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To: Mr. Nambiar,

Please find attached a cover note from Akasaka forwarding a set of background materials on the new Obama administration ..

. We fear that �he materials are too long (and in some cases already dated). However, the SG might be interested in the second document, the memorandum from Will Davis (UNIC Washington)o�� to Mr. Akasaka on the foreign policy priorities

Nicholas Haysom 23 January 2009

cc: KWS

29-00799 ACTION� COPY ��l(y!J f-,.0 NOTE TO THE SECRETARY -GENERAL (Through Mr. Nambiar)

New US Administration priorities and key figures v

Please find for your information a note from Mr. Will Davis, Director .of the UN Information Centre (UNIC) in Washington D.C, outli!ling the Obama Administration's approach tci foreignpolicy.

The note is accompanied by brief bios of the key members of his foreign policy team, as well as statements and other documents that address anticipated policy changes in the key players' own words.

My Department is monitoring developments in Washington, and is considering new approaches for our outreach to US audiences, in close collaboration with our UNIC.

Thank you.

Kiyo Akasaka 22 January 2009

Recommended For SG's approval �D Approved D Action: For SG's attention Noted �� For SG's information Seen �q.'$ D Signed D (c For SG's signature Date:� (D Date::..__ Date. :_· ____ I ----:::-:----::-.:- Comment Comment (if applica ble): (if applicable): 7

cc: The Deputy-Secretary-General Mr. Kim Mr. Orr Mr. Haysom Mr. Meyer Mr. Yoon

SGOFFICE -tt IG� ro· ? : A{(,!,. i'> "' Si � I Memorandum

To: USG Kiyotaka Akasaka

From: Will Davis, UNIC-Washington Director

Date: 21 January 2009

Re: Obama Administration Approach to Foreign Policy .

Barack Obama was elected on an agenda of change, and that change will exten� to his administration's foreign policy agenda as well, including his approach to the United Nations. This memo lays out the key foreign policy areas that are likely to see some of the most dramatic change, with a particular eye toward those areas that will have the greatest affect on the work of the United Nations. This memo will also explore other forces that will shape the Obama Administration's foreign policy, and as attachments, includes bios of the key members. of his foreign policy team, as well as statements and other documents that address anticipated policy changes in . the key players' own words.

At the outset, one should note history teaches us that promises made by any presidential candidate on the campaign trail inevitably meet the realpolitik of being in office. Campaign pledges can be deferred, if not postponed indefinitely, once a leader takes power. Additionally, as the administration's foreign policy team is installed, they will each bring their own views, which can have a significant impact on those of the president. And of course, outside ( oftep. unanticipated) events will naturally shape policies in ways currently unforeseen. It is also important to emphasize the natural priority that will be given to domestic policy by any new administration, particularly one greeted by a financial crisis at home. The expectations of the world community that the Obama Administration will solve every nagging foreign policy conundrum right out of the gate are unreasonably high.

But there are many indicators of the changes the new administration will bring that are readily apparent. The ne� President's inauguration speech devoted nearly one-· quarter of its attention to foreign policy and addressed audiences beyond US borders. It was a call to action rather than an outline of specific policies, as many of the specifics will be detailed in his State of the Union address next week and fleshed out in the Administration's proposed budget to Congress next month. Perhaps most importantly, there willl?e a change in tone, particularly toward the UN; a willingness to work in partnership, and lead by example.

1 January 22, 2009

It is notable, however, that neither the campaign's position papers, nor President Obama's recent speeches contain many explicit mentions of the United Nations. An unreserved embrace of the UNis just not in the cards for any US administration, given domestic political considerations. While all indications are that Obama and his Administration value the UN, they also see- perhaps in exaggerated caricature� its limitations. When the UNis mentioned it is nearly always coupled with a call for reform.

"Top 10" Issue-specificPolicies. In no particular order, here are the ten areas where we are likely to see the greatest change in policies from one administration to the next, again, with an eye toward those that most heavily involve the UN.

.D. The Middle East: The G�za conflict is an example of an outside event forcing its way onto the new Administration's agenda, perhaps sooner than had been anticipated. Nonetheless, President Obama has said he will personally be· involved in finding a resolution to the decades old Israeli-Palestinian peace process, and former Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell has reportedly been tapped to be the Special Envoy for this portfolio. Some quarters fear a strong pro-Israel bias on the part of newly minted Secretary of State Clinton. But strong support for Israel spans the entire political spectrum in Washington. President Obama's nominee for UNAmbassador, Susan Rice, in�c<1;ted in her confirmation hearing that such strong support would continue as US policy.

� Irag: The US-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement envisions the withdrawal of US troops by the end of 201 1; in his campaign, Obama pledged they would within 16 months. But Obama also pledged to end the war responsibly, with indications of some follow-on US military presence. How the drawclown in US forces is handled, along with continued reconstruction of Iraq, and support for its political development will be hallmarks of the new Administration .

...

< t J} Afghanistan: Forces drawn down from Iraq will be shifted to Afghanistan. But President Obama has been clear that the conflict in Afghanistan is not winnable solely through military mean. The soft-power complement of the alliance will be boosted. A regional approach, to include Pakistan and India, will be emphasized. Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke will reportedly be handed this portfolio.

1). Iran: Iran's reported nuclear weapons aspirations, and support for extremist elements across the Middle East, will test the new Administration early on. Of course, during the campaign, Obama famously said he was ready for face to face "tough" negotiations with Iran. Susan Rice has said the new Administration expects to work with Russia and China to stem Iran's progress, as neither country "wants Iran to be a nuclear weapons state". Dennis Ross is reported to be the Special Envoy with the task of addressing Iran.

2 January 22, 2009

§}. Darfur: US-UN Ambassador-designate Rice and many others in the new Administration have made this a priority, and have considerable insight into the UN's capabilities. Rice has said the Administration's first priority is to strengthen and speed the deployment ofUNAMID. But Rice also placed responsibility squarely on the government in Khartoum to be more cooperative. Campaign rhetoric has hinted that an Obama Administration !!lay pursue tougher sanctions, or a no-fly zone, but is unlikely to commit American soldiers to this (or any other) UN mission.

Ql Climate Change: Tackling climate change is found again and again in the new Administration's rhetoric. From the President's inaugural address, to the appointment of senior White House officials like Carol Browner, it is clear that addressing climate change, and a concomitant plan to alter US energy policy, will be near the top of the Administration's agenda. And the Administration intends to work within the UN process on the international level. The question here is whether US domestic policy, and the essential agreement with Congress, will be in place soon enough for the US to be a credible negotiating partner on the international stage over the course of the coming year.

1} Human Rights: In his inaugural address, President Obama said "our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our ·cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint." The President will take immediate steps to close the detainment facility at Guantanamo Bay within a year, although the final disposition of the detainees remains a difficult knot to unravel. The President is anticipated to issue an Executive Order banning torture. Susan Rice, in her confirmation hearing, hinted at US interest in running for a seat on the Human Rights Council. She asked rhetorically whether the recent HRC vote on the Gaza conflict "might - have been different with tJS _ participation". 'The Durban Review Conference places the new Administration in a difficult position. Over the last seven years, ., < • domestic advocacy groups have won the public debate on condemning the Durban process. The Obama Administration will have to show significant political courage just to attend the Review Conference in April.

ID. Family planning: This is always among the first areas of change when control of the Executive Branch switches from one party to another. The new Administration is expected to produce an executive order removing restrictions on NGOs who offer family planning in developing countries. Funding for UNFPA withheld by the Bush Administration will be released.

2}. Funding for International Programs: During the campaign, President Obama indicated he would double the budget for international programs during his first term, but has since walked back from that promise due to the financial crisis. Nonetheless, there is every indication that the US will increase spending on certain international priorities. Secretary of State' Clinton has chosen Jack Lew,

3 January 22, 2009

a former Director of the White House Office of Management and Budget during the Clinton Administration, to be one of her two deputies. She intends to pursue funds aggressively to support the new Administration's commitment to soft power by maintaining HIV IAIDS funding, and investing more in humanitarian and development work. At her confirmation hearing, Susan Rice reaffirmed that the Millennium Development Goals will be America's goals. Boosting the ranks of foreign-service officers and State's work overall will be a priority for Clinton, as well as for Defense Secretary Robert Gates. A corollary initiative is overhauling foreign aid.

10) UN Reform: The words"United" and"Nations" never left an Obama official's mouth, without the word"reform" in the same sentence. What remains unclear, however, is what the new Administration means by reform. There have been the obligatory nods to Security Council reform by saying the UN needs to better reflect the world. Susan Rice, in her confirmation hearing, said "we must make renewed efforts to improve the capacity of the United Nations to undertake complex peace operations effectively". And at every turn, the new team indicates the UN is in need of management reform, increased transparency, and greater accountability. Just as. was the case with the previous administration, we can expect a continued emphasis on these areas by the Obama Administration.

This list is artificially cut off at ten, with a number of other priorities that could have been mentioned, such as nonproliferation and arms control (cited by Rice in her confinnation hearing), trade agreements, combating terrorism and outreach to the Muslim world all high priorities for the new Administration.

For additional insight into the new President's approach to· foreign policy, I have attached analyses and summaries of recommendations to the new Administration, many of these n:tade by people expected to play significant roles in it. .

Approach to ·Pnlicy-Making. Also of import are traits likely to shape coming decisions about foreign policy. Foremost among these is President Obama's longstanding view that the nation's competing identities must be reunited, people brought together. He is likely to continue to surprise, to compromise in order to build support for difficult decisions, and to take his case directly to the public.

The partisan divide also will be significant: Republicans do not have a recent tradition of"loyal opposition," with alternative programs. However, many districts are very closely divided between the parties, and they. will not want to be cast as obstructionists on the economy or the wars. Democrats will have to make concessions too, although their 2008 victory lessens their appetite for them. The pending economic stimulus package Obama proposed last week is an example of how he may mix proposals palatable to one party but distasteful to the other in order to build support.

4 January 22, 2009

Pressures. Specific policy recommendations to "renew American diplomacy" and perhaps change the government's·foreign assistance structure remain hotly debated within the new Administration. Participants in these discussions point to ample evidence for their preferred options (cabinet level aid agency, merging USAID into the State Department, etc.). A large role also will be played by other forces:

• Economic crisis. Not only will the weak economy limit US generosity, it will dominate the new President's attention and limit the range of his public diplomacy- both of which could have been powerful forces to help him chart a new course on the international stage. Deep structural changes are possible, particularly to health care and entitlement programs. Obama warned of a complete review of spending, and said "programs will end" if they do not work. This will almost certainly include some spending on foreign-policy initiatives and instruments.

• Regional bids. The situations that key regional players can create, from Israel in Gaza, to North Korea and Iran in their nuclear ambitions, to a natural disaster or humanitarian crisis, tends to derail even fully developed foreign policies. In his inauguration speech,.,Obama sought to head off those crises that are manufactured to change the situation on the ground or get attention with a tough message on terrorism accompanied by an offer to work together.

• Constituencies. A broad array of "hyphenated-Americans" may put the brakes on such initiatives as easing restrictions on Cuban-Americans who want to visit the island or send money home. Commercial interests likewise will exert their best efforts to shape policy. And Members of Congress are not part of a parliamentary system, where elected officials subsume their constituents' differing political views and economic interests. ' • Administration leaders. •Senior Administration officials will bring to bear their considerable talents for diplomacy, as well as bureaucratic power struggles. The position of Ambassador to the UN has been returned to a cabinet level rank. Inevitably this will lead to some in-fighting. The team

· Obama has assembled is compromised of unusually talented individuals, many with large egos. As a group, they have been dubbed a "team of rivals," and nowhere is that more true than in the foreign-policy arena. A signal feature of the presidential campaign was message discipline; but "no drama Obama" will be tested by the leaks and counter-leaks that appear in every administration.

Conclusion. The new president, members of the incoming Administration and Congress, and many of the people who voted in 2008 consider themselves to be involved in transformational change, "a moment that will define a generation," as Obam� put it in his inaugural address. "What the cynics fail to understand is that the

5 January 22, 2009 ground has shifted beneath them, that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply," he said in reference to the situation confrontingthe United States.

President Obama rode to prominence first on his opposition to the war in Iraq, and won considerable support among those dismayed by the United States' loss of stature in the world, particularlyits moral influence. In the work on the details of how the US reclaims that stature, pow it re-exerts leadership and craftsmore enlightened policies, it will be vital for the UN to reflect·and respond to the ideals that propel new initiatives - transparency, emphasis on results, inclusiveness.

Attachments: Foreign Policy Positions from www. whitehouse.gov

Thumbnail Sketches of Key Players

Summary of Reports/Recommendations of Key Panels

6 From www.whitehouse.gov on 21 January 2009:

FOREIGN POLICY

President Obama and Vice President Biden will renew America's security and standing in the world through a new era of American leadership. The Obama-Biden foreign policy will end the war in Iraq responsibly, finish the fight against the Talibari and al Qaeda in Afghanistan, secure nuclear weapons and loose nuclear materials from terrorists, and renew American diplomacy to support strong alliances and to seek a lasting peace in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict.

Afghanistan and Pakistan

• Afghanistan: Obama and Biden will refocus American resources on the greatest threat to our security -- the resurgence of al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan. They will increase our troop levels in Afghanistan, press our allies in NATO to do the same, and dedicate more resources to revitalize Afghanistan's economic development. Obama and Biden will dem�nd the Afghan government do more, including cracking down on corruption and the illicit opium trade. • Pakistan: Obama and Biden will increase nonmilitary aid to Pakistan and hold them accountable for security in the border region with Afghanistan.

Nuclear Weapons

• A Record of Results: The gravest danger to the American people is the threat of a terrorist attack with a nuclear weapon and the spread of nuclear weapons to dangerous regimes. Obama has taken bipartisan action to secure nuclear weapons and materials:

o He joined Senator Dick Lugar (R- In) in passing a law to help the United States and our allies detect and stop the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction thr-oughout the world.

o He joined Senator Chuck Hagel (R-Ne) to introduce a bill that seeks to prevent nuclear terrorism, reduce global nuclear arsenals, and stop the spread of nuclear weapons. • Secure Loose Nuclear Materials from Terrorists: Obama and Biden will secure all loose nuclear materials in the world within four years. While working to secure existing stockpiles of nuclear material, Obama and Biden will negotiate a verifiable global ban on the production of new nuclear weapons material. This will deny terrorists the ability to steal or buy loose nuclear materials. • Strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Obama and Biden will crack down on nuclear proliferation by strengthening the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty so that countries like North Kqrea and Iran that break the rules will automatically face strong international sanctions. • Move Toward a Nuclear Free World: Obama and Biden will set a goal of a world without nuclear

weapons, and pursue it. Obama and Biden will always maintain a strong deterrent as long as nuclear weapons exist. But they will take several steps down the long road toward eliminating nuclear weapons. They will stop the development of new nuclear weapons; work with Russia to take U.S. and Russian ballistic missiles off hair trigger alert; seek dramatic reductions in U.S. 1 and Russian stockpiles of nuclear weapons and material; and set a goal to expand the U.S. Russian ban on intermediate-range missiles so that the agreement is global.

Iran

• Diplomacy: Barack Obama supports tough and direct diplomacy with Iran without

· pre·conditions. Now is the time to use the power of American diplom�cy to pressure Iran to stop their illicit nuclear program, support for terrorism, and threats toward Israel. Obama and Biden will offer the Iranian regime a choice. If Iran abandons its nuclear program and support for terrorism, we will offer incentives like membership in the World Trade Organization, economic investments, and a move toward normal diplomatic relations. If Iran continues its troubling behavior, we will step up our economic pressure and political isolation. In carrying out this diplomacy, we will coordinate closely with our allies and proceed with careful preparation. Seeking this kind of comprehensive settlement with Iran is our best way to make progress.

Energy Security

• Achieving Energy Security: Obama will put America on a path to energy independence by investing $1 50 billion in renewable and alternative energy over the next ten years -- an investment that will create millions of jobs along the way. He'll also make the U.S. a leader in the global effort to combat climate change by leading a new international global warming partnership.

Renewing American Diplomacy

• Renew our Alliances: Obama and Biden will rebuild our alliances to meet the common challenges of the 21st century. America is strongest when we act alongside strong partners. Now is the time for a new era of international cooperation that strengthens old partnerships ' and �uilds new ones to confront the common challenges of the 21st century -- terrorism and nuclear weapons; climate change and poverty; genocide and disease. • Talk to our Foes and Friends: Obama and Biden will pursue tough, direct diplomacy without preconditions with all nations, friend and foe. They will do the careful preparation necessary, but will signal that America is readyto come to the table and is willing to lead. And if America is willing to come to the table, the world will be more willing to rally behind American leadership to deal with challenges like confronting terrorism and Iran and North Korea's nuclear programs. • Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Obama and Biden will make progress on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict a key diplomatic priority from day one. They will make a sustained push -- working with Israelis and Palestinians -- to achieve the goal of two states, a Jewish state in Israel and a Palestinian state, living side by side in peace and security. • Expand our Diplomatic Presence: To make diplomacy a priority, Obama and Biden will stop

shuttering consulates and start opening them in difficult corners of the world-- particularly in

Africa. They will expand our foreign service, and develop our civilian capacity to work alongside the military.

2 • Fight Global Poverty: Obama and Biden will embrace the Millennium Development Goal of cutting extreme poverty and hunger around the world in half by 2015, and they will double our foreign assistance to achieve that goal. This will help the world's weakest states build healthy and educated communities, reduce poverty, develop markets, and generate wealth. • Seek New Partnerships in Asia: Obama and Biden will forge a more effective framework in Asia that goes beyond bilateral agreements, occasional summits, and ad hoc arrangements, such as the six-party talks on North Korea. They will maintain strong ties with allies like Japan, South Korea and Australia; work to build an infrastructure with countries in East Asia that can promote stability and prosperity; and work to ensure that China plays by international rules.

Israel

• Ensure a Strong U.S.-Israel Partnership: Barack Obama and Joe Biden strongly support the U.S. Israel relationship, and believe that our first and incontrovertible commitment in the Middle East must be to the security of Israel, America's strongest ally in the region. They support this closeness, and have stated that the United States will never distance itself from Israel. • Support Israel's Right to Self Defense: During the July 2006 Lebanon war, Barack Obama stood up strongly for Israel's right to defend itself from Hezbollah raids and rocket attacks, cosponsoring a Senate resolution against Iran and Syria's involvement in the war, and insisting that Israel should not �e. pressured into a ceasefire that did not deal with the threat of Hezbollah missiles. He and Joe Biden believe strongly in Israel's right to protect its citizens. • Support Foreign Assistance to Israel: Barack Obama and Joe Biden have consistently supported foreign assistance to Israel. They defend and support the annual foreign aid package that involves both military and economic assistance to Israel and have advocated increased foreign aid budgets to ensure that these. funding priorities are met. They have called for continuing U.S. cooperation with Israel in the development of missile defense systems.

Bipartisanship and Openness .

• A Record of Bringing People Together: In the Senate, Obama has worked with Republicans and Democrats to advance important policy initiatives on securing weapons of mass de�truction and conventional weapons, increasing funding for nonproliferation, and countering instability in Congo. • Consultative Group: Obama and Biden will convene a bipartisan Consultative Group of leading members of Congress to foster better executive-legislative relations and bipartisan unity on foreign policy. This group will be comprised of the congressional leadership of both political parties, and the chair and ranking members of the Armed Services, Foreign Relations, Intelligence, and Appropriations Committees. This group will meet with the president once a month to review foreign policy priorities, and will be consulted in advance of military action. • Getting Politics out of Intelligence: Obama will insulate the Director of National Intelligence from political pressure by giving the DNI a fixed term, like the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. Obama and Biden will seek consistency and integrity at the top of our intelligence community - not just a political ally.

• Change the Culture of Secrecy: Obama will institute a National Declassification Center to make declassification secure but routine, efficient, and cost-effective.

3 • Engaging the American People on Foreign Policy: Obama and Biden will bring foreign policy decisions directly to the people by requiring their national security officials to have periodic national broadband town hall meetings to discuss foreign policy. Obama will personally deliver Your Weekly Address via webcast.

4 FOREIGN AFFAIRS RECOMMENDATIONSFOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATIONFROM THE U.S. POLICY COMMUNITY

A broad range of think tanks, blue-ribbon panels and others have made . recommendations about the policies the new Administration should adopt. The fo llowing is an analysis andsynthesis ofthese.

Foreign Mfairs

New Day New Way: U.S. Foreign Assistance for the 21st Century By the Modernizing Foreign AssistanceNetwork June 1, 2008 http://www.modemizingforeignassistance.net/documents/newdaynewway.pdf ''The U.S. faces a complex set of economic and fo reignpolicy challenges today. One of the most important tasks of the next Presidential Administration will be making sure that every taxpayer dollar is spent smartly, transparently, and sustainably over 'the long-term. Global development assistance alleviates extreme ,poverty, creates opportunities fo r growth andsecures human dignityin developing countries, andit is one of the best long-term investments in global stability we can make. That is why leaders from across the political spectrum have called it one of the most important tools fo r achieving success inU.S. foreignpolicy. "

Renewing the U.S.-UN Relationship: Opportunities for 2009 By Better World Campaign December 8, 2008 http://www.connectusfund.org/files/BWC%20Priorities%20for%20the%20New<>lo 20 AdministrationFINAL.doc "In 2009, the ObamaAdministration canadvance our international affairs objectives by taking advantage of numerous opportunities to strength�n the U.S.-UN relationship. The Better World Campaign offers the fo llowing recommendations to the next Administration."

Foreign Mfairs - International Aid

The White House and the World: A Global Development Agenda for the Next U.S. President By Center fo r Global Development June 2008 http://www.cgdev.org/files/16560 file White House and the World.pdf The White House and the World shows how modest changes in U.S. policies could greatly improve the lives of poor people in developing countries, thus fo stering greater stability, security and prosperity globally and at home. Center for Global Development experts offer fresh perspectives and practical advice on trade policy, migration, fo reignaid, climate change and more. Transition Policy Recommendations: Poor Country Debt Relief and IF1 Reform By Jubilee USA December 3, 2008 http://www.jubileeusa.org/fileadmin/user upload/Resources!Transition/Jubilee USA transition policy recommendations fmal.pdf "Jubilee USA Network has developed policy recommendations fo r the Obama transition team. These recommendations have been submitted to the Obama transition team for their consideration. The recommendations in the attached document are mainly directed at the US Department of Treasury I International Affairs division. The issues addressed in the document include: policy towards multilateral development banks and the IMF, poor country debt relief,. and sustainable andresponsible lending policies fo r poor countries."

Foreign Affairs - Middle East

Iran Says "NO"- Now What? By George Perkovich September 2008 http ://www.camegieendowment.org/files/pb63 perkovich iran final.pdf "Perkovich argues that the United States should pursue a revised strategy showing Iran's leaders that the more they advance enrichment capabilities, the less valuable cessation of those activities becomes for negotiating incentives packages."

The Next Chapter: The United States and Pakistan By the PakistanPo licy Working Group October 2, 2008 http://www .usip.org/pubs/ppwg report.pdf "The USJP-cosponsored Pakistan Policy Working Group released a report with . recommendations to the next administration as it develops its strategic options relating to Pakistan. The recommendations are endorsed by Richard L. Armitage, ' fo rmer deputy secretary of state and Lee Hamilton, fo rmer U.S. representative' and co-chair of the9/ 1 1 Commissionand the Iraq Study Group."

How Soon Is Safe?: Iraqi Force Development and Conditions - Based US Withdrawals By AnthonyH. Cordesman andAdam Mausner October 15, 2008 http:// www.csis.org/medialcsis/pubs/08 1 015 isf report. pdf "The report provides analysis, and detailed charts and tables that show that there are good reasons to maintain a US military and advisory presence, albeit at ·steadily diminishing levels, until Iraq has developed security forces that are fully ready. It shows that the ISF needs years of aid to be able to takeover key missions without US support, and that its unity depends on Iraq achieving a greater degree of political accommodation."

2 A TiJl!e for Diplomatic Renewal: Toward a New U.S. Strategy in the Middle East By Brookings December 2008 http :l/wwW".brookings.edu/�/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/12 middle east haass/12 middle east haass.pdf The Forty-Fourth President will face a series of critical, complex, and interrelated challenges in the Middle East that will demand his immediate attention: an Iran apparently intent on approaching or crossing the nuclear threshold as quickly as possible; a fragile situation in Iraq that is straining the U.S. military; weak governments in Lebanon andPalestine underchallenge from stronger Hezbollahand Hamas militant organizations; a faltering Israeli-Palestinian peace process; and American influence diluted by a severely damaged reputation. The president will . need to initiate multiple policies to address all these challenges but will quickly discover that time is working against him.

Pathway to Coexistence: A New U.S. Policy Toward Iran By Brookings December 2008 http://www.brookings.edu/�/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/12 iran maloney/12 iran maloney.pdf The new American President, like each of his five predecessors over thepast three decades, will be confronted quickly withthe need to address profound U.S. concerns. about Iran, including its nuclear ambitions, its involvement in terrorism and regional instability, and its repression of its own citizenry. Thanks to events of recent years, Tehran now has acquired the means to influence all of the region's security dilemmas, and it appears unlikely that any of the Arab world's crises, from the persistent instability in Iraq and Lebanon to security of the Persian Gulf, can be resolveel. without Iran's acquiescence or assistance. The Obama administration may

· be tempted to take the easy way out by offering merely new rhetoric and modest refinements to the carr

A Middle East Blueprint for the First 100 Days ofthe Obama Administration By Americansfo r Peace Now December 12, 2008 http ://www.peacenow.org/APN First 100 Days Blueprint.pdf "President-elect Obama has the opportunity to open a new chapter in America's history. In this election, President-elect Obama received a clear mandate from America's voters- including 78% of AmericanJewish voters - to changecourse and re-establish U.S. engagement and leadership in the Middle East policy arena. In particular, he was given clear endorsement of his commitment to engage immediatelyin an effort to achieve Israeli-Palestinianpeace, to support Israeli-Syrian peace negotiations, and to adopt a more pragmatic approach toward Iran, including

3 the support - where possible - of direct engagement withTeheran ." •

Policy Focus Iraq By the United States Commission on InternationalReligious Freedom (USCIRF) December 16, 2008 http:// www.uscirf.gov/index. php?option=com content&task=view&id=2331 &Itemi d=1 "The Commission unanimouslyrecommends that the U.S. government should take a number of specific steps described on pages 32 - 39 of this report, that are designed to ensure: -safe and fair provincial elections, -security andsaf ety fo r all Iraqis, -the prevention of abuses against religious ininorities is a highpriority, -the KRG upholds minorityrights, -U.S. financial assistanceis refocused, -religious extremism is counteredand respect fo r human rightsis promoted, and the situation of internallydisplaced persons andrefugees is effectively addressed."

Restoring the Balance: A Middle East Strategy" for the Next President By SabanCenter at Brookihgs-Councilon F.oreignRelations project December 2008 http://www.brookings.edu/projects/saban cfr/�/media/Files/Projects/sabancfr/restoring the balance summaries.pdf This is the final product of an eighteenmo:t:J.th SabanCenter at Brookings-Councilon Foreign Relations proj ect. This effort involved fifteen of our senior Middle East experts who joined together fo r the firsttime to conduct in-depth research, travel to . theregion, and hold interviews with its leaders in order to develop a series of policy recommendations fo r President:-elect Barack Obama. The teams met on three occasions with a Board of Advisors, a group of fo rmer government officials and leaders in the public and private sectors, who critiqued drafts of the papers, but were not asked to endorse the views presented.

Joint Experts' Statement on Iran By AmericanForeign PolicyProj ect November 2008 http://an1ericanforeignpolicy.org/files/expe1is statement on iran.pdf "Among the many challenges that will greet President-elect Obama when he takes office, there are few, if any, more urgent and complex than the question of Iran. There are also few issues more clouded by myths and misconceptions. In this Joint Experts' Statement on Iran, a group of top scholars, experts and diplomats - with years of experience studying and dealing with Iran - have come together to clear away some of the mythsthat have driven thefai led policies of thepast and to outline a factually-grounded, five-step strategy for dealing successfully with Iran in the future."

Foreign Affairs - South Asia

4 Stiffening Pakistan's Resolve Against Terrorism By Heritage Foundation December 16, 2008 http://www.heritage.org(Research/AsiaandthePacific/sr34.c:fin President-elect Obama, developing an effective policy toward Pakistanwill be one of the most immediate challenges facing your Administration. During the campaign, you rightly · pledged to support Pakistan's nascent democratic government and to convince the military establishment to shift its fo cus away from India and toward militants within Pakistan'sown borders thatthreaten to destabilize the country...

Stiffening Pakistan's Resolve Against Terrorism: A Memo to President-elect Obama By Lisa Curtis andWalter Lohman(Heritage ·Foundation) 16 December 2008 http:/ www/ .heritage.org(Research/Asia andthePacific/upload/ObamaMemo 9 .pdf President-elect Obama, developing an effective policy toward Pakistanwill be one of the most immediate challenges facing your Administration. During the campaign, you rightly pledged to support Pakistan's na.Scent democratic government and to convince the military establishment to shift ifs fo cus away· from India and toward militantswithin Pakistan's own borders that threaten to destabilize the country.

Foreign Affairs :...Euro pe

How to Promote Human Rights in Russia By HumanRights First December 5, 2008 http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pdf/08 1205-FD-russia-blueprint.pdf "A blueprint fo r President-elect Obama on hdw the United States can effectively promote humanrights in Russia - an especially pertinentiss ue given Russia's recently enacted NGO laws (which went into effect in May 2006, giving the Russian government broad control over non governmental organizations). Human Rights First recommendations center around two key areas; 1) supporting and defending independent Russian civil society organizations and human rights defenders; and 2) engaging the Russiangovernment in a constructive and cooperative effort to combat a surge in racist andother bias -motivated violence by private individuals or members of skinhead, neo.:.Nazi andother groups."

Environment

Global Water Futures: A Roadmap for Future U.S. Policy By ErikR. Peterson andRachel Posner September 15, 2008 http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/080915 peterson globalwater-web.pdf "U.S. polici�s on the rarige of pressing international water-related issues - humanitarian relief, human health, economic development, environmental

5 stewardship, and stability and security - are fragmented, under-resourced, and insufficiently coordinated. To examine ideas on how to reform the structure and procedures of government to address the global water crisis, a working group of individuals representing diverse institutions and perspectives was organized by the CSIS Global Strategy Institute. This report and its recommendations were inspired by the working groupand build on manyof the valuable comments andreactions that were part ofthe group's deliberations."

Presidential Climate Action Project By University of Colorado November 13, 2008 http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/PCAP Brief 11 08.pdf The Presidential Climate Action Plan will consist of four parts: 1) goals and milestones fo r reducing U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; 2) actions the President can take under his/her executive authority during the first 100 days in office; 3) actions fo r the Administration's first 1,000 days in office; and 4) initiatives the President can include in his/her first budget and legislative package to Congress. The PCAP will not be prescriptive; rather, it will consist of a menu of action options, each accompanied by an estimate of its impact on GHG emissions to the degree possible. This will allow the President to create an action plan of.hislh:er choosing, while meeting recommended targets fo r GHG emission reductions.

National Security

Memo to the President: Resto.re American Leadership to Address Transnational Threats By theBrookings Institution 15 January2009 http://www.bro okings.edu/-/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/0 115 ameriean leadership memo/0 115 american leadership memo.pdf "The 21st century will be defined by threats unconstrained by borders: the global financial crisis, nuclear proliferation, poverty, terrorism and climate change. No nation, includingthe United States, canconfront these transnational challenges alone. To protect U.S. national security in today's interconnected world, you and your national security team must revitalize American leadership and build international cooperation and effective partnerships." (Brookings)

Homeland Security 3.0: Buildinga National Enterprise To Keep America Free, Safe, and Prosperous By David Heymanand James Jay Carafano, Ph.D September 18, 2008 http://www.csis.org/component/option,com csis pubs/task,view/id,4900/type,1 I "Thisfo llow-up report concludes that, while many still findthe department a work in progress, the most pressing needs fo r enhancing the protection of the country from transnational terroristthreats do not lie in furtherma jor reorganization of theDRS or revisiting its roles andmissions. Rather Congress and the Administrationshould shift

6 their fo cus to strengthening the effectiveness of the national homeland security enterprise as a whole. The objective of this report is to highlight the most critical tasks fo r building such anenterpri se."

Foreign Mfairs - Asia - Economy

Crafting U.S. Economic Strategy toward Asia By CharlesW. FreemanIII and Matthew Goodman October 27, 2008 http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/081 016 freeman craftusecon web.pdf "The purpose of this report of the CSIS Asia Economic Task Force is to draw out some of the broad lessons learned from three decades ofeconomic policymaking toward Asia and to offer recommendations fo r managing economic relations with three major countries in the region-China, Japan, and India. The report examines the process of managing economic relations with Asian countries: how the U.S'. government should organizeitself ; how it should approach counterpart governments; how it should communicatewith the media, Congress, etc. The authors do not dwell on the substantive questions that arise in those relations-for example, what should our currency policy toward China be; should we discuss energy policy with India; what .incentives are needed to persuade Japan to open its agriculture market? Those questions are important and worthy of examination elsewhere. However, process often determines the ultimate effectiveness--{)r otherwise-{)[ any economic strategy. Therefore, rather than laying out a substantive agenda for policy engagement with Asia, this report is intended to offer the next administration a practical guide to governingin this important policy area."

Public Policy - Human Rights

-":.- Human Rights at Home: A Domestic Policy Blueprint for the New Administration :· By Catherine Powell October 29, 2008 http://www.acslaw.org/files/C%20Powell%20Blueprint.pdf "The Blueprint lays out a series of recommendations for ensuring that the next Administration will honor the United States' commitment to human rights not only overseas but at home, in U.S. domestic policy. It points to the relevance of human

· rights principles to domestic issues such as: inequalities in access to housing, education, jobs, and health care; the application of the death penalty; and the prohibition of torture. Professor Powell argues that by enhancing attention to human rights at home -- by, fo r example, revitalizing an executive branch Interagency Working Group on Human Rights and establishing a national Human Rights Commission -- the United States will be in a stronger position both to secure justice at home andto bolster the nation's moral authority to lead othernations by example."

Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint fo r U.S. Policymakers By Madeleine K. Albright and William S. Cohen - Co-Chairs, Genocide Prevention . Task Force

7 December 8, 2008 http://www.usip.org/genocide taskforce/pdflFINAL%20REPOR T .pdf "The report asserts that genocide is preventable, and that making progress toward doing so begins with leadership and political will. The report provides 34 recommendations, starting with the need for high-level attention, standing institutional mechanisms, andstrong internationalpartnerships to respond to potential genocidal situations when they arise; it lays out a comprehensive approach, recommending improved early warning mechanisms, early action to prevent crises, timely diplomatic responses to emerging crises, greater preparedness to employ militaryoptions, andaction to strengthen global norms andinstitut ions."

The Responsibility to Protect and Foreign Policy in the Next Administration 49th Strategy for Peace Conference By the StanleyFoundation January2009 http://www.stanleyfo undation.org/publications/pdb/R2P SPC PDB 109 .pdf The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) framework offers conceptual, legal, andpractical answers to theprevention andmitigation of mass atrocities. Having said that, it is too oftenmisunderstood, and its practical implementation remains vague. In an effort to contribute . to the continuing debates around prevention of mass atrocities such as genocide, the Stanley Foundation convened a dialogue among leading US, intergovernmental organization, and civil society experts and officials to explore R2P-related issues, including new civilian and military capabilities required to implement the overall framework. This Policy Dialogue Brief summarizes the discussions and provides policy recommendations, including calls fo r rigorous and pragmatic R2P research, communication campaigns, and bureaucratic implementation that are integral to restoring a positive image of the United States in the 21st century.

Public Policy ,

Change for American: A Progressive Blueprint for the 44th President By Center fo r AmericanProgress November 12, 2008 http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2008/changeforamerica/ The Center fo r American Progress Action Fund and the New Democracy Project today released a comprehensive transition manual: Change fo r America: A Progressive Blueprint fo r the 441h President. The book offers an agency-by-agency guide and dozens of policy recommendations that will steer our nation in a new direction. This book provides concrete recommendations fo r how to structure an effective White House and presents new economic, domestic, and national security ideas that will help the new president solve our nation's most serious problems. CAPAF and NDP joined fo rces over a year ago to help the 44th president get the administration off to a fast start.

And now fo r a world government

8 J

By Gideon Rachman (FT) December 8, 2008 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7a03e5b6-c541 -lldd-b5 16- 000077b07658.html?nclick check=} . ''The world's most pressing political problems may indeed be international in nature, but the average citizen's political identity remains stubbornly local. Until somebody cracks thisproblem, that planfo r worldgovernment may have to stay locked away in a safe at the UN."

Global Security

National Security and Non-Proliferation BriefingBook By Peace and SecurityInitiative December 4, 2008 http://www.peaceandsecurityinitiative.org/files/2009-national-security-and-non proliferation-briefing-book.pdf "The 2009 Peace and Security fuitiative National Security and Non-Proliferation Briefing Book is an effort to address the most important and pressing proliferation and national security challenges that the Obama administration will face. Authors include leaders and issue experts in the peace and security community from both inside andoutside theBeltwa y, andfrom both sides of theaisle ."

Reshape Foreign Policy to Protect Civilians and Prevent Deadly Conflict: Letter to President-Elect Obama By Friends Committee on National Legislation November 24, 2008 http://www.f cnl.org/issues/item.php?item id=3436&issue id= 130 "Congratulations on your election as President of the United States. As you take office, the United States faces enormous challenges abroad. Ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the threat of terrorism, entrenched violent conflicts in places like Central and East Africa, climate change, and incre·asing socio-economic inequities, all threaten the security and livelihoods of civilians globally. A transformed U.S. fo reign . policy is urgently needed to address these threats, save lives, andprevent future violence."

Yes, A Nuclear Iran is Unacceptable By Heritage Foundation December 2, 2008 http://www. heritage.org/Research/Iran/upload/obamamemo 3.pdf President-elect Obama; you areright that the United States cannot allow Iran to attain a nuclear weapon. Your statement during the second presidential debate indicates that you appreciate the unacceptable dangersposed by a nuclear:.capable Iran.

Moving Forward With Ballistic Missile Defense By HeritageFoundation

9 December 3, 2008 http://www.heritage.org/Research!BallisticMissileDefense/sr26.cfm President-elect Obama, during the campaign you said you were committed to protecting the United States and its allies against attacks that employ weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This commitm�nt extends to fielding defenses against such attacks that are delivered by ballistic missile systems. Yourpledge is in keeping with the Bush Administration's policy, moving the U.S. away from the Cold War strategy of relying almost exclusively on large-scale retaliatory threats, including nuclear weapons, to deter attacks. The American people should welcome this continuity because, first and fo remost, they wantto be protected.

Religion

Protecting and Strengthening Religious Freedom: A Memo to President-elect Obama By RyanMessmore andThomas M. Messner (Heritage Foundation) December 16, 2008 http://www.heritage.org/Research/Religion/upload/ObamaMemo ll.pdf .. President-elect Obama, you spoke truthfully when you said that "[o]ur law is by � definition a codification of morality, much of it grounded in tlie Judeo-Christian · - tradition."

..·

10 BiographicalInfo rmation

ObamaAdministration Select Expected Nominees/Ap pointees

The following people are nominated/reportedly filling top posts in the new Obama Administration:

General James L. Jones, US Marine Corps (Ret.) - National SecurityAd viser ·

Most recently, Jones has served as the Chief Executive, Institute fo r 21st Century Energy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He also worked fo r Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as a special envoy for Middle East security .

. In a 40-year military career, Jones served in Vietnam, the Persian Gulf War, and in the Balkans before wrapping up as NATO's supreme commander. Jones was a military aide to Defense Secretary William Cohen during the Clinton administration: He also chaired a commission on Iraq's security forces, . commissioned by Congress, which released a report in September 2007, finding Iraqi armed forces increasingly able to meet their responsibility to provide internal security. But the report concluded there would not be enough progress in the near term to "secure Iraqi borders against conventional military and external threats."

Jones served as commander of NATO andU. S. fo rces in Europe before his retirement at the end of 2006. His role included oversight of operations in . Afghanistan, the alliance's first military engagement outside of Europe. In a CFR briefing in Washington in October 2006, Jones stressed the importance of · beefing up reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan, otherwise "anything we do militarily is perishable." He added: "I think there is a requirement to do more and to bring more fo cus, more clarity, more purpose, and more results in a shorter period of time. And fundamentally, this is the exit strategy fo r Afghanistan."

James Steinberg - nominated to be Deputy Secretary of State

Steinberg was the vice president and director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. (2001-2005), where he supervised a wide-ranging research program on U.S. fo reign policy.

From December 1996 to August 2000, he served as deputy national security advisor to President Bill Clinton. During that period he also served as the president's personal representative ("sherpa") to the 1998 and 1999 G-8 summits. Prior to becoming deputy national security advisor, he served as chief of staff of the U.S. State Department and director of the State Department's

1 policy planning staff (1994-1 996), and as deputy assistant secretary fo r analysis in the Bureau of Intelligence andRes earch (1993-1 994).

Steinberg has also been a senior analyst at RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California (1989-1 993), and a senior fellow fo r U.S. Strategic Policy at the International Institute fo r Strategic Studies in London (1985-1987). He served as Senator Edward Kennedy's principal aide fo r the Senate Armed Services Committee (1983-1985); minority counsel, U.S. Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee (1981-1983); special assistant to the U.S. Assistant Attorney General (Civil Division) (1979-1 980); law clerk to Judge David L. Bazelon, U.S. Court -of Appeals fo r the D.C. Circuit (1978-1 979); and special assistant to the assistant secretary fo r planning and evaluation, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1977).

Steinberg received his B.A. . from Harvard in 1973 and J.D. froin Yale Law School in 1978. He is a member of the D.C. Bar. He is a member of the board of directprs of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Bull�tin of Atomic Scientists, and the President's Council on International Activities of Yale University. He is also a member of the editorial board of The Washington Quarterly.

Steinberg has written numerous books and chapters on fo reign policy and national security topics, including Protecting the Homeland 2006/2007 and An Ever Closer Union: European Integration and Its hnplications fo r the Future of U.S.-European Relations. His publications on domestic policy include "Urban America: Policy Choices fo r Los Angeles and the Nation," and "Were You Counted?-Civil Rights and the 1990 Census" in One Nation Indivisible: The Civil Rights Challenges fo r the 1990s, published by the Citizens' Commission on Civil Rights in 1989.

William J. Burns - Under Secretary of State fo r Political Affairs

Bill Bums will be the fo urth highest official, and the. highest ranking career official at the Department of State in the new Obama administration. He holds the highest rankin the Foreign Service, Career Ambassador, and was appointed Under Secretm:y fo r Political Affairs, by the Bush Administration in May 2008.

Ambassador Bums served from 2005 until 2008 as Ambassador to Russia. He was Assistant Secretary of State fo r Near Eastern Affairs from 2001 until 2005, and Ambassador to Jordan from 1998 until 2001. Ambassador Bums has also ' served in a number of other posts since entering the Foreign Service in 1982, including: Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to Secretaries Christopher and Albright; Minister-Counselor fo r Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow; Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff; and Special Assistant to the

2 President and Senior Director fo r Near East and South Asian Affairs at the National Security Council staff.

He is a graduate of LaSalle University and Oxford University where he was a Marshall Scholar. Ambassador Bums is the author of Economic Aid and American Policy toward Egypt, 1955-1981 (State University of New York Press, 1985). He speaks Russian, Arabic, and French, and is the recipient of two Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards.

George Mitchell- Special Envoy to the Middle East

A representative of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations said that Mr. Mitchell is "the frontrunner" for the post of Mideast envoy in the administration of President Obama. The spokesman said that his selection is "likely but not definite." The fo rmer Senate Majority Leader and fe deral judge has played a high-profile role in several peace initiatives, including in NorthernIreland as U.S. Special Envoy to NorthernIreland.

Judge Mitchell serves as the Chancellor of The Queen's University of Belfast . and as President of The Economic Club of Washington. He has also served as Chairman of the International Crisis Group, a non-profit organization dedicated to the prevention of crises in international affairs, as Chairman of the Special Commission investigating allegations of impropriety in the bidding process fo r the Olympic Games, and as Chairman of the National Health Care Commission. Since 2002, Mitchell has been a Senior Fellow and Senior Research Scholar at the Columbia University Center fo r International Conflict Resolution, where he works to help end or avert conflictsbetween nations. In 2006, Mitchell headed an investigation into past steroid use by Major League baseball players, implicating many major league players.

He was appointed US Attorney under Carter in 1977, and served as a federal judge until he was appointed to the US Senate in May 1980. He rose quickly in the _Senate Democratic leadership. He then served as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995. In 1994, President Bill Clinton offered him a seat on the Supreme Court, but he decided not to take it, and instead fo cus on a health care

· bill that was then in Senate.

Richard Holbrooke - Reported to be Special Envoy to South Asia

Richard Holbrooke is reported to be named Special Envoy to South Asia, which will include Afghanistan and Pakistan, and may also include India.

Holbrooke began his career as a Foreign Service Officer immediately after graduating from Brown University in 1962. He was sent to Vietnam and in the fo llowing six years served in a variety of posts related. In 1966, he was re-

3 assigned to the White House to President Johnson's staff, working on Vietnam. In 1967-69, he served as a special assistant to Under Secretaries of State Nicholas Katzenbach and Elliot Richardson, and simultaneously served as a member of the American Delegation to the Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam, headed successively by Averell Harriman and Henry Cabot Lodge. He has also served as the Assistant Secretary of State fo r East Asian & Pacific Affairs (1977-1981, for President Carter) and Europe & Canadian Affairs (1994-1996).

In 1995, Holbrooke negotiated peace in Bosnia and was the chief architect fo r the Dayton Peace Agreement. During the Clinton administration, he served as the US Ambassador to the UN (1999-2001). He most recently served as the vice chairman of Credit Suisse First Boston, a New York-based investment bank.

Dennis Ross - Reported to be Special Envoy to Iran

For more than 12 years, Ross played a leading role in shaping US involvement in the Middle East peace process and dealing directly with the parties in negotiations. Ross was U.S. point man on the peace process in both the George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations. He was instrumental in assisting Israelis and Palestinians to reach the 1995 Interim Agreement; he also successfully brokered · the 199J Hebron Accord, facilitated the 1994 Israel Jordan peace treaty, andintensively worked to bring Israel and Syria together.

Ambassador Ross worked closely with Secretaries of State James Baker, Warren Christopher, and Madeleine Albright. Prior to his service as special Middle East coordinator under President Clinton, Ross served as director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff in the first Bush administration. In that capacity, he played a prominent role in U.S. policy toward the former Soviet Union, the unification of Germany and its integt:ation into NATO, arms control negotiations, and the 1991 Gulf War coalition.

During the Reaganadministration, he served as director of Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council staff and deputy director of the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment. Ross was awarded the Presidential Medal for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President Clinton, and Secretaries Baker and Albright presented him with the State Department's highest award.

Ross has published extensively on the fo rmer Soviet Union, arms control, and the greater Middle East, contributing numerous chapters to anthologies. In the 1970s and 1980s, his articles appeared in Wo rld Politics, Political Science Quarterly, Orbis, In ternational Security, Survival, and Jo urnal of Strategic Studies. Since leaving government in 2001, he has published in Fo reign Policy, Na tional In terest,. Wa shington Quarterly, and Fo reign Affairs. Mr. Ross is also a frequent contributor to the Financial Times, Wa shington Post, Los Angeles Times, and US.Ne ws and Wo rld Report, as well as a fo reign affairs analyst fo r Fox News Channel. His book The Missing Peace: The Inside Story o(the Figh t

4 for Middle East Peace (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, August 2004) offers comprehensive analytical and personal insight into the Middle East peace

Other reported candidates for 2009 foreign affairs appointments:

Kurt M. Campbell - Reported to be Assistant Secretary of State fo r East Asian and PacificAf fairs

Dr. Campbell was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Center fo r a New American Security (CNAS) in January 2007. He concurrently serves as Director of the Aspen Strategy Group and the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Washington Quarterly, and is the Founder and Principal of StratAsia, a 'strategic advisory company fo cused on Asia. Prior to co-founding CNAS, he served as Senior Vice President, Director of the International Security Program, and the Henry A. Kissinger Chair in Nft{:ional Security Policy at the Center fo r Strategic and International Studies.

Previously, Dr. Campbell served in several capacities in government, including as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense fo r Asia and the Pacific, Director on the National Security Council Staff, Deputy Special Counselor to the President. fo r NAFT A, and as a White House fe llow at the Department of the Treasury.

He was also associate professor of public policy and international relations at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Assistant Director ofthe Center fo r Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. Dr. Campbell has received the Department of Defense Medals fo r Distinguished Public Service and for Outstanding Public Service. He. serves on several boards, . including Aegis Capital, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the U.S.-Australian -�- Leadership Dialogue, the Reves Center at the College of William and Mary, STS Technologies, Civitas, the 9-11 Pentagon Memorial Fund, and New Media Strategies. Dr. Campbell is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Wasatch Group, and the International Institute fo r Strategic Studies.

He received a B.A. fromthe University of Califof!1ia, San Diego, a certificate in music and politics from the University of Erevan in the Soviet Union, and a doctorate in international relations from Oxford University as a Marshall scholar.

Richard Danzig, fo rmer Secretary of the Navy under President Clinton

Prior to being Secretary of the Navy, Danzig has served as a Traveling Fellow of the Center fo r International Political Economy and as an Adjunct Professor at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs. Danzig has a law degree from Yale University and upon his graduation, served as a law clerk to U.S Supreme Court Justice Byron White. Danzig also holds a doctorate

5 degree from Oxford University. Between 1972 and 1977, Mr. Danzig taught contract law at Stanford and Harvard Universities. From 1977 to 1981, he served in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, first as a Deputy Assistant Secretary and then as the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics. In these roles, he contributed particularly to the development of the Department's ability . to mobilize manpower and material for deployment abroad. In 1981, he was awarded the Defense Distinguished Public ServiceAward.

From 1981 to 1993, Mr. Danzig was a Washington, D.C., partner of the national law firm of Latham & Watkins. He served as Deputy Chair of the firm's International Practice Group, and also as Director of its Japan Group. He was also a Director of the National Semiconductor Corporation, a Trustee of Reed College, and interim Director of Litigation and then Vice Chairman of the International Human Rights Law Group. During this time, Mr. Danzig was co author of the book, Na tional Service: What Wo uld It Mean?, that contributed to the development of America's present civilian National Service system. During his tenure as Secretary of the Navy, Danzig is credited for developing or · expanding the fo llowing programs: The Navy College Program (college credits for all Navy training); Smart Ship (greatly enhanced automation on ships); Smart Work (use ofcivilian teams fo r painting ships and providing better tools and working conditions for Sailors and Marines); Electric Drive and Integrated Power Systems for the next class of ships; the Navy and Marine Corps Foreign Area Officers and the Marine Corps "YearOut" programs; and Lifelines arid the Navy-Marine Corps Intranet (programs using internet technology to make data consistently accessible throughout the Department). During his time in office, the Navy and Marine Corps have met recruiting and end strength goals, substantially reduced unfilled billets at sea and - improved pay, benefits and living conditions for Sailors and Marines.

Esther Brimmer - Reported to be nominee fo r Assistant Secretary of State fo r International -Organizations

Dr. Esther Brimmer is widely expected to be the new Assistant Secretary of State fo r International Organizations. Currently she is deputy director and director of research at the Center fo r Transatlantic Relations at the Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC. Dr. Brimmer is widely published on topics regarding transatlantic and global security issues, and has served for the US government, as well as international think tanks. She has edited books such as Transforming Homeland Security: U.S. and European Approaches, The EU's Search fo r a Strategic Role: ESDP and Its Implications fo r Transatlantic Relations, The Strategic Implications of European Union Enlargement, and The EU Constitutional Treaty: A Guide for Americans.

At the Department- of State, Dr. Brimmer was a member of the Office of Policy Planning and worked on multilateral security issues for the European Union and

6 the United Nations. She analyzed policy issues and made recommendations on the EU and the UN as a member of the Secretary of State's Policy Planning Staff. She served as the US delegate to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 2002. And in 1993-1 995, she served as a Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. In that capacity she worked on the UN, peacekeeping, human rights, and political-military issues.

Dr. Brimmer wrote weekly analyses of foreign affairs and defense issues· fo r members of Congress and their staffs as a Legislative Analyst at the Democratic Study Group in the U.S. House ofRepresentatives from 1991-1993.

Samantha Power - Reported to be a candidate for a senior National Security · Council staff position.

Power is currently affiliated with the Carr Center fo r Human Rights Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Power has been a winner of the Pulitzer Prize and was a senior adviser to US Democratic Party presidential candidate Barack Obama until March 2008 when she resigned, later rejoining the Obama State Depar_tment transition team in late November 2008.

· Power spent 2005-06 working in the office of U.S. Senator Barack Obama as a fo reign policy fe llow, where she was credited with sparking and directing Obama's interest in the Darfur conflict. She served as a senior fo reign policy adviser to Obama's 2008 presidential campaignuntil she was forced to resignfo r referring to Hillary Clinton as "a monster". Power apologized for the remarks made in . an interview with The Scotsman in London, and resigned from the campaign shortly thereafter.

Power was born and raised in Ireland before immigrating to the United States in 1979. She graduated fromYale University. From 1993 to 1996, she worked as a journalist, covering the Yugoslav wars for U.S. News & World Report, The Boston Globe, The Economist, and The New Republic. When she returned to the United States, she attended Harvard Law School, graduating in 1999. Her firstbo ok, A Problem fromHe ll: America and the Age of Genocide, grew out of a paper she wrote in law school. The book won the Pulitzer Prize fo r General Non-Fiction in 2003. It offers a survey of the origin of the word genocide, the major genocides of the 20th century, as well as an analysis of some of the underlying reasons for the persistent failure of governments and the international community to collectively identify, recognize and then respond effectively to genocides ranging from theArmeni an Genocide to the Rwandan Genocide.

A scholar of fo reign policy especially as it relates to human rights, genocide, and AIDS, she is currently the Anna Lindh Professor of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

7 Anthony Lake

Anthony Lake, a fo rmer national security adviser during the Clinton Administration, was a key adviser to candidate Obama during the campaign, but has said he has no interest in returning to government service.

Mr. Lakehas moved between academic and governmentposi tions fo r more than fo ur decades. He cut his teeth in the Foreign Servicein Vietnam and was an aide to Hemy A. Kissinger, before resigning in 1970 to protest the broadening of the war into Cambodia.

He has been providing fo reign policy advice to Barack Obama for years. Mr. Lake has told friends that he firstheard about Mr. Obama in 2002 when he was asked to speak to him about foreign policy. In December 2006, Mr. Obama called Mr. Lake and told him he planned to run for president, asking him if he would be a co-leader of his foreign policy team .

. .

. Mr. Lake was nominated' for director of the C.I.A. once before, in 1997. The nomination failed, as Congressional critics chided Mr. Lake fo r what they called his anemic response to .campaign fund-raising abuses that swirled around President Bill Clinton while Mr. Lake was national security adviser. Mr. Lake ultimately withdrew from consideration.

Mr. Lake is a graduate of Harv