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Restructuring the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee Restructuring the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee By Kathleen K. Schwind Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master in City Planning and Bachelor of Science in Urban Studies and Planning at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2019 ã 2019 Kathleen K. Schwind. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT the permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of the thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: ____________________________________________________________ Department of Urban Studies and Planning May 21, 2019 Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Professor Lawrence E. Susskind Department of Urban Studies and Planning Thesis Advisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________________________ Ceasar McDowell Professor of the Practice Co-Chair of MCP Committee of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning Restructuring the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee THESIS COMMITTEE ADVISOR Lawrence E. Susskind, PhD Ford Professor of Urban Studies Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning READER Eran Ben-Joseph, PhD Head, Department of Urban Studies and Planning Professor of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning 2 Restructuring the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee By Kathleen K. Schwind Submitted on the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on May 21, 2019 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master in City Planning and Bachelor of Science in Urban Studies and Planning ABSTRACT How can the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee (JWC) be restructured as a problem-solving entity and how can this newly structured JWC contribute to mutual water security in the region? While the Israel-Palestine conflict remains unresolved, thousands in the region lack a reliable water source. Climate change continues to exacerbate water scarcity, while new technologies like desalination are changing the nature of the relationship between the two parties. Overall, though, there is a deeply rooted sense of distrust between the parties, and political tensions have stalled fruitful water collaboration in recent years. Oslo II called for the creation of the Israel-Palestine JWC in 1995, but since then joint-efforts have had limited success. For over half a decade there were no formal meetings due to political tensions. Through a review of the literature, a case comparison with the Israel-Jordan water agreement and subsequent JWC, and interviews with leading Israeli, Palestinian, Jordanian, and American water diplomacy experts, hydrologists, professors and past JWC members, I draw five prescriptive conclusions regarding the best ways to restructure the Israeli-Palestinian JWC. First, the JWC needs to adopt a long-term perspective and allow itself to evolve over time, rather than expecting to create a committee with an unchanging structure. In doing so, it should establish a mutually agreed upon conflict resolution and joint-fact finding mechanism, to ensure equal power dynamics between the parties. Second, technical decision-making should be given a larger role to the JWC. Third, the JWC should shift from a model based on confidentiality to one based on transparency, becoming more transparent as outsiders (the public, respective governments, international community) start building more faith in the JWC’s ability to make positive and tangible change. Fourth, the JWC should seek international support to help financially implement joint-projects outlined by the technical subcommittees under the JWC. Lastly, the JWC should work on reframing water in terms of “water security” not “national security.” A restructured Israeli-Palestinian JWC could help facilitate collaboration towards actually discussing and carrying out joint-water research and projects, and rekindle trust between the water negotiators and experts on both sides. It cannot be said for certain that water will be an immediate stepping stone towards overall peace in the region. But water is a worthy first step: Israelis and Palestinians should work together to mutually achieve water security, building some amount of trust along the way, and demonstrate that the two sides can work together to provide their people with the water they need without compromising each sides most important interests. Thesis Advisor: Lawrence E. Susskind, PhD Title: Ford Professor of Urban Studies 3 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am indebted to my advisor, Professor Larry Susskind, for not only his insight and support on this thesis, but for instilling in me a curiosity about transboundary water negotiations that has guided me through the past four years at MIT. His mentorship and willingness to support my interests and passions has been invaluable, and the opportunities he has extended have inspired me to pursue the field of international negotiations into the future. I am extremely thankful to have had a mentor who allowed me discover my passion. Much of my early interest in the Israel-Jordan-Palestine region was fostered from conversations with Professor Eran Ben-Joseph, Head of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning and David Dolev, Managing Director of the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Middle East program. These conversations, the time Professor Ben-Joseph and Mr. Dolev set aside, and the connections they provided with water experts and innovators in the region, added a new dimension to my research and personal interests. I also would like to thank the many individuals who gave their time to share their knowledge, opinions, and visions for water collaboration in the region. Whether technical water experts, negotiators, researchers, entrepreneurs, or students, their honesty, expertise, and candor provided me new perspectives that were crucial in writing this thesis. I owe a great deal to my supporters and friends, at MIT and beyond, who over the past four years have consistently inspired me. Although they are scattered around the world, my gratefulness reaches each of them in equal measure. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unwavering support, love, encouragement, and prayers. They have always been my rock, especially during my time at MIT. To John, Wendy, and Rebecca Schwind: thank you for allowing me to live life to the fullest, to become the best person I can be, and for being the lights of my life. Kathleen Schwind May 2019 4 List of Acronyms BATNA- Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement bmsl- below mean sea level CA- Central Authority or Civil Administration EU- European Union GDP- Gross Domestic Product JSETs- Joint Supervision and Enforcement Teams JVA- Jordan Valley Authority JWC- Joint Water Committee mcm- million cubic meters MENA- Middle East and North Africa MEPP- Middle East Peace Process MoM- Minutes of Meeting NGO- Non-governmental Organization PA- Palestinian Authority PLO- Palestine Liberation Organization PWA- Palestinian Water Authority UN- United Nations UNDP- United Nations Development Program US- United States of America USAID- United States Agency for International Development Key Terms Aquifer- a body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater; there are a number of aquifers shared between Israel and Palestine’s West Bank Area C- Israeli controlled part of the West Bank where Israel has executive control Dead Sea- salt-lake with Jordan on the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west; the main tributary is the Jordan River Desalination- process or removing salts and minerals from water EcoPeace Middle East- civil society organization bringing together Jordanian, Palestinian, and Israeli environmentalists in an effort to promote cooperation in protecting a shared environment Gaza Strip- self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea Hamas- Palestinian governing authority, founded in 1987, currently in power in the Gaza Strip Israel National Water Carrier- water project transferring water from the Sea of Galilee to the south of the country 5 Israel-Jordan Peace Agreement- treaty signed in 1994 and guaranteed the restoration of occupied land, a clear western border delineation, and an equitable share of water from the Yarmouk and Jordan rivers Jordan River- 251 kilometer river flowing roughly north to south, through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea, with Jordan and the Golan Heights to the east and the West Bank and Israel to the west Mekorot- national water company of Israel and top agency for water management, founded in 1937, that operates the National Water Carrier Oslo II Accord- also known as the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, it was signed in 1995, and meant to last five years during which negotiations for a permanent settlement were to take place; it divided the West Bank and Gaza Strip into three areas (Area A, B, and C) in addition to making stipulations about water, found in Article 40 Palestine- a region in the Middle East comprising of the West Bank (west of the Jordan River) and Gaza Strip (along the Mediterranean Sea); for the purposes of this thesis the West Bank is referred to only as “Palestine” Picnic Table Talks- secret talks between Israel and Jordan pre-1994 peace agreement Red-Dead Canal- planned pipeline from Aqaba (coastal city by the Red Sea) to the Dead Sea in an effort to stop the Dead Sea from shrinking and transfer
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