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Otway Forest Hydrology Project

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Otway Forest Hydrology Project 8. Impacts of Logging on Water Quality 8.1 Introduction The Otways experience some of the highest annual rainfall in Victoria. As such it is an important source of water for a number of regional communities, including Geelong. For this reason, protection of a high standard of water quality is a key priority. While the relevant water authorities have the capacity to treat poor water quality for most supplies, it comes at an economic cost that must ultimately be incurred by the end consumer. Similarly, a decline in water quality is of environmental significance. Land use is a primary determinant of water quality. The impacts between land uses varies in the parameters affected and the magnitude of the impact. Logging induced impacts have been studied by a number of Australian researchers, including specific studies undertaken in the Otways. While the principal causes and sources of the impacts are relatively well established, quantifying the impacts is not. In general turbidity is the most greatly affected parameter, and gains the majority focus of this study. In most cases, unsealed roads are the principal sources of sediment, as opposed to the general harvest area, with the magnitude of the impacts being largely influenced by the adoption of current best management practices (BMPs). High sediment yields have also been attributed to landslides, which are a common feature of the Otway landscape. It has been speculated that some landslides are the result of logging activities. However, limited evidence exists to confirm this. Simplistic modelling approaches are available to estimate the magnitude of logging induced impacts. However, due to insufficient site specific data in the Otways a modelling approach has been abandoned in favour of a qualitative assessment of water quality impacts. Specifically, the following four tasks have been undertaken: (i.) Overview of water quality monitoring and trends in the Otway region. (ii.) Critical review of paired catchment studies completed by the then State Forests and Land Service. (iii.) Investigation of causal links between landslide formation and roading, streams and logged coupes. (iv.) Summary of road surveys and associated works proposed by DNRE and the Colac-Otway Shire. The adoption and effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) are a key aspect of the water quality impacts resulting from any land use. A discussion of the BMPs prescribed for timber harvesting in the Otways is provided in Section 6. WC01459:R08PIH_FINAL_V1.DOC Final PAGE 109 8.2 Water Quality Monitoring and Trends in the Otways 8.2.1 Existing water quality monitoring programs Water quality monitoring in the Otway Region is undertaken by a number of agencies, either for their specific operational requirements, or for long-term environmental data collection. 8.2.2 Victorian Water Resources Monitoring Network The Victorian Water Resources Monitoring Network (VWRMN) is coordinated by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE), with operation of specific monitoring stations undertaken under contract by registered contractors. Data from this program are available from the Victorian Water Resources Data Warehouse, available through DNRE’s website (www.vicwaterdata.net). The website contains information about individual sites, length of data record, and summary statistics for monitored parameters. 8.2.3 Barwon Water Authority Barwon Region Water Authority maintains its own monitoring network (Table 8-1) within the Otways region, in addition to the VWRMN, for the specific purposes of monitoring the quality of inflows and outflows from the Authority’s water supply assets. Water quality monitoring stations are provided in Table 8-1. n Table 8-1 Barwon Water Authority water quality monitoring sites in the Otway Region Station Number Station Name B18 Matthews Creek at Birregurra @ Forrest Road bridge B19 Pennyroyal Creek @ Cape Otway Road B33 East Barwon River @ Wurdee Boluc inlet channel offtake B34 Callahans Creek at Birregurra Forrest Road, passing flow weir B35 Wurdee Boluc Inlet Channel (@ Reservoir) B37 Wurdee Boluc Reservoir outlet B48 West Barwon Reservoir outlet B59 Wurdee Boluc Inlet Channel @ 8 mile, Birregurra-Forrest Road 8.2.4 South West Water Authority The South West Water Authority also monitors water quality in its water supply catchments. Physio-chemical characteristics are only recorded quarterly using grab sampling, while microbiological parameters are recorded monthly. 8.2.5 Summary of Victorian Water Resource Monitoring Network Data Summary water quality data from the Victorian Water Resource Monitoring Network has been compiled. Data are presented for parameters of most importance in relation to forest management – turbidity and suspended solids (Table 8-2). Comparison of suspended solids at these sites with the State Environment Protection Policy for Waters of Victoria ‘Parks and Forests’ category (Environmental Protection Authority 1988), reveals several sites which exceed the target values. These sites are generally not located in forested areas. WC01459:R08PIH_FINAL_V1.DOC Final PAGE 110 n Table 8-2 Summary turbidity and suspended solids data for the Otway region (Source: VWRMN Data Warehouse). Site Turbidity (NTU) Suspended Solids (mg/L) Site Name th th No. Mean Median 90 %ile Mean Median 90 %ile OTWAY BASIN 235203 Curdies R @ Curdie 11.3 4.0 32.0 12.9 6.0 30.01 235202 Gellibrand R @ Upper Gellibrand 9.4 5.0 15.0 12.1 4.0 12.0 235204 Little Aire Ck @ Beech Forest 10.8 9.0 16.5 235205 Arkins Ck West @ Wyelangta 2.8 2.0 6.0 7.6 5.0 12.0 235208 Gellibrand R @ Carlisle 12.5 8.0 28.0 235209 Aire R @ Beech Forest 5.8 3.0 10.0 7.3 4.0 10.0 235210 Lardner Ck @ Gellibrand 8.4 6.0 15.0 235211 Kennedys Ck @ Kennedys Ck 13.3 11.0 24.0 14.1 8.0 28.01 235212 Chapple Ck @ Chapple Vale 9.5 6.0 19.0 235214 Barham R East @ Apollo Bay 3.0 3.0 4.0 235216 Cumberland R @ Lorne 4.8 2.0 10.0 3.6 2.0 6.0 235219 Aire R @ Wyelangta 7.2 5.0 14.0 235222 Anglesea R @ Anglesea 21.4 4.0 68.0 235223 Scotts Ck @ Scotts Ck 14.6 11.0 30.0 235224 Gellibrand River @ Burrupa 12.8 9.0 25.0 17.4 11.01 37.01 235226 St. George @ Allenvale 9.4 6.0 20.0 235227 Gellibrand River @ Bunkers Hill 11.4 8.0 22.0 13.1 8.0 25.0 235229 Ford R @ Glenaire 6.7 5.0 13.5 235232 Painkalac Ck @ Dam 51.8 38.0 86.0 235233 Barham R East @ Paradise 7.2 3.0 12.0 234234 Love Ck @ Gellibrand 14.8 12.0 28.0 13.0 8.0 25.0 235237 Scotts Ck @ Curdie 13.8 7.0 35.0 14.2 7.0 29.01 235240 Yahoo Ck @ Kawarren 9.0 5.5 25.0 235241 Porcupine Ck @ Kawarren 17.3 15.0 31.0 BARWON BASIN 233200 Barwon R @ Pollocksford 18.5 4.0 52.0 19.6 7.0 52.01 233211 Birregurra Ck @ Ricketts Marsh 21.8 10.0 56.0 52.4 45.01 90.01 233214 Barwon R East Br @ Forrest 9.4 4.0 20.0 8.4 3.0 8.0 233215 Leigh R @ Mt. Mercer 16.1 6.0 35.0 19.2 6.0 43.01 233218 Barwon R @ Inverleigh 22.0 8.0 57.0 26.6 9.0 63.01 233223 Warrambine Ck @ Warrambine 10.3 2.0 46.0 8.2 4.0 21.0 233224 Barwon R @ Ricketts Marsh 20.1 10.0 45.0 14.7 9.0 33.01 233228 Boundary Ck @ Yeodene 10.6 9.0 19.0 10.6 8.0 24.0 1 Exceeds State Environment Protection Policy values (50 th percentile = 10 mg/L, 90 th percentile = 25 mg/L). 8.2.6 Trends and land use relationships Relationships between water quality and land use are now well established, with water quality generally being highest in forested areas, and lowest in urban areas (Boughton 1970, Witmer 1984, Rees and Slater 1989, Cullen 1991, Thomas 1991, Fletcher 1998, Adams 2000). Agricultural land use contributes significantly to water quality degradation, with the degree varying depending on intensity and management practices. The relative difference between land uses, however, does not remove the need for best practice management for all land uses in the Otways region. A review of the determinants of water quality in the Upper Barwon catchments (Clinnick 1985) showed significant impacts from agriculture (primarily riparian zone erosion and stock access), and some from poor roading practice within hardwood forest production areas. A key factor in these catchments (West and East Barwon Rivers, Callahan, Dewing, Gosling, Matthews and Pennyroyal Creeks) was found to be soil type, with the duplex clay soils showing high dispersal and sediment mobilisation. In particular, those areas with high proportions of clay-sized particles (<2 mm) were most prone to water quality degradation. This supports general research showing the impacts of land use and geology on turbidity and suspended solids WC01459:R08PIH_FINAL_V1.DOC Final PAGE 111 impacts on receiving waters (Fletcher et al. 1997). Particular attention to land use practices, include timber harvesting, should be given to subcatchments with predominantly fine and easily mobilised and transported soil particles. Sensitivity to water quality disturbance is also related to rainfall depth, and, more importantly, intensity, given its role in driving mobilisation processes. For example, rainfall intensities of 150mm over a 24 hour period are commonly observed in parts of the Otways region (Saddington 2000). Management of the streamside (riparian) zone is a significant contributor to water quality. Relationships between the condition of the riparian zone and water quality are found to be relatively strong in the Otways region.
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