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SARA MAZEH Synthèse D'alcaloïdes Bioactifs Issus De Batracien

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SARA MAZEH Synthèse D'alcaloïdes Bioactifs Issus De Batracien THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Chimie organique Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par SARA MAZEH Thèse dirigée par Philippe DELAIR préparée au sein du Laboratoire Département de Pharmaco chimie Moléculaire dans l'École Doctorale Chimie et Sciences du Vivant Synthèse d'alcaloïdes bioactifs issus de batracien Synthesis of a poison frog bioactive alkaloids Thèse soutenue publiquement le 9 décembre 2019, devant le jury composé de : Madame MERCEDES AMAT PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE DE BARCELONE - ESPAGNE, Rapporteur Monsieur DAVID AITKEN PROFESSEUR DES UNIVERSITES, UNIVERSITE PARIS-SUD, Rapporteur Monsieur PETER GOEKJIAN PROFESSEUR DES UNIVERSITES, UNIVERSITE LYON 1, Examinateur Madame SANDRINE PY DIRECTRICE DE RECHERCHE, CNRS DELEGATION ALPES, Examinateur Monsieur OLIVIER RENAUDET PROFESSEUR DES UNIVERSITES, UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES, Président Monsieur PHILIPPE DELAIR MAITRE DE CONFERENCES HDR, UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES, Directeur de thèse Dedicated to my parents, this simply wouldn’t exist without you. Acknowledgements As I look back to this wonderful though tiresome journey, I can’t finish it without expressing my immense gratitude for all the people who have shared it with me and were there in all my ups and downs I have witnessed. It is my pleasure to cross my appreciation to all those who have contributed in a way or another to the success of this research study and made it an unforgettable experience for me. First and foremost, I would like to say thank you, Dr. Philippe DELAIR, for guiding me through my entire journey. I hope that the work I did in 3 years was within your expectation. You’ve put in so much time, effort, and trust into my education and I hope you’re proud of the chemist that I have become. Thank you for your precious and priceless knowledge, your wise advice and your generous help with everything. I would like to express my sincere acknowledgements to the Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur and Initiatives d’Excellence (IDEX) for the financial support received for this research work, and to the director of Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire (DPM), Prof. Ahcène BOUMENDJEL, for the support and interest he showed in this project. A very special gratitude goes out to all the members of my thesis committee of whom I was honored and privileged to be evaluated by: Prof. Olivier RENAUDET who chaired the jury, Pr. Mercedes AMAT and Pr. David AITKEN (the reviewers), and Pr. Peter GEOKJIAN and Dr. Sandrine PY (the examiners) for taking the time to appraise my work and to give valuable comments and remarks required for the adjustments of my thesis. I also deeply appreciate the assistance of the members of the Comité de Suivi Individuel (CSI): Prof. Peter GEOKJIAN and Dr. Olivier HAMELIN. I am very thankful for their follow-up and their valuable comments and suggestions given on my work during the three years of my PhD. Many thanks go to all the permanent and non-permanent staff and colleagues in the medchem team (past and present): Emile, Mathieu, Brayan, Kim, Farda, Martine, Yung-Sing, Benjamin, Vinicius, David, Mohamad etc... I would like to express my gratitude also to the NMR staff: Marie-Carmen MOLINA i and ICMG staff: Laure FORT and Rodolphe GUERET for the facilities and the valuable discussions that contributed to the success of this work. I am indebted a special thanks to my Lebanese friends whom I have met in France and befriended and who were so helpful in numerous ways during my stay in France. I am deeply grateful to Imad, Hala, Tamara, Riva, Batoul, Orsola, Maysam, Adnan and Ali. A great part of my gratitude goes back to my family in Lebanon. I cannot finish my acknowledgments without expressing my heartfelt thanks to all my members of my family for always believing in me and encouraging me to pursue and fulfill my dreams. I am sincerely thankful for my Dad and Mum for the continuous love, support and guidance. ii Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... v List of Schemes ....................................................................................................................... vi ABBREVIATIONS − ACRONYMS ............................................................................................. viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... - 1 - CHAPTER I: FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS TO ALKALOID (−)-205B .................................... - 4 - I. Overview of Natural Products ..................................................................................... - 5 - II. Introduction to Alkaloids ............................................................................................ - 7 - III. Amphibians as a Source of Bioactive Alkaloids .......................................................... - 12 - IV. Alkaloid (−)-205B .................................................................................................... - 16 - CHAPTER II: BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF (−)-205B ......................................................... - 17 - I. Mode of Biological Activity of Alkaloids .................................................................... - 18 - II. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ............................................................................. - 19 - i. From Structure to Function ................................................................................................. - 19 - ii. Frog Skin Alkaloids: Pharmacological Activity on nAChR Subtypes ........................................ - 21 - iii. nAChRs − Neurodegenerative Diseases Affinity ................................................................... - 21 - iv. Therapeutic Potential of (−)-205B Targeting Alzheimer’s disease .......................................... - 23 - CHAPTER III: REPORTED SYNTHESES OF (−)-205B ....................................................... - 28 - I. Toyooka Synthesis ................................................................................................... - 29 - II. Smith Synthesis ....................................................................................................... - 31 - III. Comins Synthesis .................................................................................................... - 33 - IV. Micalizio Synthesis .................................................................................................. - 35 - V. Cha Synthesis ......................................................................................................... - 36 - CHAPTER IV: START OF THE JOURNEY TOWARD (−)-205B ............................................ - 39 - I. Retrosynthetic Strategy of Alkaloid (−)-205B ............................................................... - 40 - II. Synthesis of Indolizidinone Intermediate .................................................................... - 41 - i. Synthesis of Enol Ether ...................................................................................................... - 41 - ii. Formation of Lactam Intermediate ...................................................................................... - 42 - iii. Formation of Indolizidinone .............................................................................................. - 45 - III. Toward (−)-205B: “Unsuccessful Approach” .............................................................. - 47 - i. Installation of the C6−axial methyl group ............................................................................ - 47 - ii. Construction of the Tricyclic Core of the Target Product ...................................................... - 48 - CHAPTER V: ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT ................................................ - 50 - iii I. Basics of the New Approach .................................................................................... - 51 - II. Temporary Silicon−Tethered Chemistry ..................................................................... - 52 - i. Diels−Alder Reaction ........................................................................................................ - 53 - ii. Alkene Metathesis ............................................................................................................ - 54 - iii. C−H functionalization ....................................................................................................... - 55 - iv. Hydrosilylation and Carbosilylation .................................................................................... - 56 - v. Silicon−Tethered Nucleophilic Addition Reactions .............................................................. - 59 - III. Retrosynthetic Analysis of New Strategy ..................................................................... - 60 - CHAPTER VI: ACHIEVEMENT OF TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (−)-205B ................................. - 62 - I. Synthesis of the First Advanced Intermediate ............................................................. - 63 - II. Formation of Silyl Tether .......................................................................................... - 64 - III. Construction of the 8b-azaacenaphthylene ring .......................................................... - 67 - IV. Unmasking of C6–axial methyl group ........................................................................ - 74 - V. Toward Alkaloid (−)-205B Retrosynthetically
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