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Christopher Newport University's the Cupola 2018-2019 Christopher Newport university Te Cupola Te Undergraduate Research Journal of Christopher Newport University 2018-2019 Volume 13 1 Avenue of the Arts Newport News, VA 23606 Te Cupola is the undergraduate research journal of Christopher Newport University. Publication of Te Cupola is made possible by the generous support of the Douglas K. Gordon Endowed Fund. Papers published in Te Cupola have undergone review by the Undergraduate and Graduate Research Council. Te fnal product has been edited and compiled by the Ofce of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity. Te Cupola is published in print and online at www.cnu.edu/research. Each student published in Te Cupola is awarded a $100 stipend in recognition of their fne work; the top two accepted submissions are awarded $500 from the Douglas K. Gordon Endowed Fund. An ISSN application has been submitted with Te Library of Congress. Volume 13 ©2019 All rights belong to individual authors Te Ofce of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity Dr. David A. Salomon, Director Dr. Michaela Meyer, Academic Director 757.594.8586 cnu.edu/research interweb.cnu.edu/research Dr. Douglas K. Gordon Dr. Douglas K. Gordon taught at Christopher Newport College and then University for twenty-eight years. He arrived at Christopher Newport College in 1980 as Assistant Professor of Basic Studies. In 1982 he was promoted to Associate Professor of English and in 1988 to Professor of English. He became Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences in 2002 after serving a year as Associate Dean. As Dean, he chaired the Task Force on Curriculum and Academic Life that developed the Liberal Learning Core Curriculum, the only complete revision of the general education curriculum in the history of CNC/ CNU. Because of his commitment to professional development, he established CLAS Dean’s Ofce Grants (DOGS) that have resulted in at least 10 book manuscripts, proposals, chapters and revisions. Dr. Gordon held many leadership positions at the institution. He was president of the Faculty Advisory Committee (predecessor to the Faculty Senate) for two years, Chair of the Department of Basic Studies and the Department of English, and NCAA Faculty Athletics Representative. He founded Omicron Delta Kappa National Leadership Honor Society at CNU and was faculty advisor to Alpha Chi National Honor Society and Sigma Tau Delta International English Honor Society. He chaired the Football Feasibility Committee that led to the football program at CNU and served as master of ceremonies at Department of Music events like Holiday Happening and as a reader for the Classic Club’s dramatic readings. He was the “Liberal Learning Guy” for HR orientation of new employees and during admissions events. His scholarship is in the areas of dogs in literature, teaching writing and bluegrass and country music. Publication of Te Cupola is largely made possible due to Dr. Gordon’s generous and continuous support of undergraduate research and creative activity. Te Ofce of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity Mission Te Ofce of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity (OURCA) at Christopher Newport University facilitates the integration of student learning through research and creative activity beyond the traditional classroom. Te Ofce provides opportunities for undergraduates to expand research literacy skills and engage in projects that put classroom course work and academic theory into practice. Te OURCA at CNU views research as a deep learning experience, which motivates understanding of basic concepts through their application to a question or problem to help students to develop a deeper understanding of more complex issues. Te OURCA is open to students across Christopher Newport Uni- versity, regardless their major or stage of educational development. We advise and prepare undergraduates on how to fnd research opportunities, how to work with faculty, and how to collaborate with each other in innovative and interdisciplinary ways. Finally, the OURCA supports the presentation of research and creative activity in local (including CNU’s annual PAIDEIA), regional, and national conferences, juried shows, performances, competitions, other presentation modalities, and journal publication (including CNU’s Cupola). Table of Contents Lillian Holley, Dorian Gray: A Study in Failed Individuation 1 Douglas K. Gordon Award Winner Samantha Spata, Circular Economic Business Strategies: A Cost Efective 8 Solution to the Global Waste Management Crisis Douglas K. Gordon Award Winner Stephen Miller Bowe, Perfect and Imperfect: Doctrine, Cathar Believers, 22 and Cathar Perfects in Southern France Elizabeth Chung, Power to the People: Te Legacy of Photography from 40 the Civil Rights Movement to Black Lives Matter Madeline Clark, Women’s Burdens in the Wake of Disaster: 60 A Synthetical Approach Hayley Clawson, Alexa Lewis, Candance Mellett, and Adam Spencer, 69 Te Efect of Exposure on the Perceptions of Autism in Spectrum Disorder Kerry Clingenpeel, Indigenous Health: Echoes of Colonialization 80 Brady DeHoust, Rhetoric and Virtue: Towards and Ethics for the 91 Symbol-Using Animal Daniel Glenn, A Term of Bad Behavior: Judicial Independence and 112 the Impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase Caitlyn C. McCormack, Rebekah J. Mennies, Jennifer S. Silk, 122 and Lindsey B. Stone, How anxious is too anxious? Electrodermal activity during exposures predicts anxious youth’s treatment response to brief cognitive behavioral therapy Jordan Moore, Te Infuence of Shakespeare’s Teater on the Traditional 141 Boundaries of Society Ethan Phillips, Peasants on Crusade: Te Motives and Actions of Commoners 152 during the People’s Crusade Sofe Piracha, Recognizing Statehood: A Comparison of Somaliland and 169 South Sudan Samantha R. Renner, Suicidality Among High School Students 180 Ariel Russell, Resplendent Light: Kehinde Wiley and the Fusion of 189 Traditional Conventions and Modern Modes in Stained Glass Noah Scher, Total Automation: Its Likelihood, its Viability, and its Dangers 225 Erin Stitt, Connections Between Child Giftedness and Teory of Mind 239 “Dorian Gray: A Study in Failed Individuation” Lillian Holley Winner of the Douglas K. Gordon Cupola Award Faculty Sponsor: Dr. David A. Salomon, Honors Program Abstract Individuation is the Jungian concept of self-actualization and the accompanying sense of peace that is only achieved when all pieces of the psyche are in harmony with each other. Tis process is dangerous, especially during the phase of confronting the shadow archetype and seeking to reform the persona. Te shadow, which houses the most uncomfortable and dangerous parts of the self, can easily take over the total self, leading to inner chaos as the ego and other archetypes struggle to regain balance. Tis unfortunate shadow consumption is seen through the character of Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde’s gothic novel, Te Picture of Dorian Gray. As the shadow and persona archetypes battle against each other within the young protagonist, he slowly becomes neurotic and paranoid, leading to his ultimate death by suicide. Tus, the process of individuation, if not carefully monitored and maintained, can be absolutely lethal. 2 A decadent morsel of Gothic literature written nearly half of a century before Carl Jung’s psychological philosophy reached the common eye, Oscar Wilde’s Te Picture of Dorian Gray provides a rather striking example of the harmful efects of allowing one’s shadow consume one’s psyche. Troughout the novel, Dorian Gray indulges his every whim on the basis of achieving individuation, not realizing that his shadow has captivated and poisoned his psyche, rendering him incapable of exercising reason and therefore unable to achieve self-actualization. He hides behind a persona of grace, beauty, and sophistication, but Gray’s refusal to acknowledge the damaging efects of his soul’s consumption by the shadow leads to his ultimate death and failure to individuate himself. Gray becomes a liar to the world and to himself, permitting his shadow self to reign over his life. Tis confict between shadow and persona, and subsequent failure to unify his soul, is what ultimately kills Dorian Gray. Archetypes are the undefned motifs that run throughout space and time in the universal pool of the collective unconscious. Most concisely, archetypes are the very “con- tents of the collective unconscious” (Jung, 1990, p. 4). Tey are innate, known to all, and describable by none. Tese archetypes “precondition all existence” (Papadopoulos, 2006, p. 90), extend beyond the life of any one man, and pervade the lives of all men. Tey are “manifest in the spiritual achievements of art” (Papadopoulos, 2006, p. 90), and therefore present in all of literature. Te Picture of Dorian Gray is no exception to this archetypal universality. Troughout the novel, the archetypes of the persona and the shadow are evident in Dorian’s physical body and his painted fgure, respectively. Both of these archetypes are part of the archetype of the self, which is a unifcation of the shadow, the anima/animus, the ego, and the persona. Tough all four archetypes represent themselves in the novel, the shadow and the persona are the most prominent, and the struggle between the two is the evident genesis of Dorian Gray’s neurosis. According to Carl Jung, the shadow is the part of the soul that houses every- thing that makes one uncomfortable, scared, or disgusted. Tese shadow phenomena can manifest as a variety of emotions, often “envy, aggression, greed, laziness and jealousy” (Papadopoulos, 2006,
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