Referat Michael P. Aust GDI 22.02.2012

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Referat Michael P. Aust GDI 22.02.2012 Kultur digital – Das Symposium des Migros-Kulturprozent 25. Januar 2012, Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute, Rüschlikon Professionelle Amateure YouTube und andere Videoplattformen - Startrampen in die kreative Zukunft Michael P. Aust < [email protected]> Vor 20 Jahren, im Jahr 1992, entwickelte der Kulturphilosoph Boris Groys in seinem Buch „Über das Neue – Versuch einer Kulturökonomie“ die These, dass das Neue nur aus einem beständigen Prozess von Abwertung und Aufwertung, der Umschichtung von Wertvollem und Wertlosen entsteht. Innovation ist für Groys Umbewertung von Profanem. Dass Groys nicht nur eine Analyse der Kunst seit Dada, Duchamps und Postmoderne lieferte, sondern eine der theoretischen Grundlagen des Internetzeitalters schuf, hat er vermutlich nicht geahnt. Noch weniger war aber seinerzeit abzusehen, wie radikal sich das Verhältnis von profanem Raum und valorisierter Kultur ändern würde. In der SZ vom 18.11.2011 (S. 11) beschreiben Jan Fürchtjohann und Jens-Christian Rabe diesen Wandel als „Die kulturelle Zeitenwende“ und postulieren, „Was das Kunstwerk der Gegenwart leisten muss, seit das Internet die Macht des Kanons gebrochen hat“. In ihrer Argumentation ist Kunst heute nur noch der persönlichen Evaluierung ausgeliefert, sie muss sich nicht mehr am kulturellen Kanon der „geteilten und allgemein für überlieferungswürdig gehaltenen Kunsterfahrung“ messen. Paradigmatische zeitgenössische Kunst ist aus ihrer Sicht zeitgemäß, wenn sie intellektuellen Anspruch ohne kulturelles Vorwissen hat. „Das avancierte Kunstwerk der Gegenwart ist heute ganz selbsterklärend, immer Grundlagentext und zugleich kühnes Thesenstück in einem, es bringt seine eigene Biosphäre mit...“ Dass nach dem Verschwinden des Kanons und gleichzeitiger Allverfügbarkeit von Aufnahme- und Bildbearbeitungstechnik auch die Zeit der Amateure und ihrer Artefakte anbrechen würde, ist evident. Doch vor allem die Möglichkeit, die eigenen Werke zu veröffentlichen, führte zu einem plötzlichen Schub auf Seiten der (Selber-)Macher: In Deutschland stellen etwa 8% der Onlinenutzer, die Mitglied in einem Sozialen Netzwerk sind, mindestens einmal monatlich selber Videos ins Netz (vgl. ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2011). Schon mit Myspace, spätestens aber mit YouTube ist das Amateurhafte in Mode. Was die echten Amateure an Fremdschäm-Anlässen produzieren, wird bald zu einem sorgfältig inszenierten Stilmittel, es hält Einzug in Kunst und Video-Kunst, in Filme wie „Blair Witch Project“, Musik-Videos, Werbeclips und TV-Formate wie "Jackass". Das Musikvideo wird zum wichtigsten Content der Videoplattformen wie YouTube, Vimeo, Vevo oder Tape TV: Bei den 14- bis 19-Jährigen Onlinenutzern besuchen 93% zumindest wöchentlich eine Videoplattform, 87% von Ihnen schauen dabei Musikvideos (ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2011). Aber auch die anderen selbst gedrehten Videos und Animationsfilme sind oft verkappte Musikvideos, basieren sie doch auf Musik bzw. sind auf Musik geschnitten. Amateure Der Amateur Style im Musikvideo speist sich zunächst aus dem Kunstkontext, wo das Unfertige, Dilettantische, Gefundene ein breites Thema ist – etwa bei Isa Genzken, Thomas Hirschhorn, Pipilotti Rist, aber auch in der Fotografie bei Nan Goldin und Wolfgang Tillmans. Der Poptheoretiker Diedrich Diederichsen sitzt 2009 in der Jury des MuVi-Award beim Filmfest Oberhausen und ärgert sich: „Die Jury stellt fest, dass in Deutschland offensichtlich das Genre des Popmusikvideos, wie wir es kannten, ausgestorben ist. Wir haben es vielmehr mit einer neuen, … an Kunstakademien gepflegten Form zu tun – was sich nicht immer verbergen lässt.“ Die Musikvideos werden zum Labor, das Labor immer öfter auch zum Musikvideo. Die Nerds aus dem Art-School-Ghetto lieben Antihelden, ihre Clips sind billig, anti-glamourös, leider aber meist auch spaßfrei. Sie beginnen, mit ihrer „armen“ Ästhetik eine eigene Richtung zu begründen. Schon Ende der 90er Jahre ist der neue Stil fester Bestandteil des Formenrepertoires des Musikvideos: Fatboy Slims preisgekrönter „Praise You“-Clip etwa von Regisseur Spike Jonze zeigt die Performance einer fiktiven Amateur-Tanzgruppe. www.kulturdigital.ch Professionelle Amateure YouTube und andere Videoplattformen - Startrampen in die kreative Zukunft Das fällt auch den kunstsinnigen Pet Shop Boys auf, die 2002 von High Tech zu Low Tech wechseln und den Fotografen Wolfgang Tillmans für das „Home And Dry“-Musikvideo anheuern, das als exemplarisch gelten darf für das Überschwappen des Amateur Style in den Mainstream – und das Tillmans dennoch als Bestandteil seines künstlerischen Gesamtwerks begreift: Es zeigt unspektakulär dokumentarisch gefilmte Mäuse zwischen kahlen U-Bahngleisen. Richtiggehender Mainstream wird der Amateur-Style dann mit dem Start von YouTube: Auf der Grenze zwischen Kunst und Amateur tanzt 2009 der amerikanische Kunststudent Ely Kim seine 100 Lieblingssongs in „Boombox 100“ in neun Minuten und wird zu einem weltweit beachteten Phänomen. Eines der populärsten Beispiele aus der frühen YouTube Zeit ist auch Lasse Gjertsens „Amateur“, bei dem die Musik aus den zusammengeschnittenen Videoschnipseln komponiert wurde. Akt der Selbstreferentialität und Zeitdokument: Die Bekanntesten aller kurzlebigen YouTube-Celebrities recyceln ihre schlimmsten Peinlichkeiten zum Song „Pork and Beans“ der kalifornischen Band Weezer noch einmal – und konservieren eine bestimmte Phase des Internets als kollektives Netz-Video- Gedächtnis und ultimatives Mash-Up-Video. Ein Mash-Up-Video ganz anderer Art sind DJ Earworms „United State of Pop“-Clips: Jeweils die Billboard Top-25 Single Hits eines Jahres mit den dazugehörigen 25 Promo-Videos werden mit extremem handwerklichen Geschick zu einem neuen Song und Video gemasht. Eine bedeutende Untergruppe der Fan-Clips sind die Lip-Sync Videos, bei denen oft ausgeklügelte Choreografien in einer langen Plansequenz verwirklicht werden. Die offiziellen Videos imitieren diesen Style, nutzen ihn als Inspirationsquelle, die Grenzen verschwimmen. Ob alle Regisseure das Vorbild „Der Lauf der Dinge“ der Schweizer Künstler Fischli/Weiss von 1987 kennen, darf bezweifelt werden. 2/8 www.kulturdigital.ch Professionelle Amateure YouTube und andere Videoplattformen - Startrampen in die kreative Zukunft In ihrer Tradition folgt die Kamera des spanischen Regisseurs Kike Maillo dem Sänger der Band Manos de Topo für den Song „Es Feo“ ins Bad – zu einer Kettenreaktion mit bitterbösen Ende. Eine Klasse für sich sind die Videos von Trish Sie für die Band Ok Go – fast jede der irrwitzigen Plansequenzen hat Kultstatus im Netz erreicht, von der Laufband-Tanzchoreographie „Let's go again“ bis zum Hundetanzvideo „White Knuckles“. Die Konsens-Art-School-Popper von Franz Ferdinand sind die Band der Stunde. Bald merken sie, dass man sich doch besser ironisch von der eigenen Herkunft distanziert und Diane Martel schafft dafür 2005 das perfekte Vehikel mit ihrem Clip zu „Do you want to“: Die Band rüpelt sich durch eine Vernissage, singt „I love your friends, they're all so arty“. Anders gehen Zoot Woman bei „We don't break“ mit der Kunst um: Das Video wurde von den zwei Wiener Kunststudenten Mirjam Baker und Mike Kren gemacht. Sie hatten die Animation, die Figuren in Brueghel- Gemälden zum Leben erweckt, zunächst einfach als Fan-Video online gestellt und später das Material auf Wunsch der Band für ein offizielles Video um arrangiert. Ihr Video ist ein Beispiel für den Erfolg von weltweitem Crowd-Sourcing, es knüpft mit seinen visuellen Samples an Arbeiten wie M: Pop Muzik (Remix 89) an. The dancing of politics Die Netz-Videos der Occupy-Bewegung, der arabischen Revolutionen und der Anonymous-Netzaktivisten sind nicht zuletzt auch ästhetische Statements: Die permanente Modifikation, das ständige Neuarrangement der Amateur-Bilder aus Handy-Cams etc. schafft einen spezifischen Stil der Protestkultur - und eine Art künstliche zusammengesetzte Identität bzw. Schwarmkreativität der Autorenschaft. Die Wiederentdeckung politischer und sozialer Themen im Musikvideo stützt sich nicht zuletzt auf diese Ästhetik. Blurred Vision etwa machen aus Pink Floyds Anti-Lehrer Hymne die Anti-Mullah Untergrund- Hymne „Hey Ayatollah“ – ein vieldiskutierter politischer Protestfilm: Die Bilder des iranischen Exil-Regisseurs Babak Payam simulieren das verwackelte Handyvideo eines vor Revolutionsgarden fliehenden Mädchens, eingeschnitten ist dokumentarisches Material der Iran-Unruhen 2009. 3/8 www.kulturdigital.ch Professionelle Amateure YouTube und andere Videoplattformen - Startrampen in die kreative Zukunft Die Zensur des Fernsehens, das in den letzten Jahrzehnten die möglichen medialen Inhalte und Themen konsequent verkürzt hat in Richtung des kleinsten gemeinsamen Nenners, ist im Netz aufgehoben. Befreit vom Weichspüldiktat entdecken viele Popvideo-Regisseure polarisierende Themen neu, wie Jugendrevolte, soziale Probleme und Politik – eine Tradition, die schon in den 1960er Jahren begann mit Clips, oder besser Musikkurzfilmen von Bob Dylan, The Kinks oder Procul Harum. Auch Derek Jarman mit „Broken English“ für Marianne Faithfull in den späten 70er Jahren und Joseph Beuys mit „Sonne statt Reagan“ in den 80ern bezogen klare Positionen. Wenn das Musikvideo etwas geschafft hat, dann ist es die Tendenz, das im Clip jede noch so ehrlich gemeinte Kritik oder Botschaft popisiert wird, eingeschmolzen in die Welt der Popkultur. Die Grenzen zwischen reiner Pose und ernsthaftem oder wenigstens gut gemeintem Anliegen sind fließend. Die „richtige“ Haltung ist eine wichtige Komponente im Image des Künstlers: Sie schafft Abgrenzung – vor
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