01). Prior to systematic drainage however permanent river and associated occupation and activity is likely to have been restricted to areas of higher ground. tributaries will also have Low Exploitation of the river margins and wetlands would have occurred though such resulted in periods of Romano-British Moderate ephemeral activity can be difficult to identify in the archaeological record and will lie erosion which may result beneath later tidal flood deposits. in lacunae in the Activity from this period and in particular its relationship to previous and successive archaeological sequence. occupation would help address key research objectives (Grove and Croft 2012, 11- 12). The full extent and character of activity from the prehistoric periods is relatively unknown. Earlier activity is likely to lie beneath later tidal flood deposits and below the expected level of impact however there is the potential for residual material to lie at higher levels within the stratigraphic sequence and the possibility of in situ Moderate to Prehistoric material occupying higher level ground. high The value and significance of any such activity would depend on its character and preservation but any in situ or early prehistoric finds are likely to be of at least moderate importance.
Site Potential Period and Description Significance Previous impacts
Much of the Site crosses the current agricultural landscape which reflects post- medieval and 19th century enclosure and water management. Within the southern Post-medieval part of the Site was situated a brick and tile works (D26) with structures shown Site D High and 19th Low within the Site on the 2nd edition OS map. Some impacts have century This activity is documented through cartographic sources and is considered to be occurred along the areas locally significant. of the route where it
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Elements of an earlier field system of possible medieval date which have been follows existing tracks, identified from aerial photographs and which may survive as buried archaeological however, any impacts features (D15, D17, D19, D20 and D22). are only likely to have Medieval Low Such activity is part of a wide spread landscape change during this period. While disturbed the most recent overall contributing to a regional pattern of land use and exploitation individual parts of the stratigraphic features in themselves are likely to be of local importance. sequence. Due to The Site traverses a significance distance inland and at the western edge lies flooding and alluvial adjacent to areas of potential Romano-British occupation (D10, D11). As finds deposition remains may were recovered from plough disturbance this indicates that the Romano-British lie deeply stratified Romano-British archaeological horizon does not lie at a significant depth below the ground surface. Moderate beneath a series of later Activity from this period and in particular its relationship to previous and successive deposits. The shifting occupation would help address key research objectives (Grove and Croft 2012, 11- course of the river and 12). associated tributaries will Although Chilton Trinity is likely to have Saxon antecedents the route lies to the also have resulted in north of the likely focus of the settlement. Prior to systematic drainage however periods of erosion which permanent occupation and activity is likely to have been restricted to areas of may result in lacunae in higher ground. Exploitation of the river margins and wetlands would have occurred the archaeological Moderate to Saxon though such ephemeral activity can be difficult to identify in the archaeological sequence. high record and will lie beneath later tidal flood deposits. Due to the current scarcity of recorded activity from this period and the key landscape changes which occur any remains are likely to contribute to regional research objectives. Low The full extent and character of activity from the prehistoric periods is relatively unknown with recorded activity limited to a single worked flint (D13). Earlier activity is likely to lie beneath later tidal flood deposits and below the expected level of impact however there is the potential for residual material to lie at higher levels Moderate to Prehistoric within the stratigraphic sequence and the possibility of in situ material occupying high higher level ground. The value and significance of any such activity would depend on its character and preservation but any in situ or early prehistoric finds are likely to be of at least moderate importance.
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5.3 Statement of potential impact Designated heritage assets 5.3.1 No designated heritage assets would be physically affected by the implementation of the proposed development. The potential effects of the proposed development on the settings of designated heritage assets is explored in Section 6.
Archaeological remains 5.3.2 The construction of the proposed development is anticipated to entail the following sources of ground disturbance and excavations:
Preliminary site investigation works; Setting up a secure construction compounds; Establishment of any temporary access routes; Plant movement; Stripping/ ground reduction; Landscaping; and Drainage works/ reestablishment of rhynes. 5.3.3 The aforementioned works have the potential to result in the damage to or loss of any buried archaeological features which may be present within their footprint. This could in turn result in a total or partial loss of significance of these heritage assets.
5.3.4 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation. However, due to the likely deep stratigraphic sequence in many of the areas, some archaeological deposits may lie below the depth of development impact.
Historic Landscape Character 5.3.5 The landscape of the Somerset Levels and Moors reflects the land reclamation and drainage of the medieval and post-medieval periods. Successive systems of flood defence found an integral part of this landscape and reflect the changing nature of this dynamic landscape. As such the development proposals are not considered to represent a change to the historic landscape character.
5.3.6 Construction of new floodbanks and the widening of the existing flood defences may also entail the removal of short sections of hedgerow. While these changes will be not significantly affect the historic landscape character, such hedgerows may fulfil the criteria for being considered historically Important as defined under the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as amended in 2002).
6 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- NON-PHYSICAL EFFECTS
6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 This section presents an assessment of the potential effects of the proposed development in relation to the settings of heritage assets, carried out in accordance with the methodology detailed in Section 3.6.
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6.2 Scoping exercise and assessment 6.2.1 The following designated heritage assets were identified within each Study Area:
Site A Five Grade II Listed Buildings (A01-A05) Site B There are no designated assets within the Study Area. Site C A single Scheduled Monument (C01). Site D One Grade II* Listed Building (D01) Five Grade II Listed Buildings (D02-D06) 6.2.2 There are no World Heritage Sites, Protected Wrecks, Registered Parks and Gardens or Registered Battlefields within any of the Study Areas.
6.2.3 All designated heritage assets identified within the Study Areas are illustrated in Figures 2-5.
6.2.4 Due to intervening settlement and structures the majority of the identified assets did not share intervisibility with the sites. At Site A only the Fives Wall (A05) (Plate 8) and church (A03) (Plate 3) were visible from any parts of the route. The post-medieval wall was viewable from the immediately adjacent stretch of the existing floodbank (Plate 18) and restricted glimpsed views of the church spire from the northern (Plate 19) and the south- eastern edges of the Site (Plate 20) were also established. Churches are often major landmarks, particularly in this low-lying landscape and provided a visual reminder of the glory of God. However, while views to these buildings are significant, views from them are less so and indeed only very restricted views are normally available from within the buildings themselves.
6.2.5 There were no designated heritage assets within the Study Area for Site B, however, the church tower of the Church of St John the Baptist (NHLE 1173441) can be glimpsed from the siting floodbank in the northern part of the Site (Plate 7).
6.2.6 The motte and bailey at the northern edge of the Site C Study Area, is screened from view by the intervening wharf buildings (Plate 21). Views are however available of the undesignated but locally important pillbox (Plate 14).
6.2.7 The majority of the assets within the Study D Study Area lie on the southern edge of the village and views are blocked by intervening settlement. The farmhouses at the western edge of the route (D02-D03) are screened by mature vegetation (Plate 22). Views are available across the river to the undesignated pillboxes which mark the positon of the Taunton Stopline (Plate 17). The key aspects of the setting of these assets which contribute to their significance relate to their positon and strategic views of the river.
6.2.8 The development proposals consist of minor changes to the existing flood defences and the creation of new low lying floodbanks. Water management and flood defences are an integral part of this landscape from the medieval period onwards and as such the development proposals are not considered to represent a change to the historic landscape character. As a consequence no significant adverse impacts are anticipated to the setting of any the identified heritage assets.
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7 CONCLUSIONS
7.1 General 7.1.1 The effect of the development proposals on the known and potential heritage resource will be a material consideration in determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding cultural heritage constraints which are likely to prohibit development.
Designated heritage assets- physical impacts 7.1.2 No designated heritage assets would be physically affected by the implementation of the proposed development.
Archaeological remains 7.1.3 This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the Site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains. However, due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation within much of the Site, the full potential for and significance of any such remains could not be accurately assessed on the basis of the available evidence.
7.1.4 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features as a result of the implementation of the development proposals would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation, in accordance with national and local planning policy.
Site A 7.1.5 Geophysical survey and evaluation has already been undertaken across the southern part of the Site identifying undated palaeochannels, ditches and gullies (A36). Only one trench lay within the area of the Site but palaeochannels and possible cut features were identified by the geophysical survey.
7.1.6 A high potential of medieval, post-medieval and 19th century features of local significance were also recognised. These are likely to relate to the agricultural landscape and water management but a structure within the Site area was also noted from a mid-19th century tithe map.
7.1.7 Romano-British occupation and activity is known from the northern part of the route (A08) though the indications are that this lies below the level of impact. Any further in situ remains are likely to be of moderate significance.
Site B 7.1.8 A high potential for buried archaeological remains of medieval, post-medieval and 19th century features of local significance was identified relating to the agricultural landscape and water management. Within the southern part of the Site was situated a brick and tile works (B07) and remains from this complex and activity are likely to lie within the development footprint.
Site C 7.1.9 The Site incorporates the existing wharf front which relates to 19th century and later activity (C13). This is considered to be of low value and can be documented through cartographic and written sources.
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Site D 7.1.10 A high potential within Site D was identified for archaeological features of Romano-British, medieval, post-medieval and 19th century date.
7.1.11 The western part of the Site edge lies adjacent to areas of potential Romano-British occupation (D10, D11). As finds were recovered from plough disturbance this indicates that the Romano-British archaeological horizon does not lie at a significant depth below the ground surface. The exact value of any such remains would depend on their character and survival, although relationship of the Romano-British activity to any previous and successive occupation has been highlighted as a key regional research objective (Grove and Croft 2012, 11-12).
7.1.12 Within the southern part of the Site was situated a large brick and tile works complex (D26) and structures are shown within the Site on the 2nd edition OS map. Brick and tile production formed an important aspect of the local economy at this time and such remains are likely to be locally significant.
7.1.13 Other locally significant features are likely to lie within the Site of medieval, post-medieval and 19th century date, which relate to agricultural activity and water management.
Palaeoenvironmental remains 7.1.14 The development lies within the Somerset Levels and Moors which demonstrates a deep stratigraphic sequence reflecting changes in climatic, environment and human landscape management from the Palaeolithic period onwards. Samples taken through the successive deposits can provide significant information of past landscape change and evolution through the analysis of pollen, snails and other plant remains. Such information can add to the regional understanding of landscape change (Grove and Croft 2012, 13- 14).
Historic Landscape Character and the settings of heritage assets 7.1.15 The development proposals consist of minor changes to the existing flood defences and the creation of new low lying floodbanks and are not considered to represent a change to the historic landscape character. As a consequence no significant adverse impacts are anticipated to the setting of any the identified heritage assets.
7.1.16 Construction of new floodbanks and the widening of the existing flood defences may also entail the removal of short sections of hedgerow which may fulfil the criteria for being considered historically Important as defined under the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as amended in 2002). However, the areas to be removed are likely to be minimal.
7.2 Recommendations 7.2.1 The presence, location and significance of any buried archaeological remains within the Site cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such it is likely that additional investigations may be required by the planning archaeologist for Sedgemoor District Council.
7.2.2 In the first instance this could comprise geophysical survey over areas suitable for survey. However, results within a narrow corridor can be difficult to interpret and overlying alluvial deposits will restrict visibility of features further down in the stratigraphic sequence. Ground ‘truthing’ of existing geophysical survey within Site A located several features not identified from the survey (Cotswold Archaeology 2010a).
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7.2.3 Trial trench evaluation along the different Sites would allow the character, extent and survival of any archaeological remains to be assessed. If geophysical survey has been undertaken the trenches should be targeted both on identified anomalies of potential archaeological interest and apparently ‘blank’ areas. The results from the evaluation would inform the requirement and scope of any further mitigation.
7.2.4 While the impact of the development is likely to relatively shallow the project provides an opportunity to sample and investigate the deep stratigraphic sequence within this area of the Somerset Levels and Moors, potentially providing valuable information on landscape change and exploitation. As well as identifying and recording archaeological remains investigation works would provide a chance to undertake environmental sampling and paleoenvironment assessment.
7.2.5 Earlier archaeological features and deposits may lie below the depth of development impact and may therefore be preserved in situ. Where this is the case measures should be taken to avoid any damage to these remains. In particular movement of plant and machinery over any stripped areas should take care to avoid significant disturbance (e.g. through wheel rutting in wet weather) or compaction (e.g. movement of heavy plant and loads).
7.2.6 The existing floodbanks along the River Parrett are predominately public footpaths and there is therefore the possibility of providing information boards at strategic boards to highlight some of the history and archaeology of the area, potentially alongside information on the current ecology and flood management. Possible assets which could be highlighted include the pillboxes of the Tauntion Stopline, the medieval and post- medieval landscape and the importance of the brick and tile industry in the area in the 19th century.
7.2.7 The need for, scale, scope and nature of any archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.
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8 REFERENCES
8.1 Bibliography Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46. Anon 1607 God’s Warning to his people of England. British Library manuscript number 1103.e.62 Baggs, A P and Siraut, M C 1992a 'Cannington', in R W Dunning and C R Elrington (ed.) A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6, Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and Neighbouring Parishes). London: Victoria County History, 73-6 Baggs, A P and Siraut, M C 1992b 'Cannington: Economic history', in R W Dunning and C R Elrington (ed.) A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6, Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and Neighbouring Parishes). London: Victoria County History, 85-7 Black & Vetch 2014 Protecting Bridgwater and the Somerset Levels & Moors from Tidal Flooding: Flood Risk Management Review Brigers, J L 2003 Report on an Archaeological Evaluation: The Old Ship Inn, Combwich. Unpublished client report Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014 Standards and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. Available at: http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/ifa Collinson, J 1791 The History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset Vol. 1. Bath: R Cruttwell Cotswold Archaeology 2010a Land at Combwich, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation. Unpublished client report, ref. 100073 Cotswold Archaeology 2010b Land Adjacent to Junction 23 of the M5 Bridgwater, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation. Unpublished client report, ref. 10079 Dennison E 1985 Somerset Archaeology 1984-1985, in Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 129, 1–35 Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) 2012 National Planning Policy Framework. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications /national-planning-policy-framework--2 English Heritage 2008 Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. Available at: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/conservation- principles-sustainable-management-historic-environment/ English Heritage 2013 Designation: Scheduling Selection Guide – Military Sites Post- 1500. Available at: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/dssg-military-post1500/ Geo-Testing Services Ltd. 1993 Factual Report on Ground Investigation at Quantock Business Park, Bridgwater. Unpublished client report, ref. 11268 Grove J and Croft B (ed.) 2012 The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework, Research Strategy 2012–2017. Somerset County Council
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The Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (as amended 2002). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/1160/contents/made Historic England 2015a Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa2- managing-significance-in-decision-taking/ Historic England 2015b The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3. Available at: http://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa3-setting-of-heritage- assets/ Hosfield R, Straker V and Gardiner P 2008 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, in C J Webster (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework. Somerset County Council, 23–62 Resource Assessment and Research Agenda Natural England 2013 National Character Area Profile: 142: Somerset Levels and Moors. Available at: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/12320274 Page W (ed.) 1906 Romano-British Somerset: Index, in A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 1. London: Victoria County History, 357–370 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents Protection of Wrecks Act 1973. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/33 Rippon S 1996 Roman settlement and salt production on the Somerset coast, in Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 139, 99–117 Sedgemoor District Council 2003 Sedgemoor Landscape Assessment and Countryside Design Summary. Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=8078&p=0 Sedgemoor District Council 2005 Sedgemoor District Local Plan 1991 – 2011, Adopted Version. Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9261&p=0 Sedgemoor District Council 2013 Local Development Framework: Core Strategy (published version). Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9260&p=0 Sedgemoor District Council 2015 Bridgwater Vision. Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=16530&p=0 Sedgemoor District Council 2017 Proposed Submission Local Plan (Regulation 19 Consultation). Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=18027&p=0 Sidaway, C 1992 Notes: Combwich Causeway, in Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 136, 14–45 Skellern, A R, Haslett, S K and Open, S P 2007 The Potential Area Affected by the 1607 Flood Event in the Severn Estuary, UK: A Preliminary Investigation, in Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 18, 59–65 Straker, V, Brown, A, Fyle, R and Jones, J 2008 Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Environmental Background, in C J Webster (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework. Somerset County Council, 145–50 35 WA Project No. 114861.01
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Wessex Archaeology 2017 Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Options 4 and 5, North of Bridgwater, Somerset: Archaeological Watching Brief Report. Unpublished client report, ref. 114860.02 Wilkinson K and Straker V 2008 Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Environmental Background, in C J Webster (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England: South West Archaeological Research Framework. Somerset County Council, 63–74 Wright, G N 1992 Turnpike Roads. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications Ltd.
8.2 Historic Environment Records Somerset Historic Environment Record (SHER)
8.3 Cartographic and documentary sources 1658 Pawlett map (SHC T\PH\sfy/2) 1733 Chart of the River Parrett from Bridgwater to Steart Point and beyond to Brean Down and Black Rock, Uphill (SHC A\DVP/3/1) 1806-1824 Wembdon: A plan of the Manor of Purifitchet in Wembdon belonging to John Cridland Esq., 1806 (SHC DD\SAS/C212/15/2) c1840 Tithe apportionment: Chilton Trinity (SHC D\D/Rt/A/165) 1840 Tithe map: Chilton Trinity (SHC D\D/Rt/M/165) 1838-1839 Tithe apportionment: Cannington (SHC D\D/Rt/A/184) 1839 Tithe map: Cannington (SHC D\D/Rt/M/184) c1840 Tithe apportionment: Wembdon (SHC D\D/Rt/A/418) 1842 Tithe map: Wembdon (SHC D\D/Rt/M/418) c1840 Tithe apportionment: Puriton (SHC D\D/Rt/A/384) 1842 Tithe map: Puriton (SHC D\D/Rt/M/384) 1837-1840 Tithe apportionment: Pawlett (SHC D\D/Rt/A/116) c1840 Tithe map: Pawlett (SHC D\D/Rt/M/116) c1840 Tithe apportionment: Otterhampton (SHC D\D/Rt/A/161) c1840 Tithe map: Otterhampton (SHC D\D/Rt/M/161) c1840 Tithe apportionment: Bridgwater (SHC D\D/Rt/A/469) 1847 Tithe map: Bridgwater (SHC D\D/Rt/M/469) 1887-1889 First Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch maps (1:2,500) Sheets 38.13, 38.15, 50.1, 50.3, 50.6, 50.7 1904 Second Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch maps (1:2,500) Sheets 38.13, 38.15, 50.1, 50.3, 50.6, 50.7 1930 Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch maps (1:2,500) Sheets 38.13, 38.15, 50.1, 50.3, 50.6, 50.7
8.4 Online resources http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/services/digmap50wms.html - British Geological Survey
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Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment http://opendomesday.org/– Domesday survey information http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list - information on designated assets http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ - documentary resources http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ - documentary resources http://oasis.ac.uk/england/ - data on sites, find-spots and excavations http://www.pastscape.org.uk/ - data on sites, find-spots and excavations http://www.magic.gov.uk– map data and information on designated assets
All URLs Accessed on 16/05/17
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9 APPENDICES
9.1 Appendix 1: Terminology Glossary The terminology used in this assessment follows definitions contained within Annex 2 of NPPF:
There will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it holds, or potentially may hold, Archaeological evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets interest with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.
Conservation (for The process of maintaining and managing change to a heritage asset in a way that sustains heritage policy) and, where appropriate, enhances its significance.
World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Designated heritage assets Registered Park and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas designated under the relevant legislation. A building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of Heritage asset significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing). All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places Historic environment through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.
Historic environment Information services that seek to provide access to comprehensive and dynamic resources record relating to the historic environment of a defined geographic area for public benefit and use.
The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may Setting of a heritage change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive asset or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.
Significance (for The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. heritage policy) That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.
Value An aspect of worth or importance
Chronology Where referred to in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:
Prehistoric Historic Romano- Palaeolithic 970,000 – 9500 BC British AD 43 – 410 Early Post- Saxon glacial 9500 – 8500 BC AD 410 – 1066 Mesolithic 8500 – 4000 BC Medieval AD 1066 – 1500 Post- Neolithic 4000 – 2400 BC AD 1500 – 1800 medieval Bronze Age 2400 – 700 BC 19th Century AD 1800 – 1899
Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Modern 1900 – present day
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9.2 Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework
Designated Heritage Assets
Designation Associated Overview Legislation World Heritage - The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee inscribes World Heritage Sites Sites for their Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) – cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. England protects its World Heritage Sites and their settings, including any buffer zones or equivalent, through the statutory designation process and through the planning system. The National Planning Policy Framework sets out detailed policies for the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment, including World Heritage Sites, through both plan-making and decision-taking. Scheduled Ancient Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, the Secretary of State (DCMS) can schedule any site which appears to Monuments and Monuments and be of national importance because of its historic, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest. The historic town centres of Areas of Archaeological Canterbury, Chester, Exeter, Hereford and York have been designated as Archaeological Areas of Importance under Part II of the Ancient Archaeological Areas Act 1979 Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Additional controls are placed upon works affecting Scheduled Monuments and Areas of Importance Archaeological Importance under the Act. The consent of the Secretary of State (DCMS), as advised by Historic England, is required for certain works affecting Scheduled Monuments. Listed Buildings Planning (Listed In England, under Section 1 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, the Secretary of State is required to Buildings and compile lists of buildings of special architectural or historic interest, on advice from English Heritage/Historic England. Works affecting Conservation Listed Buildings are subject to additional planning controls administered by Local Planning Authorities. Historic England is a statutory Areas) Act 1990 consultee in certain works affecting Listed Buildings. Under certain circumstances, Listed Building Consent is required for works affecting Listed Buildings. Conservation Planning (Listed A Conservation Area is an area which has been designated because of its special architectural or historic interest, the character or Areas Buildings and appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. In most cases, Conservation Areas are designated by Local Planning Conservation Authorities. Section 72 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 requires authorities to have regard to the Areas) Act 1990 fact that there is a Conservation Area when exercising any of their functions under the Planning Acts and to pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas. Although a locally administered designation, Conservation Areas may nevertheless be of national importance and significant developments within a Conservation Area are referred to Historic England. Registered Parks National The Register of Parks and Gardens was established under the National Heritage Act 1983. The Battlefields Register was established in and Gardens and Heritage Act 1995. Both Registers are administered by Historic England. These designations are non-statutory but are, nevertheless, material Registered 1983 considerations in the planning process. Historic England and The Garden’s Trust (formerly known as The Garden History Society) are Battlefields statutory consultees in works affecting Registered Parks and Gardens Protected Wreck Protection of The Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 allows the Secretary of State to designate a restricted area around a wreck to prevent uncontrolled Sites Wrecks Act interference. These statutorily protected areas are likely to contain the remains of a vessel, or its contents, which are of historical, artistic or 1973 archaeological importance.
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National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)
NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment
Para. 128 In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. Para.129 Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. Para. 132 When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. Para. 135 The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. Para. 137 Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably Para. 139 Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets. Para. 141 Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.
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Local Planning Policy
Local Development Framework: Core Strategy (adopted September 2011) (published version 2013) Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9260&p=0 (Accessed 26/04/17) Policy ref. Title Scope SO 8 Enjoying and To conserve and enhance the natural assets and heritage of Sedgemoor including its natural resources, wildlife habitats, landscape character Achieving and historic environment, including appropriate adaptation to climate change. S 3 Sustainable Development proposals will be supported where they contribute to meeting all of the relevant Development following objectives: Principles • … • Protect and enhance the quality of the natural, built and historic environment improving their understanding, appreciation and sustainable use. D 17 Historic All development proposals should contribute to enhancing and maintaining the historic environment, ensuring a continued role in Environment distinguishing the District’s unique sense of identity and place. In all cases proposals should take into account the need for buildings and landscape (including archaeological remains, battlefields and historic parks and gardens) to adapt to climate change and the positive contribution heritage makes to regeneration. Where development is proposed within the vicinity of historical assets (including archaeological sites) the Council will support schemes that promote management, interpretation and improved public access. The Council will work with partners to: • Provide relevant guidance for owners and developers on particular aspects of the historic environment and their responsibilities, including information on owning listed buildings, interpretation and public access as well as preparing development schemes; • Carry out regular surveys to identify local historic buildings at risk and developing strategies to protect them; • Encourage and help communities to develop Local Lists, and; • Prepare management plans for the conservation areas in the District. Development will be supported where it proposes: • Appropriate design, including contemporary solutions which positively enhance the character and quality of conservation areas; • The development of local skills and crafts relevant to the historic environment; • A viable use for listed buildings, consistent with their historic character, with a clear presumption against their demolition; • An emphasis on the importance of the setting of listed buildings and other historic assets, and; • Appropriate energy efficiency measures where the principles of minimum intervention and reversibility are adopted. Where development resulting in the loss of an historic asset is exceptionally permitted, the Council will require the recording of features of interest that would be destroyed in the course of any proposed work.
Sedgemoor District Local Plan (adopted September 2004) ‘saved policies’ (published version September 2005) Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9261&p=0 (Accessed 26/04/17) Policy ref. Title Scope HE9 Areas of High Where development proposals will affect Areas of High Archaeological Potential and elsewhere where there is reason to believe that there Archaeological may be archaeological remains, an assessment of the nature, character and importance of the site will be sought prior to the determination of 41 WA Project No. 114861.01
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Sedgemoor District Local Plan (adopted September 2004) ‘saved policies’ (published version September 2005) Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9261&p=0 (Accessed 26/04/17) Policy ref. Title Scope Potential any planning application. HE12 Archaeological Planning permission will not be granted for development which would damage or destroy locally important archaeological remains, unless the Sites of Local importance of the development outweighs the local significance of the remains. Where physical preservation in situ is not possible, mitigation Importance strategies will be required for the protection and/or recording of the site.
Proposed Submission Local Plan (January 2017) Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=18027&p=0 (Accessed 26/04/17) Policy ref. Title Scope SO 8 Enjoying and To conserve and enhance the natural assets and heritage of Sedgemoor including its natural resources, wildlife habitats, landscape character Achieving and historic environment, including appropriate adaptation to climate change S 3 Sustainable All development proposals will be required to demonstrate how they contribute to meeting the following relevant objectives Development • … Principles • Protecting and enhancing the quality of the natural, built and historic environment improving their understanding, appreciation and sustainable use D 20 Landscape Development proposals within the Mendip Hills AONB, the Quantock Hills AONB or on undeveloped coast will only be supported where they enhance or conserve the natural beauty, or the exceptional character or quality of the landscape in these areas. Insensitive development within the setting of an AONB that has the potential to harm the character of the protected landscape will be resisted if it is not supported by appropriate and acceptable mitigation measures. Elsewhere in the District proposals should ensure that they enhance the landscape quality wherever possible or that there is no significant adverse impact on local landscape character, scenic quality and distinctive landscape features as identified in the Sedgemoor Landscape Assessment and Countryside Design Summary. In particular through: • Siting and landscaping that takes account of visibility from publicly accessible vantage points; • The form, bulk and design of buildings having proper regard to their context in respect of both the immediate setting and the defining characteristics of the wider local area; and • Protecting and enhancing natural and historic features which contribute to the distinctive character of the district’s landscape, such as trees, woodlands, hedgerows, soils, rivers/river corridors, ditches, open space, archaeological remains and rural buildings. Where there are reasonable grounds to suggest that a development proposal may result in a significant adverse impact on the landscape, the Council will require planning applications to be supported by Landscape and Visual Impact Assessments. In exceptional circumstances, where development is necessary and could result in significant impact on the landscape, appropriate mitigation and compensation measures should be provided. D 27 Historic A designated heritage asset includes listed buildings, scheduled ancient monuments, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields Environment and protected wreck sites. All development proposals should have a positive impact on the significance of any designated heritage assets as well as those identified on Local Lists. This will ensure a continued role in distinguishing the District’s unique sense of identity and place. In all cases consideration shall be given to appropriate schemes for improving energy efficiency providing that the proposals do not have a negative impact on the character, appearance or significance of any designated heritage asset. Proposals for the regeneration of heritage at risk or any designated heritage 42 WA Project No. 114861.01
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Proposed Submission Local Plan (January 2017) Available at: http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=18027&p=0 (Accessed 26/04/17) Policy ref. Title Scope assets that are vacant shall be supported. Where development is proposed within the vicinity of designated heritage assets (including archaeological sites) the Council will support schemes that promote their management, interpretation and improved public access. The Council will work with partners to: • Provide relevant guidance and assistance to owners and developers on particular aspects of the historic environment and their responsibilities, including information on owning designated heritage assets, their interpretation and access by members of the public as well as guidance on appropriate development schemes; • Carry out regular surveys to identify designated heritage assets at risk that are not currently part of Historic England’s surveys and developing strategies to protect them; • Encourage and help communities to develop Local Lists within the relevant Neighbourhood Plan, and; • Carry out conservation area appraisals of the conservation areas within the District and, as part of this, prepare management plans for them. Development will be supported where it proposes: • The repair and conservation of any designated heritage asset; • Appropriate design, form, scale and materials including contemporary solutions which positively enhance the character, appearance and significance of the designated heritage asset; • The development of local skills and crafts relevant to the historic environment; • A viable use for designated heritage assets, consistent with their historic character, with a clear presumption against their demolition; • An emphasis on the importance of the setting of designated heritage assets, as well as important views to or from the assets themselves; and • Appropriate energy efficiency measures where the principles of minimum intervention and reversibility are adopted. Where development resulting in the loss of a designated heritage asset is exceptionally permitted, the Council will require the recording of features of interest that would be destroyed in the course of any proposed work. This recording shall be carried out in accordance with appropriate building recording and analysis standards. The results shall form part of the Somerset Historic Environment Record for that site and made publicly available. D 28 Areas of High Where development proposals will affect Areas of High Archaeological Potential and elsewhere where there is reason to believe that there Archaeological may be archaeological remains, an assessment of the nature, character and importance of the site will be sought prior to the determination of Potential any planning application. D 29 Archaeological Planning permission will not be granted for development which would damage or destroy locally important archaeological remains, unless the Sites of Local importance of the development outweighs the local significance of the remains. Where physical preservation in situ is not possible, mitigation Importance strategies will be required for the protection and/or recording of the site.
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9.3 Appendix 3: Aerial photographs viewed at the Historic England Archive
Vertical images: Sortie number Library Frame Centre Run Date Scale 1: Film details (in inches) number number point RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 1040 ST 293 418 3 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 1041 ST 299 418 3 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 2040 ST 289 378 8 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 2041 ST 296 379 8 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 2042 ST 302 380 8 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 3040 ST 291 396 14 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 3041 ST 297 397 14 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 3042 ST 303 398 14 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 3043 ST 310 398 14 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4007 ST 257 412 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4008 ST 265 413 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4009 ST 272 414 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4010 ST 279 413 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4011 ST 286 413 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4012 ST 293 413 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4013 ST 300 412 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1924 550 4014 ST 307 412 19 16 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2098 ST 309 406 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2099 ST 303 405 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2100 ST 297 405 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2101 ST 290 404 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2102 ST 284 404 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2103 ST 277 403 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2104 ST 270 403 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2105 ST 263 402 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 2106 ST 257 402 7 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 3099 ST 303 386 12 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5
44 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 3100 ST 297 386 12 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 3101 ST 291 385 12 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 3102 ST 285 385 12 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4099 ST 301 426 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4100 ST 295 426 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4101 ST 289 425 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4102 ST 282 425 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4103 ST 275 424 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4104 ST 269 424 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4105 ST 262 423 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 561 4106 ST 256 423 17 23 JAN 1947 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 181 ST 258 424 3 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 182 ST 253 419 3 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 186 ST 260 412 4 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 187 ST 264 418 4 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 211 ST 312 402 5 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 212 ST 307 397 5 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 213 ST 303 392 5 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 214 ST 298 386 5 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 215 ST 293 381 5 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 210 ST 300 419 12 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 211 ST 295 413 12 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 212 ST 291 408 12 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 213 ST 286 403 12 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 214 ST 282 398 12 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/1421 1583 215 ST 277 392 12 22 APR 1954 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 367 ST 288 389 25 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 368 ST 288 397 25 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 369 ST 287 404 25 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 370 ST 286 411 25 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 371 ST 285 419 25 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 407 ST 278 412 26 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5
45 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/58/2513 1843 408 ST 278 406 26 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 409 ST 278 400 26 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 410 ST 278 393 26 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 367 ST 307 391 28 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 368 ST 306 398 28 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 369 ST 305 405 28 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 370 ST 305 413 28 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 371 ST 304 420 28 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 372 ST 303 427 28 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 405 ST 261 425 29 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 406 ST 260 419 29 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2513 1843 407 ST 260 412 29 18 JUL 1958 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 86 ST 304 394 7 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 87 ST 305 399 7 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 88 ST 306 403 7 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 89 ST 306 407 7 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 90 ST 305 412 7 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 144 ST 299 424 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 145 ST 300 419 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 146 ST 300 414 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 147 ST 300 409 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 148 ST 300 404 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 149 ST 300 399 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 150 ST 300 394 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 151 ST 300 389 8 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 180 ST 263 412 9 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 181 ST 263 417 9 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 182 ST 263 421 9 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 252 ST 260 426 10 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 253 ST 260 423 10 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 254 ST 260 420 10 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 255 ST 260 417 10 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5
46 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/58/2628 1873 256 ST 260 414 10 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 88 ST 319 404 11 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 89 ST 319 408 11 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 145 ST 287 419 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 146 ST 287 414 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 147 ST 288 409 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 148 ST 288 404 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 149 ST 288 399 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 150 ST 288 395 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 151 ST 288 390 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 152 ST 288 385 12 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 174 ST 277 387 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 175 ST 277 391 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 176 ST 277 395 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 177 ST 276 399 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 178 ST 276 404 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 179 ST 276 408 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 180 ST 276 412 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 181 ST 276 416 13 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 254 ST 248 419 14 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 255 ST 248 416 14 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/2628 1873 256 ST 248 413 14 11 NOV 1958 6900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3880 1985 12 ST 252 424 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 13 ST 256 420 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 14 ST 259 416 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 15 ST 262 413 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 16 ST 265 409 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 17 ST 268 406 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 20 ST 278 395 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 21 ST 282 392 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 22 ST 285 389 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 23 ST 289 386 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9
47 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/58/3880 1985 24 ST 292 382 1 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 36 ST 299 383 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 37 ST 296 387 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 38 ST 293 390 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 39 ST 290 394 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 40 ST 287 398 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 41 ST 283 401 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 43 ST 277 408 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 44 ST 273 412 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 45 ST 270 416 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 46 ST 267 419 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 47 ST 264 423 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 48 ST 260 427 2 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 73 ST 290 405 3 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 74 ST 293 401 3 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 75 ST 296 397 3 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 76 ST 299 393 3 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 77 ST 302 390 3 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 78 ST 305 386 3 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 85 ST 307 392 4 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 86 ST 303 396 4 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 87 ST 300 400 4 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 88 ST 297 404 4 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 89 ST 293 407 4 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 111 ST 292 423 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 112 ST 295 419 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 113 ST 299 415 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 114 ST 302 412 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 115 ST 305 408 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 116 ST 308 405 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 117 ST 311 402 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 118 ST 314 398 5 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9
48 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/58/3880 1985 146 ST 312 409 6 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 147 ST 309 413 6 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 148 ST 305 417 6 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 149 ST 302 421 6 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 150 ST 298 424 6 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3880 1985 151 ST 295 428 6 28 OCT 1960 4000 Black and White 9 x 9 RAF/58/3905 1992 328 ST 280 379 15 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 329 ST 277 381 15 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 295 ST 303 392 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 296 ST 300 393 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 297 ST 297 395 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 298 ST 293 397 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 299 ST 290 399 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 300 ST 287 401 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 301 ST 284 403 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 302 ST 280 405 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 303 ST 277 407 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 304 ST 274 409 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 305 ST 271 411 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 306 ST 267 413 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 307 ST 264 415 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 308 ST 261 417 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 309 ST 258 420 24 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 295 ST 309 409 33 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 296 ST 306 411 33 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 297 ST 303 413 33 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 298 ST 300 415 33 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 299 ST 297 417 33 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/58/3905 1992 300 ST 294 418 33 02 NOV 1960 9900 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 34 ST 307 388 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 35 ST 307 394 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 36 ST 307 399 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5
49 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 37 ST 307 404 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 38 ST 307 410 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 39 ST 307 415 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/3 6671 40 ST 307 420 4 29 JUL 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 5 ST 257 412 1 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 6 ST 257 417 1 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 7 ST 256 422 1 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 5 ST 268 408 2 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 6 ST 268 413 2 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 1 ST 286 390 4 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 2 ST 285 397 4 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 2 ST 298 395 7 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 3 ST 298 402 7 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 4 ST 298 409 7 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 5 ST 297 417 7 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 6 ST 296 424 7 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 1 ST 306 387 8 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 2 ST 305 394 8 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 3 ST 305 401 8 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 4 ST 304 408 8 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 5 ST 303 415 8 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225A/UK854/4 6672 6 ST 303 422 8 31 AUG 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 1 ST 307 386 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 2 ST 307 392 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 3 ST 308 399 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 4 ST 308 405 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 5 ST 309 411 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 6 ST 309 418 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/225B/UK854/5 6673 7 ST 308 425 6 03 SEP 1940 12000 Black and White 5 x 5 RAF/543/2821 8138 338 ST 284 384 7 27 APR 1964 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/543/2821 8138 339 ST 290 384 7 27 APR 1964 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/543/2821 8138 340 ST 296 385 7 27 APR 1964 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5
50 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
RAF/543/2821 8138 341 ST 301 386 7 27 APR 1964 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 RAF/543/2821 8138 342 ST 307 386 7 27 APR 1964 10000 Black and White 8.25 x 7.5 OS/74056 9748 123 ST 254 425 4 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/74056 9748 124 ST 260 425 4 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/74056 9748 125 ST 265 425 4 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/74056 9748 126 ST 271 425 4 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/74056 9748 131 ST 269 410 5 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/74056 9748 132 ST 263 410 5 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/74056 9748 133 ST 257 410 5 15 MAY 1974 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/73038 10459 16 ST 314 409 1 29 MAR 1973 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/73038 10459 17 ST 312 402 1 29 MAR 1973 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/73038 10459 18 ST 310 395 1 29 MAR 1973 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/73038 10459 19 ST 308 389 1 29 MAR 1973 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/73038 10459 35 ST 309 408 4 29 MAR 1973 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/73038 10459 36 ST 306 415 4 29 MAR 1973 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 50 ST 283 384 3 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 51 ST 287 384 3 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 52 ST 291 384 3 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 53 ST 295 384 3 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 54 ST 299 385 3 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 55 ST 304 385 3 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 87 ST 284 393 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 88 ST 287 393 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 89 ST 291 393 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 90 ST 292 393 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 91 ST 295 392 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 92 ST 299 392 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 93 ST 304 392 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/88238 10795 94 ST 308 391 4 16 AUG 1988 5000 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 14 ST 310 396 1 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 15 ST 310 402 1 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 16 ST 310 408 1 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9
51 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
OS/66048 10889 85 ST 299 421 2 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 86 ST 300 414 2 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 87 ST 300 408 2 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 88 ST 300 402 2 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 89 ST 300 395 2 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66048 10889 90 ST 300 389 2 01 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 41 ST 250 404 2 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 42 ST 250 409 2 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 43 ST 261 413 3 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 44 ST 261 407 3 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 79 ST 274 385 4 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 80 ST 274 391 4 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 84 ST 275 414 4 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 85 ST 275 420 4 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 148 ST 287 421 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 149 ST 288 416 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 150 ST 288 410 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 151 ST 288 404 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 152 ST 288 399 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 153 ST 288 393 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/66060 11618 154 ST 288 387 5 15 MAY 1966 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 3 ST 275 409 1 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 27 ST 264 429 3 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 28 ST 268 424 3 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 29 ST 272 418 3 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 32 ST 284 401 3 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 47 ST 310 394 5 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 48 ST 307 400 5 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 49 ST 303 405 5 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 50 ST 300 410 5 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 51 ST 297 416 5 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/83016 13014 52 ST 294 420 5 28 MAR 1983 7500 Black and White 9 x 9
52 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
OS/92195 13964 11 ST 285 392 1 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92195 13964 12 ST 290 392 1 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92195 13964 13 ST 295 391 1 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92195 13964 14 ST 301 391 1 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92195 13964 15 ST 306 392 1 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92195 13964 43 ST 286 377 2 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92195 13964 44 ST 279 376 2 14 JUN 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92375 14144 21 ST 305 421 1 28 JUL 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92375 14144 22 ST 305 414 1 28 JUL 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92375 14144 23 ST 306 408 1 28 JUL 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92375 14144 24 ST 305 401 1 28 JUL 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92375 14144 25 ST 305 396 1 28 JUL 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/92375 14144 26 ST 305 389 1 28 JUL 1992 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96105A 15066 16 ST 307 406 1 15 MAY 1996 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96105A 15066 17 ST 300 406 1 15 MAY 1996 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96105A 15066 48 ST 307 418 3 15 MAY 1996 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96105A 15066 49 ST 300 418 3 15 MAY 1996 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96105A 15066 80 ST 307 431 5 15 MAY 1996 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96105A 15066 81 ST 300 431 5 15 MAY 1996 7700 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 52 ST 298 431 4 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 53 ST 305 431 4 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 83 ST 312 405 5 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 84 ST 305 405 5 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 85 ST 298 405 5 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 86 ST 298 418 6 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 87 ST 305 418 6 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/00017 15337 88 ST 312 418 6 15 MAR 2000 7600 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 8 ST 308 400 1 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 9 ST 303 399 1 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 10 ST 298 399 1 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 13 ST 308 391 2 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 14 ST 304 391 2 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9
53 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
OS/62005 20435 15 ST 299 390 2 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 16 ST 295 390 2 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 17 ST 290 389 2 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 25 ST 293 383 3 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 26 ST 289 382 3 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 27 ST 284 382 3 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/62005 20435 28 ST 280 382 3 14 MAR 1962 5050 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96664 20844 452 ST 303 394 6 14 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96664 20844 453 ST 295 394 6 14 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96664 20844 454 ST 287 394 6 14 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96665 20846 307 ST 308 391 1 13 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96665 20846 308 ST 300 391 1 13 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96665 20846 309 ST 291 391 1 13 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/96665 20846 310 ST 283 391 1 13 SEP 1996 9400 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 92 ST 254 414 4 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 93 ST 254 419 4 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 94 ST 254 424 4 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 117 ST 264 414 6 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 118 ST 264 419 6 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 119 ST 265 424 6 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 140 ST 294 399 8 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 141 ST 294 404 8 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 142 ST 294 409 8 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 143 ST 294 414 8 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 144 ST 294 419 8 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/99616 23118 145 ST 294 424 8 11 JUL 1999 6500 Black and White 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 275 ST 259 425 16 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 276 ST 266 425 16 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 280 ST 293 426 16 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 281 ST 300 426 16 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 285 ST 306 413 17 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 286 ST 300 413 17 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9
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OS/03567 24184 287 ST 293 413 17 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 291 ST 265 413 17 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 292 ST 258 413 17 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 317 ST 286 400 18 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 318 ST 293 400 18 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 319 ST 300 401 18 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/03567 24184 320 ST 307 401 18 15 APR 2003 8000 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6522 ST 313 410 4 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6523 ST 313 403 4 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6524 ST 313 396 4 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6643 ST 299 384 5 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6644 ST 300 390 5 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6645 ST 300 397 5 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6646 ST 300 404 5 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6647 ST 299 411 5 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6650 ST 286 396 6 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6651 ST 286 389 6 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6652 ST 286 383 6 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6725 ST 272 410 8 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9 OS/031082 24449 6839 ST 258 411 10 18 APR 2003 7500 Colour 9 x 9
Oblique images: Photo Film and frame number Date Film type Map Reference (6 reference (NGR figure grid ref) and Index number) ST 2542 / 1 DAP 13444 / 01 18 FEB 1991 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 258421 ST 2542 / 2 DAP 13444 / 02 18 FEB 1991 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 259421 ST 2838 / 1 NMR 3122 / 102 08 AUG 1986 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 284382 ST 2838 / 2 NMR 3122 / 103 08 AUG 1986 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 284382 ST 2838 / 3 NMR 3122 / 104 08 AUG 1986 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 284382 ST 2838 / 4 NMR 3122 / 105 08 AUG 1986 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 284382
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ST 2838 / 5 NMR 3122 / 106 08 AUG 1986 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 284382 ST 2838 / 6 DAP 11938 / 09 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 286388 ST 2838 / 7 DAP 11938 / 10 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 283388 ST 2838 / 8 DAP 11938 / 12 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 283388 ST 2838 / 9 DAP 11938 / 13 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 286389 ST 2838 / 10 DAP 11938 / 15 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 284387 ST 2839 / 1 DAP 11938 / 11 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 281391 ST 2839 / 2 DAP 11938 / 14 18 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 281390 ST 2839 / 3 DAP 6903 / 09 06 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 281390 ST 2839 / 4 DAP 6903 / 10 06 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 282390 ST 2839 / 5 DAP 6903 / 11 06 JUL 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 281390 ST 2938 / 5 AFL 60619 / EPW027941 JUN 1929 BW Glass Plate 5"x4" ST 299386 ST 2939 / 1 DAP 6803 / 02 15 MAR 1990 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 299392 ST 2939 / 2 MXA 13739 / 18670 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 296392 ST 3040 / 1 MXA 13738 / 18645 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 305403 ST 3040 / 2 MXA 13738 / 18646 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 306405 ST 3040 / 3 MXA 13739 / 18671 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 305400 ST 3040 / 4 MXA 13739 / 18672 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 305400 ST 3041 / 1 NMR 975 / 214-216 02 AUG 1976 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 309414 ST 3041 / 2 NMR 24591 / 17 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 309413 ST 3041 / 3 NMR 24591 / 18 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 309413 ST 3041 / 4 NMR 24591 / 20 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 308413 ST 3041 / 5 NMR 24591 / 22 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 309413 ST 3041 / 6 AFL 62519 / EAW050143 26 JUN 1953 BW Cut Roll Film 5½ " ST 306414 ST 3041 / 11 AFL 62519 / EAW050148 26 JUN 1953 BW Cut Roll Film 5½ " ST 308414 ST 3141 / 1 MXA 13740 / 18714 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 311413 ST 3141 / 2 MXA 13740 / 18715 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 311413 ST 3141 / 3 MXA 13740 / 18716 19 MAR 1986 Copy slide 35 mm ST 310413 ST 3141 / 6 NMR 23527 / 06 17 MAY 2004 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 310413 ST 3141 / 7 NMR 23527 / 07 17 MAY 2004 Black & white 70mm,120,220 ST 310413 ST 3141 / 9 NMR 23506 / 02 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 70mm,120,220 ST 310414 ST 3141 / 10 NMR 23506 / 03 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 70mm,120,220 ST 310414 ST 3141 / 11 NMR 23506 / 04 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 70mm,120,220 ST 310414 56 WA Project No. 114861.01
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ST 3141 / 13 NMR 23506 / 06 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 70mm,120,220 ST 310413 ST 3141 / 14 NMR 23398 / 15 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 35 mm ST 311413 ST 3141 / 18 NMR 23398 / 19 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 35 mm ST 310414 ST 3141 / 19 NMR 23398 / 20 17 MAY 2004 Colour neg 35 mm ST 311413 ST 3141 / 21 NMR 24591 / 14 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 310414 ST 3141 / 22 NMR 24591 / 15 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 310414 ST 3141 / 23 NMR 24591 / 16 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 310413 ST 3141 / 24 NMR 24591 / 19 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 310413 ST 3141 / 25 NMR 24591 / 21 05 APR 2007 Digital colour 35 mm ST 310413
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9.4 Appendix 4: Gazetteer Site A WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Road bridge over Grade II Post- A01 1237422 river at NGR ST Listed Road bridge over river. 18th century. 325480 141770 medieval 2548 4177 Building Grade II Fender House Former farmhouse, now house. Late 16th or early 17th century, Post- A02 1059056 Listed 325784 142144 with Outbuildings much modified and extended in late 18th or early 19th century. medieval Building Grade II Church. 1870 by J Knowles for Susanna Lewes Jeffery. Virtually A03 1237423 Church of St Peter Listed 19th century 325864 142271 complete 19th century fittings. Building Former public house. Probably early 18th century with later additions. There is reference in 1702 to a licensed premises Grade II named the Passage Boat which may refer to this building. It was Post- A04 1096078 The Old Ship Inn Listed 325895 142426 known as The Ship, or Old Ship, in 1730, a name it has retained. medieval Building This public house is a well-preserved example of a typical local vernacular building. Grade II Fives Wall at NGR Fives wall. 18th century. Flemish bond brick wall, approximately Post- A05 1264055 Listed 325990 142470 ST 2599 4247 6 metres high and 6 metres across. medieval Building Three evaluation trenches were dug on land adjacent to the Old Ship Inn, Combwich in August 2003. The work was in advance of proposed development. Despite substantial modern disturbance a large ditch, possibly defensive, dating to the Iron Age was revealed to the north of the Inn, in the area of the beer Evaluation (2003) garden. The feature appeared to have been deliberately sealed The Old Ship Inn, with a layer of compact clay during the Roman period. This in A06 16905 Iron Age 325907 142441 Combwich, turn was cut by a ditch dating to the Roman period, along the Otterhampton same line and possibly representing the later reaffirmation of an existing boundary. In the area to the east of the Inn building a number of ditches and gullies were excavated. These were interpreted as the boundaries of medieval tenement plots dating to the 12-13th centuries, a medieval ditch and later, post- medieval boundaries. Iron Age and The exploitation of the clay pits at Combwich led to the discovery Roman of two human skeletons in March 1937. The skeletons could not Romano- A07 10306 325812 141865 settlement, be dated, but they lay in the middle of a Romano-British 'village' British Combwich with roughly cobbled hut-floors and pits. A large number of
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Romano-British potsherds, three worked flints, spindle whorls and a number of other finds are reported. Further Roman pottery finds in the 1950s and 1960s along with some Iron Age pottery. It may be that these finds are the edges of a Roman settlement which is now mainly under the modern village. Combwich was probably a Roman settlement and port on the River Parrett. Combwich Pill would have formed a natural harbour. At present there is not enough information to allow a definite classification of a town. It is possible that the other finds to the S are on the edge of a settlement and that the main part of the occupation lies under the modern village. The suggestion by Rahtz that Combwich became untenable in the 4th century is now largely disproved. Recent research has shown that there was no marine transgression in the late Roman period and the Romano-British discovery of 4th century pottery suggests continuing occupation. Romano- A08 10658 settlement and Tidal erosion on the left (west) bank of the river (ST 261 425) 326093 142397 British port, Combwich during 1969-77 revealed an extensive occupation layer of dark humus, charcoal and lias stones in the river bank, 1.3-1.5m below the ground surface and extending for some 36.5m. Quantities of Romano-British pottery and metal objects were recovered and stones, apparently forming paving, wall footings and cobblings, and a hearth were observed. A full excavation was not possible. The pottery dates from the late C1 to the C4 AD. Further examination of the river bank at ST 261425 during the summer and autumn of 1988 revealed evidence of an extension to the previously identified Romano-British site. Medieval Coin Find, East of Hill A09 18042 A groat of Edward IV was found by a metal detector. Medieval 325400 142700 Park, Otterhampton Three linked trenches were excavated to the rear of the Anchor Inn in advance of proposed residential development. The lower Evaluation (2000), silt contained occasional pieces of Roman pottery and A10 57193 The Anchor Inn, Medieval 325962 142439 briquetage and was cut by a shallow ditch containing medieval Combwich pottery. No evidence for medieval structures were recorded and the latest deposits reflect the use of the site as an inn. Chapel site, A11 10321 Combwich Former chapel noted in 18th century text. Medieval 325984 142637 Common,
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Combwich Combwich was a favoured landing site, called "Combwich Head". In 1399 Richard Boyton (or Baydon) was made King's deputy in the port of Brugge (Bridgwater), Comwich and Dunster. In 1178 the name was Comwys and Cunyz . The creek Medieval Harbour, A12 10130 at Combwich was connected with Bridgwater port. In later Medieval 326098 142246 Combwich centuries the creek was the entrepot for the farming communities for the levels to the EAST and the Combwich Farmers Association built up a small but efficient fleet. The port was also used by the brick company. Combwich causeway, an important ford, is formed by an outcrop of lower lias. It allowed horses and wagons to cross the river at low tide. The ford may have existed in the Roman period, Causeway, connecting with the North Somerset herepath. A river crossing in A13 10310 Medieval 326187 142730 Combwich use from Saxon times onwards seems feasible. The crossing was used extensively at the turn of the century and continued in use until the 1920s. Three prehistoric routeways converge on the site. Medieval/post-medieval Flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. These flood defences were levelled on aerial photographs taken in 1958 when work was carried out on the harbour. Parallel sections of flood defence can Floodbanks, S of A14 27753 be seen circa 48m from the main flood defence on the banks of Medieval 326436 141840 Combwich the River Parrett. This may be an earlier flood defence or an additional one. Due to the continual movement of the river and erosion of the coastline some sections of the flood defence along the Parrett have been levelled and rebuilt slightly inland. A watching brief was undertaken during the construction of a new drainage ditch system, and associated water features, in Watching Brief July 2004. Monitoring was undertaken on earth moving and (2004), Gate 1, excavations works. The work uncovered artefacts including A15 17318 south of White pottery dating from c. 10th century through to 14th century as Medieval 326616 142441 House Road, well as iron slag, and other evidence of smelting, flagstones and Pawlett animal bone. A possible medieval occupation layer was also note in the north of the area monitored, indicating permanent settlement in this area during the medieval period. Watching Brief A watching brief was undertaken during September and October A16 19430 (2005), White 2005 during the excavation of a new drainage ditch. A medieval Medieval 326646 142514 House Road, occupation horizon was identified during the work. This had
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Pawletts Hams previously been identified during work to the south in 2004 (PRN 17318). The position of medieval drainage ditches and a floodbank were also recorded in section. A flooding episode dating to the C13 and leading to the abandonment of the site was identified. Medieval/post-medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The main flood defence follows the banks of the River Parrett. A parallel section of flood defence can be seen extending circa 480m and orientated northeast/southwest. Floodbanks, N of A17 27751 This may be an earlier flood defence or an additional one. Due Medieval 326785 143946 Combwich to the continual movement of the river and erosion of the coastline some sections of the flood defence along the Parrett have had to be rebuilt slightly inland. Several areas of stakes seen parallel to river channel. Two long floodbanks on either side of Cannington Brook opening into a large funnel shape against the River Parrett. The present course of the brook has been canalised against the east bank Floodbanks on but the AP evidence indicates an abandoned course of this A18 11139 Cannington Brook, Medieval 327280 140782 stream against the west bank. These features presumably date Cannington from the period when the Cannington Brook was a tidal tributary of the River Parrett. The original course of the Cannington Brook was dammed in the 19th century. A contiguous area of medieval/post-medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The blocks of ridge and furrow may have been used for arable cultivation but in many areas it appears to be used as early improvement drainage, especially in Otterhampton. According to the Victoria County History most of the land was used as pasture with areas Field system of common grazing and meadow. The ridge and furrow underlies A19 11142 earthworks, a more modern post-medieval/20th century drainage pattern. Medieval 327432 143174 Parrett Estuary The field systems comprise large rhynes, with floodbanks on either side, which mark the boundaries of the fields. These are older than the more modern rhynes which are orientated in different directions. The earlier field system is orientated northeast/southwest. The area was flooded in the 13th century, at which time this field system was likely to have been abandoned. Floodbanks, S Medieval/post-medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks A20 27755 Medieval 327648 141867 side of Pawlett on aerial photographs. The flood defences follow the banks of
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Hams River Parrett, extending for circa 5.0km between White House Inn and Brickyard Clyce. The defences reflect the movement of the River Parrett with new flood defences constructed on the bank, leaving the older defences further inland. Due to the continual movement of the river and erosion of the coastline as well as the defences themselves some sections of the flood defence along the Parrett have been levelled and rebuilt or repaired. Concentration of wooden stakes along the riverbank from ST28304242 to ST28314243, recorded from the top of the bank. Medieval/post-medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The flood defences follow the banks of River Parrett, extending for circa 4.0km between White House Inn and Island Farm. The defences reflect the movement of the River Parrett with new flood defences constructed on the bank, Floodbanks, N leaving the older defences further inland. Evidence for four A21 27754 side of Pawlett Medieval 327747 144015 phases of sea defences were also identified on the land known Hams as The Island on Pawlett Level. When the Parrett river moved westwards in the 18th/19th century, Dunball island (aka Humble or Cure's island) joined with the eastern bank to become fields called Island Grounds by 1839. As more land was created, further sea defences were built. Proposed development of the Fender House land led to test pits and trenches being cut. Apart from a few sherds of Roman and Evaluation (1994), medieval pottery, no archaeological features earlier than 18th Post- A22 28843 Fender House, 325788 142201 century were found. Evidence of 18th century and 19th century medieval Combwich development was seen in sealed 19th century yard surfaces, an 18th century clay pit and an undated ditch. Ferry (site of), Combwich to A ferry crossed the River Parrett between Combwich and the Post- A23 10697 326241 142470 Pawlett Hams, White House Inn on Pawlett Hams until the early 1800s. medieval Combwich Reach Earthworks and brick walls of the Old White House Inn within a White House Inn walled and ditched enclosure. Nash found a sherd of C15 or C16 Post- A24 10696 (site of), Pawlett 326437 142504 pottery built into a wall. The Inn served travellers on the ferry to medieval Hams, Pawlett the town of Combwich. Post-medieval Erosion of the Parret banks at Pawlett Hams revealed a dense Post- A25 32352 brushwood layer of brushwood stretching over c.20m at roughly 2m below 326706 142005 medieval floodbank ground level. This may represent a brushwood mattress placed
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. foundation, on soft sediment upon which the floodbank was constructed. Pawlett Hams The remains of the old clyce wall consists of two stone walls, Eighteenth which formerly retained the floodbank on the north side of the century flood gate, clyce. One stone on the river side wall bears an inscription "1753 Post- A26 28658 326875 141788 West Clyce, Hugh Lincam"; presumably the date and builder of the structure. medieval Pawlett The structure is about to be dismantled by the Environment Agency as part of the works on the replacement clyce. Meth. Chap. (Wes.)' shown on Ordnance Survey map of c1904. Methodist Chapel, The chapel was originally built in 1838 by the Bethel A27 18045 School Lane, 19th century 325778 142354 Congregationalists, possibly as a Mariners Christian chapel. In Combwich 1879 the chapel was loaned to the Wesleyans. "Corn mill" printed on 1904 OS 25" map. The premises were formerly occupied by Morgan Brushes Ltd., established in 1890, Corn mill, A28 10314 who manufactured a wide range of products for the domestic 19th century 325865 142159 Combwich market and specialist brushes for the baking, brewing, diary and milling industries. Brick, tile and pottery works shown on 1888 OS map. Clay pits also visible. By 1832 bricks were being exported from the yard of Brick works, A29 10309 Henry Leigh the younger on the south side of the pill, and brick 19th century 325888 141920 Combwich and tile became Combwich's main export. The works ceased production in around 1960. Sheep Pen, A30 17944 Sheep Pen' shown on Ordnance Survey map of 1888. 19th century 326410 141296 Cannington Sheep Pen, A31 17943 Sheep Pen' shown on Ordnance Survey map of 1888. 19th century 326753 141182 Cannington Lych Gate, The lych gate was erected as a memorial to the parishioners A32 17664 Church of St who died in WWI. A framed tablet within the gable records their Modern 325856 142250 Peter, Combwich names. Layer of possible cribbing viewed in section eroding out of Possible flood vegetated riverbank. Branches similar to hedge waste, looks A33 36669 defence, north of modern as is covered in bark. Possibly laid as revetment, Modern 326791 141940 West Clyce overlain by 0.5-1m of mud deposits, itself overlain by modern stone flood defences. Modern. Excavation (2016), W of St A34 36385 No details available at this time Undated 325806 142278 Peter's church, Combwich A35 36878 Post line, N of Line of large wooden posts. Relating to flood defences? Undated 326100 143021
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Cormbwich An evaluation following a geophysical survey (PRN 32206) Evaluation (2010), 32206, recorded only undated drainage features and palaeochannels A36 S of Combwich, Undated 326254 141679 32261 suggesting that the area had been too wet for settlement or Cannington cultivation prior to post-medieval drainage. Geophysical survey was undertaken over an area of 20.25 hectares along a suggested line for a bypass. The average width of the survey area was only 60m and it was difficult to positively Geophysical identify many of the features as being of archaeological origin. A37 32205 survey (2009-10), Positive and negative anomalies were noted throughout the area E of Cannington which represent in-filled ditch cut features such as ditches and ploughed-out earthen banks respectively. Many of these features were seen in close association which may suggest some form of ditch and bank arrangement. Evaluation (2016), Combwich Sewage A38 36182 No details available at this time Undated 326598 141481 Treatment Works, Quay Road, Combwich A walk-over survey was undertaken on an area of Pawlett Hams in November 2003 prior to potential ecological improvement of the area. A desk top study further confirmed the following. A number of possible archaeological features, excellently Desk top and walk preserved, were identified in an area already identified as being over survey A39 16907 rich in earthworks. The survey recorded an early system of Undated 326985 142162 (2003), Pawlett floodbanks which may have originated in the Roman or Saxon Hams, Pawlett Period. An early field system was also identified, again possibly originating in the Saxon Period. The earliest feature is a possible Roman road with adjacent building platforms. A number of defunct water courses were also seen. Geophysical Geophysical survey was undertaken over an area of 35.4 A40 32202 survey (2009-10), hectares. No specific features recorded within the Study Area in Negative 325322 140830 S of Cannington the HER. Watching brief A watching brief was carried out during the excavation of A41 16184 (1992), School foundation trenches for an extension onto the rear of the house. Negative 325786 142333 Lane, Combwich No obvious early finds or features. Watching brief Monitoring of inspection pits and boreholes recorded no features A42 30408 Negative 326109 142261 (2010), Comwich or finds of archaeological interest.
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Quay Watching brief A watching brief was undertaken in November 2006 during work (2006), west of the to construct a temporary compound at the sewage treatment A43 14490 pumping station, site. During soil stripping no archaeological features or artefacts Negative 326174 142151 Combwich Quay, were visible. It should be noted however that ground impact was Otterhampton minimal. Watching brief A series of geotechnical pits along a proposed sewer line were (2016), A44 37505 monitored but no features or finds of archaeological significance Negative 326979 140851 Cannington to were recorded. Combwich A watching brief was undertaken during the widening of a rhyne Watching Brief and the construction of four field ponds between August and A45 14268 (2006), Pawlett September 2006. All of the excavation works only extended into Negative 327232 142118 Hams, Pawlett the upper alluvial clays. No archaeological finds were recovered and no archaeological features were recorded.
Site B WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. RB pottery found in Pawlett churchyard. Also medieval and post Roman, medieval medieval pottery including medieval glazed sherds, medieval Romano- B01 10977 and later pottery 330112 142666 glazed roof tiles and post-medieval graffito were found in the British finds, Pawlett churchyard. A contiguous area of Medieval/Post-Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The blocks of ridge and furrow may have been used for arable cultivation but in many areas it appears to be used as early improvement drainage, especially in Otterhampton. According to the Victoria County History most of the land was used as pasture with areas Field system of common grazing and meadow. The ridge and furrow underlies B02 11142 earthworks, a more modern post-medieval/20th century drainage pattern. Medieval 327432 143174 Parrett Estuary The field systems comprise large rhynes, with floodbanks on either side, which mark the boundaries of the fields. These are older than the more modern rhynes which are orientated in different directions. The earlier field system is orientated northeast/southwest. The area was flooded in the 13th century, at which time this field system was likely to have been abandoned.
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Medieval/post-medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The flood defences follow the banks of River Parrett, extending for circa 5.0km between White House Inn and Brickyard Clyce. The defences reflect the movement of the River Parrett with new flood defences constructed on the Floodbanks, S bank, leaving the older defences further inland. Due to the B03 27755 side of Pawlett Medieval 327648 141867 continual movement of the river and erosion of the coastline as Hams well as the defences themselves some sections of the flood defence along the Parrett have been levelled and rebuilt or repaired. Concentration of wooden stakes along the riverbank from ST28304242 to ST28314243, recorded from the top of the bank. Extensive linear banking associated with the present and former courses of the River Parrett. Medieval/Post-Medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The Floodbanks, River flood defences follow a loop of the River Parrett, extending for B04 11140 Medieval 329133 141562 Parrett, Pawlett 4.1km between Stallingtons Clyce and Dunball. The defences reflect the movement of the River Parrett with new flood defences constructed on the bank, leaving the older defences further inland. An area of medieval and/or post-medieval ridge and furrow is Medieval ridge visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. Most blocks show and furrow straight narrow furrows but some show typical medieval S- B05 27796 cultivation, shaped furrows. The blocks of ridge and furrow may have been Medieval 330768 143102 Dunball and used for arable cultivation but may also have been used as early Pawlett improvement drainage. The ridge and furrow underlies a more modern post-medieval/20th century drainage pattern. Possible post-medieval oyster beds are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The area comprises small polygonal pits, mostly rectangular in shape and measuring between 4m and Oyster beds, 10m in length, but they do vary in size and orientation. There Post- B06 27749 329179 142391 Pawlett Hams does not appear to be any pattern to the pits. The pits occur in medieval an area marked as saltings on the Ordnance Survey map (1904), suggesting that this is regularly flooded and hence an ideal environment for oyster beds. Earthworks and "Brick Yard Clyce" shown on 1962 Ordnance Pawlett Brick and Survey map. This was a significant 19th-century works to the B07 10693 Tile Works, S of 19th century 329897 141957 south of Pawlett alongside the river Parrett. It began c.1810 and Pawlett Greenwood's map of 1822 denotes 'Brick Kilns''. By 1840 the
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Tithe Map shows a site of over 7 acres consisting of a brickyard, cottage, garden and other buildings owned by the De Mauley family and operated by John Browne who worked yards in Bridgwater at this time. Kilns were located close to the riverbank where there were two landing stages to facilitate the movement of fuel and finished goods. Although additional excavation of large rectangular clay pits had taken place after 1892 by the Somerset Trading Company, the site appears abandoned with most structures removed. Second World War pillbox (N12), B08 15985 Aerial photographs show a pillbox. This was a type 24. Modern 329735 141983 Brickyard Clyse, Pawlett Maps in the Henry Wills collection in the National Monuments Second World Record show a pillbox numbered N14. Possibly visible on the B09 18158 War pillbox (N14), very edge of the river on the RAF vertical aerial photographs of Modern 330042 141391 W of Walpole c1947. Not visible on 2001 aerial photographs so probably lost to river erosion. Enclosure and possible Enclosure and possible settlement earthworks, Vehicle Auction B10 17294 Occupation Centre, Walpole. As the site is on the clay levels it is probably Undated 330559 141561 Earthworks, S of medieval or post medieval in date. Walpole, Pawlett A possible moated site is visible on an aerial photograph from B11 1924 (RAF/CPE/UK/1924, 1040). Though undated this is likely Undated 329909 142504 to be medieval or post-medieval in date. Evaluation (2010), An evaluation comprising 22 trenches recorded no features or B12 32262 Negative 330487 141205 Dunball, Puriton finds of archaeological significance.
Site C WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. A motte with two baileys constructed in a strategic position on Motte with two high ground above the marshland, which would have offered baileys immediately Scheduled some natural defence in former times. The monument is known C01 1019291 Medieval 330899 141364 east of Bristol Monument from partial excavation to have been occupied in the Norman Road, Down End period and to contain further archaeological and environmental evidence relating to the construction and use of the site, the lives
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. of its inhabitants, and the landscape in which they lived. Possible medieval and post-medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The flood defences are Flood defences, W defined by linear banks, which cut across the present field C02 27793 Medieval 330452 141040 of Dunball boundaries. The banks may also represent former field boundaries as well. Most of the banks have been levelled by 1996. Medieval and Post Medieval and post-medieval pottery found in a sewer trench dug C03 10716 medieval pottery Medieval 330816 141312 across site of earthwork west of Down End. finds, Puriton In October 2010, two trenches were excavated in gardens at Apple Tree Cottage, Downend. In the western part of the site a sequence was identified comprising substantial dumps of clean re-deposited natural shale alternating with material containing domestic waste of medieval date. The depression continued to be filled throughout the later medieval period and the process was completed by further dumping in the 19th century. It is possible that this feature could have formed part of an extensive Investigations, linear cut which could have been defensive and therefore may 28347, Apple Tree C04 have formed part of the eastern defences of the adjacent motte Medieval 331006 141315 30688 Cottage, Downend, and bailey castle. Further archaeological work was undertaken Puriton during the construction of a house on this site. This involved the partial excavation of the large feature previously encountered which had been interpreted as a ditch of the castle. This interpretation now appears much less likely and the feature and associated deposits are probably part of the remains of extensive limestone quarrying. These appear to post-date the construction of the castle but may be associated with the foundation and construction of the town. In October 2010, a single trench was excavated in the garden of an existing property in Downend Crescent, Downend, near Puriton. To the west a cultivation soil of medieval formation was Evaluation (2010), found to be cut by pits and a post hole, which all yielded 12th- Green Cover, 13th century pottery from their fills. To the east the entirety of the C05 28352 Medieval 331008 141348 Downend Crescent, excavated area was occupied by the remains of a building Downend, Puriton defined to the west by a substantial wall foundation of lias rubble. Within this a well-preserved sequence of floor surfaces and make-up of clay and mortar was observed, the earliest of which respected a hearth setting constructed against the west
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. wall. Dating evidence suggested that the earliest floor was laid in the late medieval period, or the 16th-17th century, and the building remained in use until the 18th century. To the east a second north-south lias wall foundation was excavated which was constructed directly on a cultivation soil of 12th to 13th century date. This wall was demolished before the deposition of the earliest floor and its remains incorporated into the surface. It remains uncertain whether the two walls represent elements of the same medieval building, which was constructed as part of an extension or part of a building that was entirely new at that time. The modern hamlet of Down End can be equated through place name connections with the medieval borough of Caput Montis which is mentioned in the Assize Rolls of 1225 and 1242-3 but Medieval borough omitted from the Nomina Villarum of 1316. This borough was C06 10703 of Caput Montis, Medieval 331129 141327 probably established by the De Columbers, lords of Puriton, Down End before 1159. The town was situated on a westward projecting promontory. The sites of interest include the castle, a possible chapel and the possible port to the south-east. Medieval and post-medieval flood defences are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The flood defences are located to the south of King Sedgemoor Drain at Dunball. The Flood defences, S C07 27792 flood defences are defined by linear banks, which once followed Medieval 331302 140543 of Dunball the course of the River Parrett. The pattern of the flood defences demonstrates the movement of the River Parrett through time, with new banks constructed as the river moves. Former course of C08 17051 River Parrett, Old loop of the River Parrett, prior to the cut of 1677. Medieval 331521 140615 Dunball Possible Post-Medieval oyster beds are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The pits are located along the eastern most flood defence of the River Parrett. However the pits are aligned Post Medieval to the west of this defence which would stop the pits from being Post- C09 27795 oyster beds site, 330702 140183 regularly flooded as those recorded further to the north. medieval Chilton Trinity Alternatively the pits may represent the extraction site for the flood defences themselves. The pits had been destroyed by coastal erosion on aerial photographs taken in 1958. Evaluation (1993), Archaeological evaluation of the area of a proposed new feed Post- C10 28800 Dunball Feed Mill, mill immediately to the north of the existing mill produced no 330801 141149 medieval Dunball evidence of archaeological activity in the form of either finds or
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. features. Ridge and furrow of probable 18th century date was recorded. A turnpike road of the Bridgwater Trust. The Thurloxton to Bridgwater length was turnpiked in 1730. The Bristol Road Eighteenth-century section, which ran via Crandon Bridge, was only extended as far Post- C11 24587 Turnpike road, East 330991 140937 as Puriton. The remaining section to the East Brent parish medieval Brent to Thurloxton boundary was turnpiked in 1759 to join the continuation of the Bristol Trust. The Bristol and Exeter Railway raised capital in 1835 and obtained an act the following year. Work proceeded, engineered Bristol and Exeter by Brunel, from both ends but was faster in the north which C12 12964 19th century 325527 132250 Railway reached Bridgwater in June 1841 and Taunton a year later. A temporary terminus was established at Beam Bridge in 1843 until the line was completed to Exeter in 1844. Established in 1844 to handle coal, the wharf is still in use to C13 12884 Dunball Wharf import sand and animal feed. There was a rail link to the Bristol 19th century 330988 140855 and Exeter line and to the cement works. The Admiral's The Greenhill Arms had opened by 1872, and was described by C14 36438 Table hotel, 1903 as an hotel. It was subsequently rebuilt and renamed the 19th century 331055 140883 Dunball, Puriton Henry Fielding. In 1998 it was renamed The Admiral's Table. Milestone, Bristol C15 17922 Road, Bridgwater M.S' and 'Cross 14, Bridgwater 2' noted on 1888-89 OS map 19th century 331085 140223 Without. The limekilns here once formed part of a small industrial complex which extended east from the River Parrett along the Dunball Cement Poldens. Activities in the area had begun by the 1840s and were C16 10048 Works, Dunball, eventually to include a range of materials and products: bricks, 19th century 331552 141018 Bawdrip cement, lime, manure and salt. The various works were connected together by a rail network of standard and narrow gauge lines and water access was afforded by the river. Second World War pillbox (N18), by R The pillbox is a standard thick-walled Type FW3/24 pillbox built C17 11975 Modern 330074 140794 Parrett, S of to shellproof standard with timber shuttering inside and out. Dunball Mill, Dunball Wharf, Site of mill marked on 1961 OS map, later shown as 'Animal C18 10718 Modern 330730 140943 Down End Feeding Stuff Factory'. Second World War A thick-walled Type FW3/24 pillbox constructed with timber C19 11979 pillbox (N16), W of Modern 330470 140778 shuttering both inside and out. Dunball
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Second World War C20 15986 pillbox (N17), Aerial photographs show a pillbox. This was a type 24. Modern 330953 140769 Dunball Wharf RAF aerial photographs of c1946 show an extensive complex of buildings of military character. The site was clearly not built in 1940 when Taunton Stopline barbed-wire defences and two pillboxes (PRNs 17594 and 17595) are shown crossing it on Second World War maps in the Henry Wills collection in the National Monuments C21 17591 military camp, Modern 331133 141038 Record. The site has now been built over by an industrial estate. Dunball The site was built as hostel accommodation for workers at the Royal Ordnance Factory with hutted living quarters, and brick- built canteen, hospital, washrooms and theatre. Later, large numbers of eastern European servicemen were housed Sheep Pen, Bristol Sheep Pen' marked on 1888 OS map and labelled on 1904 C22 17923 Road, Bridgwater Modern 331144 140501 edition. Still shown on 1976 edition map. Without. A small rectangular brick-built pill box with flat concrete roof and concrete fire slits. Destroyed by construction of business park. Second World War The site does not appear on the maps of the Taunton Stopline C23 10720 pillbox site, Down Modern 331260 141085 (PRN 15410) in the Henry Wills collection at the National End Monuments Record and so may be a firewatching post or similar for the later WW2 base at Dunball (PRN 17591). Maps in the Henry Wills collection in the National Monuments Second World War Record show a Vickers machine gun pillbox here numbered Vickers machine NV7. Constructed to shellproof standard with timber shuttering C24 17594 Modern 331305 141130 gun pillbox site inside and out with the standard chamfered front wall corners (NV7), Dunball and a roofline chamfer. It faces SW over the River Parrett and appears to have been whitewashed internally. C25 18362 Dunball Station Station, shown on 1888 OS map. Modern 331345 141103 Building remains, Remains of two rectangular buildings with short ditches W of Cut Flood C26 11173 immediately behind the floodbank on the west side of the River Undated 330748 140536 Way Reach, Parrett, seen on APs. Chilton Trinity Evaluation (2010), An evaluation comprising 22 trenches recorded no features or C27 32262 Negative 330487 141205 Dunball, Puriton finds of archaeological significance. Watching brief Borehole monitoring in relation to the Bridgwater Tidal Barrier (2016), W of recorded sandy silts and clays represents salt marsh deposits, C28 36800 Negative 330763 140409 Horsey Level, which have been subsequently ‘reclaimed’ by drainage and Chilton Trinity embankment.
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Six evaluation trenches were excavated on pasture land in advance of proposed residential development. Evidence of Evaluation (2005), human activity was restricted to relatively modern agricultural C29 18520 Negative 330975 141203 Downend, Puriton drainage and boundary features. However the potential for any buried remains within or below the estuarine silts (lower than 1.3m) was not explored. The first phase of an archaeological assessment was carried out at Little Sydenham Farm, Bridgwater, in October 2007. The investigation consisted of a geophysical conductivity and auger survey of the underlying alluvial sequence. The survey identified four distinct zones of sedimentation. Two major tidal channels Geoarchaeological and two channel edge environments were identified. The assessment (2007), augerhole sampling confirmed the presence of peat horizons C30 26089 Sydenham, within the south-eastern corner of the site. Evaluation in 2009- Negative 331332 139056 Bridgwater and 2010 by means of 48 trenches. No archaeological features were Bridgwater Without seen and no finds were recovered. A further 31 trenches were later excavated to the south in March to April 2010. With the exception of recent drainage features, these again produced no significant archaeological features or finds. The alluvial sequence observed became less uniform towards the southern end of the site, with peat recorded in one trench 4.5m down. Archaeological monitoring and recording was carried out as part of a programme of geotechnical ground investigations at Cannington Bends. Works comprised the machine-excavation of Test pit and 12 trial pits, generally excavated to a depth of 4m below existing borehole survey levels. The trial pits exposed no archaeological features but did C31 37543 (2016), Cannington record the variable presence of a peat deposit present from a Negative 330569 140494 Bends, Chilton depth of around 4m below existing levels. This was overlain by a Trinity series of alluvial clays. Data from boreholes showed the peat to measure up to 7m thick, while elsewhere its absence, which occurred where deeper sequences were recorded, is thought to suggest the locations of palaeochannels.
Site D WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Grade II* Church of The Parish church. Established 13th century, earliest recorded D01 1264231 Listed Medieval 329646 139170 Holy Trinity incumbent of 1309, rebuilt 15th century, 19th century restoration. Building 72 WA Project No. 114861.01
Bridgwater Tidal Barrier, Somerset Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Grade II Farmhouse. 17th century, refronted mid-19th century. Post- D02 1237588 Manor Farmhouse Listed 328683 139056 Tudoresque. medieval Building Grade II Grange D03 1059053 Listed Farmhouse. Early 19th century. 19th century 328749 139124 Farmhouse Building Socket of former churchyard cross, Grade II in the churchyard, D04 1059068 Listed Socket of a former churchyard cross. 13th century. Medieval 329650 139163 adjacent to south Building porch, Church of The Holy Trinity Vestery and Sunday school Vestry and Sunday School room, now a meeting place. Key Grade II room, adjacent to stone to South gable inscribed:- "JRS 1868", for Joseph Richard D05 1237236 Listed 19th century 329672 139172 east end of The Smith, a mayor of nearby Bridgwater. Included primarily for Building Church of The group value with the Church of the Holy Trinity. Holy Trinity Grade II Braddocks Post- D06 1344900 Listed House. 17th and 19th century alterations. 329714 139124 Cottage medieval Building Roman pottery finds, N of Perry Romano- D07 12765 Finds from drain clearing include Roman pottery. 328069 139619 Court Farm, British Wembdon Roman Finds from field walking and a small excavation by the settlement, north- Bridgwater Archaeological Society include Roman pottery, coins Romano- D08 12761 east of Perry 328171 139400 (latest 4th century) and probable building stone. The excavation British Court Farm, in 1997 revealed a cobbled surface. Wembdon Roman pottery and coin finds, N Romano- D09 12763 Finds from field walking include Roman pottery and coins. 328309 139819 of Perry Wood British Farm, Wembdon Romano-British settlement, 300m Drainage work revealed an area about 5m by 1m of burnt clay Romano- D10 10908 north-west of and charcoal, possibly the remains of a daub and timber wall, 328538 139541 British Perry Wood Farm, with a scatter of lias stones and 2nd-3rd century pottery. Wembdon
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Roman and Belgic pottery was recovered during November 1985 when fields were ploughed. The small finds consisted of a pumice whetstone and a contemporary copy of a Roman coin of Roman 350-360 AD. A settlement site here is indicated by the quantity settlement, north Romano- D11 12803 of material. Aerial photographs show clearly several conjoined 328544 138802 of Grabhams British rectangular enclosures in the field to the west of the road with Farm, Wembdon less regular enclosures continuing to the north. In the field east of these are less-clear cropmarks showing rectangular enclosures amid a less regular field pattern. Roman pottery finds, N of Perry Romano- D12 12764 Finds from field walking include late Roman pottery. 328679 140110 Wood Farm, British Wembdon In 1963 at a new housing development late Iron Age and Romano-British pottery found in topsoil. Some medieval pottery was also found. An evaluation in 1998 was carried out in Roman finds, NW advance of a proposed housing development comprising five 12971, Romano- D13 of Chilton Trinity trenches. These located two Romano-British ditches, sealed by 329666 139244 12973 British church a deposit containing Roman and medieval pottery. Two other ditches appeared to correspond with a track shown on the tithe map. Flooding prevented full excavation but the earliest find was a late medieval brooch. A single worked flint was also found. Roman coin find, Romano- D14 10224 Roman coin found in kitchen garden. 329773 139147 Chilton Trinity British A contiguous area of Medieval/Post-Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The blocks of ridge and furrow may have been used for arable cultivation but in many areas it appears to be used as early improvement drainage, especially in Otterhampton. According to the Victoria County History most of the land was used as pasture with areas Field system of common grazing and meadow. The ridge and furrow underlies D15 11142 earthworks, a more modern post-medieval/20th century drainage pattern. Medieval 327432 143174 Parrett Estuary The field systems comprise large rhynes, with floodbanks on either side, which mark the boundaries of the fields. These are older than the more modern rhynes which are orientated in different directions. The earlier field system is orientated northeast/southwest. The area was flooded in the 13th century, at which time this field system was likely to have been abandoned.
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Medieval Finds from field walking of pottery and stone suggest a medieval settlement, E of D16 12762 and later settlement. Some buildings are known here from 18th Medieval 328049 139361 Perry Court Farm, century sources. Wembdon Discrete blocks of Medieval and/or Post-medieval ridge and furrow are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs taken in 1947. The blocks of ridge and furrow may have been used for Medieval or post- arable cultivation but in many areas it appears to be used as medieval field early improvement drainage. The ridge and furrow underlies a D17 27712 Medieval 328629 139795 system, W of more modern post-medieval/20th century drainage pattern. Wembdon Associated rhynes and drainage ditches have also been recorded which possibly reveal an earlier field pattern. The majority of these features are plough levelled on aerial photographs taken in 1983. The basic structure of Chilton Trinity church would support a Church of The 12th century date for the earliest remaining fabric. The church Holy Trinity, underwent considerable alteration late in the medieval period D18 10446 churchyard and and all that remains from the ealier building is the lower part of Medieval 329652 139177 cross, Chilton the nave and chancel side walls and the internal opening of the Trinity south doorway. All that remains of the 13th century churchyard cross is the foot of the shaft, left in the mortise block. An area of medieval and/or post-medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The ridge and furrow may have been used for arable cultivation but it may also Medieval ridge have been used as early improvement drainage. The ridge and and furrow D19 27791 furrow underlies a more modern post-medieval/20th century Medieval 330282 139976 cultivation, NE of drainage pattern. The later overlying drainage may indicate a Chilton Trinity change in agricultural land use or an increase in flooding in this area which required more drainage than before. The ridge and furrow is plough levelled on aerial photographs taken in 1992. An area of medieval and/or post-medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The ridge and Medieval ridge furrow may have been used for arable cultivation but it may also and furrow have been used as early improvement drainage. The ridge and D20 27789 cultivation, NW of furrow underlies a more modern post-medieval/20th century Medieval 330518 139457 Hawkers Farm, drainage pattern. The later overlying drainage may indicate a Bridgwater change in agricultural land use or an increase in flooding in this area which required more drainage than before. The ridge and furrow is plough levelled on aerial photographs taken in 1962.
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. A medieval and/or post-medieval flood defence is visible as an Flood defences, D21 27794 earthwork on aerial photographs. The defence is plough levelled Medieval 330628 140118 Chilton Trinity on aerial photographs taken in 1996. An area of medieval and/or post-medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The ridge and Medieval ridge furrow may have been used for arable cultivation but it may also and furrow have been used as early improvement drainage. The ridge and D22 27790 cultivation, S of furrow underlies a more modern post-medieval/20th century Medieval 330830 139752 Horsey Pill, drainage pattern. The later overlying drainage may indicate a Dunball change in agricultural land use or an increase in flooding in this area which required more drainage than before. The ridge and furrow is plough levelled on aerial photographs taken in 1966. Possible Post-Medieval oyster beds are visible as earthworks on aerial photographs. The pits are located along the eastern most flood defence of the River Parrett. However the pits are aligned Post Medieval to the west of this defence which would stop the pits from being Post- D23 27795 oyster beds site, 330702 140183 regularly flooded as those recorded further to the north. medieval Chilton Trinity Alternatively the pits may represent the extraction site for the flood defences themselves. The pits had been destroyed by coastal erosion on aerial photographs taken in 1958. Pound, opposite "Pound" marked on 1888-9 OS map in road near The Spinney in D24 10451 The Spinney, 19th century 329690 139210 the village centre. Chilton Trinity Brick and Tile Works' and 'Clay Pit' noted on Ordnance Survey map of 1904. 'Landing Slip' also shown beside River Parrett, implying water transportation from the site. The first clay licences at Chilton Trinity were taken out by the Somerset Trading Company at the turn of the 20th century and by 1904 a brick and Chilton Tile tile works had been established. This developed into an D25 10445 Factory, Chilton Modern 329954 139228 extensive works, by 1930 the business, including clay pits (PRN Trinity 30281), covered over 50 acres. But the termination of the First World War had seen the transfer of requisitioned German tilemaking machines into Belgium and France resulting in the flood of cheaply produced imported tiles. An aerial photograph of 1946 appears to shown it in a ruinous state. Brick and tile works' and 'Brick pits' shown on OS 6" map of Former brick and 1974. The Chilton Tile Factory was therefore a response to an D26 30278 tile factory, Chilton Modern 330155 139083 economic challenge, constructed on a greenfield site and Trinity completed in 1929, an extension being added in 1933. The
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. complex was unlike any other in Somerset or indeed elsewhere comprising a clay grinding plant, bulk clay storage, automatic tile machines, humidity dryers and a continuous firing kiln all under one roof. Movement of clay and goods around the works was carried out by conveyor belt and 'finger' cars on rails. Clay pits associated with the former brick Clay pits associated with the former brick and tile works (PRN D27 30281 and tile works, Modern 329878 139450 30278) and the Chilton Tile Factory (PRN 10445). and Chilton Tile Factory, Chilton Trinity Second World War pillbox (N20), The pillbox itself is a typical thick-walled shellproof Type FW3/24 D28 11949 Modern 330274 139628 NW of Hawkers built using timber shuttering inside and out. Farm, Bridgwater Second World A typical thick-walled shellproof Type FW3/24 built using timber War pillbox (N22), shuttering inside and out. There is a number of steel loops cast D29 11945 Modern 330317 138942 SW of Hawkers into the roof which were used to 'tie down' the framework of the Farm, Bridgwater pitched roof built as camouflage. The pillbox itself is a typical thick-walled shellproof Type FW3/24 Second World built by a local construction company, West's, using timber War pillbox (N21), D30 11950 shuttering inside and out and lacking a roofline chamfer. The Modern 330381 139155 W of Hawkers main orientation of the pillbox was northwest along a straight Farm, Bridgwater section of the river towards the bend with pillbox PRN 11949. Second World A typical thick-walled shellproof Type FW3/24 built using timber War pillbox (N23), shuttering inside and out and with the slightest of roofline D31 11947 Modern 330618 138923 S of Hawkers chamfers. Like PRN 11945 there are steel loops cast into the Farm, Bridgwater roof, to affix camouflage materials. Second World War pillbox (N19), A standard thick-walled Type FW3/24 pillbox constructed with D32 11948 Modern 330819 139823 S of Horsey Pill, timber shuttering inside and out and lacking a roofline chamfer. Dunball Cropmark enclosure, SE of Very well defined trapezoidal single-ditched enclosure, lying in a D33 10913 Undated 328077 139021 Perry Court Farm, level arable field. Wembdon Cropmark ring D34 11894 Cropmarks clearly show a large ring ditch. Undated 328201 139100 ditch, S of Perry
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WA NHLE HER No. Name Designation Description Period Easting Northing No. No. Wood Farm, Perry Green Enclosure? North D35 17803 of Marshall Farm, Possible oval enclosure. Undated 329213 139174 Chilton Trinity Linear Feature, D36 17804 north of Chilton Causeway or other embanked feature running northeast. Undated 329358 139838 Trinity Watching brief (2013), The D37 32161 No details available at this time Undated 329674 139305 Granary, Chilton Trinity Deserted Rectangular earthwork platforms, ditches and raised droveways settlement, SW of D38 10450 indicate an extensive abandoned settlement alongside River Undated 330522 140119 Dunball Wharf, Parrett behind a floodbank. Chilton Trinity Circular banked area seen on LiDAR data, surrounds small pond D39 Undated 330206 139778 visible on 1st edition OS map. Possible moated site seen on LiDAR data and 1940s APs, D40 Undated 330044 140118 corresponds to small spur of rhyne as visible on 1st edition OS. Watching brief and borehole monitoring in relation to Options 4 and 5 of the Bridgwater Tidal Barrier encountered made ground deposits thought to relate to the nearby brick and tile factory at D41 Chilton Trinity (SHER 30281 and 30278). The borehole Negative 330291 139101 monitoring recorded sandy silts and clays represents salt marsh deposits, which have been subsequently ‘reclaimed’ by drainage and embankment.
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Site C Dunball
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0 2 km
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Date: 22/05/17 Revision Number: 0 Site Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Scale: 1:25,000 at A3 Illustrator: NB Study Area Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS\FigsMXD\First_version_170522 Location of Sites and Study Areas Figure 1 325000 326000 327000
A21
A19, B02, D15 Site A35 143000 Study Area *# Grade I Listed Building A19, *# Grade II* Listed Building B02, A17 A13 D15 *# Grade II Listed Building
A09 SHER
A11 Period Iron Age
A24 A16 Romano-British A05 *# A06 A23 A19, Medieval *# A10 A08 A15 B02, D15 A27 A04 Post-medieval A41 A03 19th century A34 *# A42 A45 A32 Modern A28 A12 Undated A43 A02 *# A22 A39 Negative National Mapping Programme A25 A45 142000 A29 A14 Feature A33 Ridge and furrow area A07
A01 *# Site A A26
A20, B03 A36 A19, A38 B02, D15
A19, B02, D15 A14 A30 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017.
This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. A31
Date: 22/05/17 A18 Revision Number: 141000 A40 0 A37 Scale: 1:10,000 at A3 0 500 m Illustrator: NB
A44 A19, B02, Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS D15 \FigsMXD\First_version_170522 Site A: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 2 329000 330000
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Site Study Area *# Grade I Listed Building A19, B05 *# B02, Grade II* Listed Building D15 *# B01 Grade II Listed Building 1173441 *# Scheduled Monument SHER A20, B03 B11 Period Iron Age A19, B02, Romano-British D15 B06 Medieval Post-medieval A20, B03 C11 19th century Modern Undated B05 Negative National Mapping Programme 142000 B08 B07 Feature B04 Ridge and furrow area
B04
Site B A19, B02, D15 B10
Contains Ordnance Survey data B05 © Crown copyright and database right 2017. This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. B09 C01
B04 C03 C27, B12 Date: 22/05/17 A19, B02, D15 Revision Number: 0 C02 Scale: 1:8,000 at A3 0 500 m C10 Illustrator: NB
Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS \FigsMXD\First_version_170522 Site B: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 3 330000 331000
C11 C12 B05 B07
B04 A19, B02, B05 Site D15 Site B B05 Study Area
B10 Scheduled Monument SHER Period Iron Age B09 C01 C05 C06 Romano-British C03 C04 Medieval Post-medieval C27, B12 C29 19th century C25 C10 C24 Modern C23 Undated B04 C21 Negative 141000 C16 National Mapping Programme C02 C18 Feature C14 C08 C11 Ridge and furrow area Site C C13 C17 C19 C20
C07
A19, C26 B02, C22 D15 C31
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Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017.
C15 This material is for client report only C30 © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. D21 D40 D38 Date: 22/05/17
Revision Number: 0 C09, D23 D36140000 Site D Scale: 1:8,000 at A3 0 500 m D17 D19 Illustrator: NB
Path: D27 X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS D22 \FigsMXD\First_version_170522 Site C: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 4 328000 329000 330000 C02 C13 C17 C19 Site C B04
A19, A19, B02, B02, C26 Site D15 D15 C31 Study Area C28 *# Grade I Listed Building *# Grade II* Listed Building *# Grade II Listed Building National Mapping Programme D21 C07 D40 D38 Feature D12 Ridge and furrow area C09, D23 140000 Site D A19, SHER B02, D15 D19 Period D17 Iron Age D09 D32 Romano-British D36 D17 D39 D22 Medieval Post-medieval D28 D07 19th century D10 Modern D27 D20 Undated D08 Negative D16 C30 D37 D13 D25 D17 D01 D24 D35 D18 *#*#*# D05 D03 D30 *# D04 *# D14 D34 D02 D06 *# D41 D33 139000 D26 D29 D31
C11
D11 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017.
This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.
Date: 22/05/17
Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:10,000 at A3 0 500 m Illustrator: NB
Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS \FigsMXD\First_version_170522 Site D: Designated assets and recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area (based on SHER and other sources) Figure 5 Site A
Site A
Map A: Composite of the 1839 Cannington and c1840 Otterhampton tithe maps Map B: 1888 25-inch Ordnance Survey map
Reproduced from the 1839 Tithe map: Cannington (SHC D\D/Rt/M/184) and the c1840 Tithe map: Otterhampton (SHC D\D/Rt/M/161) Date: 22/05/17 Revision Number: 0 as shown on http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/ with the permission of South West Heritage Trust, as well as the 1888 Ordnance Survey 25-inch Site (approx.) map. Scale: 1:10,000 at A3 Illustrator: NB This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS\FigsMXD\First_version_170522
Site A: Historic maps Figure 6 Site B Site B
Map C: Composite of the c1840 Pawlett and 1842 Wembdon tithe maps Map D: 1887-8 25-inch Ordnance Survey map
Reproduced from the c1840 Tithe map: Pawlett (SHC D\D/Rt/M/116) and the 1842 Tithe map: Wembdon (SHC D\D/Rt/M/418) as Date: 22/05/17 Revision Number: 0 shown on http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/ with the permission of South West Heritage Trust, as well as the 1887-8 Ordnance Survey 25-inch Site (approx.) map. Scale: 1:8,000 at A3 Illustrator: NB This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS\FigsMXD\First_version_170522
Site B: Historic maps Figure 7 Site C Site C
Map E: Composite of the 1842 Purition, 1840 Chilton Trinity and c1840 Pawlett tithe maps Map F: 1888 25-inch Ordnance Survey map
Date: 22/05/17 Revision Number: 0 Reproduced from the 1842 Tithe map: Puriton (SHC D\D/Rt/M/384), 1840 Tithe map: Chilton Trinity (SHC D\D/Rt/M/165) and the c1840 Tithe map: Pawlett (SHC D\D/Rt/M/116) as shown on http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/ with the permission of South West Heritage Trust, as well as the Site (approx.) 1888 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map. Scale: 1:8,000 at A3 Illustrator: NB
This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS\FigsMXD\First_version_170522
Site C: Historic maps Figure 8 Site D
Map G: Composite of the 1847 Bridgwater, 1840 Chilton Trinity and 1842 Wembdon tithe maps
Site D
Site D
Map H: 1888-9 25-inch Ordnance Survey map Map I: 1904 25-inch Ordnance Survey map
Reproduced from the 1847 Tithe map: Bridgwater (SHC D\D/Rt/M/469), 1840 Tithe map: Chilton Trinity (SHC D\D/Rt/M/165) and the 1842 Tithe map: Wembdon (SHC D\D/Rt/M/418) as shown on http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/ with the permission of South West Heritage Trust, as well as the 1888-9 and 1904 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map.
This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Site (approx.) Date: 22/05/17 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:1000, 1:7,500 and1:4,000 at A3 Illustrator: NB Path: X:\PROJECTS\114861\GIS\FigsMXD\First_version_170522
Site D: Historic maps Figure 9 Plate 1: View northwards along existing floodbank, Site B
Plate 2: View southwards along existing floodbank, Site D
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Date: 23/05/2017 Revision Number: 0
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Plates 1 & 2 Plate 3: Church of St Peter, Combwich (A03), view from the south
Plate 4: Grange Farm, Chilton Trinity (D03), view from the north-west
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Date: 23/05/2017 Revision Number: 0
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Plates 3 & 4 Plate 5: Rhyne, Site D
Plate 6: Existing field drainage, Site B
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Date: 23/05/2017 Revision Number: 0
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Plates 5 & 6 Plate 7: View north-eastwards to Pawlett and the Church of St John the Baptist (NHLE 1173441)
Plate 8: Fives Wall, Combwich (A05), view from the north-west
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Plates 7 & 8 Plate 9: 19th century terrace, Combwich, view from the existing floodbank to the south
Plate 10: Combwich Pill, view from the south-west
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Plates 9 & 10 Plate 11: Late 19th century houses, Pawlett, view from the west
Plate 12: Rail lines within former factory complex, Dunball, view from the east
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Plates 11 & 12 Plate 13: The Admiral's Table, Dunball (C14), view from the south
Plate 14: Second World War pillbox, Dunball (C19), view from the north
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Plates 13 & 14 Plate 15: Middle Drove, Chilton Trinity, view from the west
Plate 16: Embanked feature, Site D (D39), view from the east
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Date: 23/05/2017 Revision Number: 0
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Plates 15 & 16 Plate 17: Second World War pillbox, (D28), view from the west
Plate 18: View to Fives Wall, Combwich (A05), south-eastwards from existing floodbank
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Plates 17 & 18 Plate 19: View to Church of St Peter, Combwich (A03), southwards from the northern part of Site A
Plate 20: View to Combwich and the Church of St Peter (A03), northwards from existing floodbank
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Plates 19 & 20 Plate 21: View north from Dunball Wharf (C10)
Plate 22: View from Site D south-west towards Grange Farm (D03) and Manor Farmhouse (D02)
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Plates 21 & 22 wessex archaeology
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