Lecture 04 Greek Architecture

Readings

Pages 39-50, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy

Pages 52 – 59 Great Architecture of the World

Sebi "Abu Simbel Temple of Ramesses II" Image from "Abu Simbel temples" 2005/30/05 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg (2/4/2010) Obelisks: Pbs.org Bluffton.edu

Temple of Amen at Luxor Temple of Amen at Karnak Pylons: I-cias.com Temple of Amen at Luxor Egypttreasures.gov.eg

Temple of Amen at Karnak from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Egypt.LuxorTemple.06.jpg, General view of front end, from the corniche Photo taken by Hajor, Dec.2002. Released under cc.by.sa and/or GFDL 6 Pyramid at Louvre Museum, I.M.Pei, shutterstock.com 7 8 9 10 11 http://www.visitingdc.com/las-vegas/luxor-hotel-address.asp 12 http://www.visitingdc.com/las-vegas/luxor-hotel-address.asp 13 Welcome to 1121‐ HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY Class 4 - Classical Greek Architecture Crete (Minoan) and mainland Peloponnese (Mycenae)

Crete: Island in southern Greece. Architecture references from Egypt. Little imagination, but loved color Minoan Civilization 3000-1500 BCE:

Lived on the Island of Crete Rapid growth in population and the development of trade Used bronze for tools and weapons Named after King Minos (2600 BCE) Known for construction of palaces Peaceful with other civilizations – no outer wall of the city Disappeared suddenly – huge earthquake & tsunami ?– 1500 BCE Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece; c. 1700 - 1380 BCE

wenzday01 "1815837745_a382afb7a9_o" Image from "Palace of Knossos" 2007/1/11 www.flickr.com (2/11/2010) Palace of Knossos: Evolved organically around a central courtyard www.uark.edu http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knossos Ching & Jarzombek & Vikramaditya - A Global History of Architecture

National Museum, Ireklio, Crete Palace of Knossos: 1600BCE Home to King Minos Built as a labyrinth – 1500 rooms Evolved organically around a central courtyard Entrance with guard house Living on upper level Queen’s suite had a bathroom with sophisticated drainage system www.uark.edu Palace ofKnossos , Crete, Greece; c. Greece; , Crete, 70-1380BCE 1700 -

www.uark.edu www.uark.edu Pottery forstorage offood Palace ofKnossos , Crete, Greece; c. Greece; , Crete, Pottery forwine 70-1380BCE 1700 -

www.uark.edu http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knossos Knossos, trône royal. Photo prise par Harriéta171 le 28/01/06 Mycenae: On the eastern shore of the Peloponnese, Greece. On the hilltop with a view of the sea and land. Mycenaean Civilization: 1600-1200BCE:

Lived in the region of Mycenae Thick walled city (20-25’ thick) Had good underground water suppy Elite group organized around a judicial and executive authority with various ranks and power Great military 1200 BCE peasant rebellions and internal warfare destroyed most of the Mycenae palace and the civilization disappeared.

The "Cyclopean" WallsThe "Cyclopean" Grave Circle A Lion Gate Great Ramp Royal Palace & The Megaron North Gate Stairway Straight Mycenae , Peloponnese, Greece: c.1600 – 1250 BCE 1250 – c.1600 Greece: , Peloponnese,

Dubin, Marc - Greece Athens and the Mainland, DK press 2004 Mycenae, Greece:c. 1300BCE Lion Gate,

Andreas Trepte 2008 Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330 BCE Structure similar to a beehive 120’ long and 20’wide Cement floor Doorway similar to Egyptian pylon Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330BCE 44’ high rotunda – masonry domed vault of 33 courses Technical perfection www.perseus.tufts.edu Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330 BCE

Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330BCE

www.encarta.msn.com

Gardner Art Through the Ages

Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE:

Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature Architecture began in the service of religion 7th century BCE – 1st efforts to create proper shapes and design Beauty = Gods Secret of beauty lay in ratios and proportions Invented democracy and philosophy Created works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE Temples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tiles Purely formal objects Greeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materials The home of the Gods Became the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hills or other prominent locations www.greatbuildings.com www.greatbuildings.com Temple of Hephaestus megron Athenian Treasury Classical Orders

In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios – based on the diameter of the columns. What is an order?

An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column.

Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts.

The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements.

Temple of Hera II Paestum Italy The entablature is divided into three parts • cornice (any molded projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is attached)

• frieze (a decorative band)

• architrave (ornamental moldings)

Fluted column(20 flutes) • No base • height is4-6xitsdiameter Column • Heaviest andmost massive of the orders • More elaborate capitalwith volute • Fluted shaft (24 flutes) • •Baseas thediameter are 8-9xhigh Columns delicate • Suitable for smaller temples - • Ionic Late7 • Doric The twoclassicalGreekorders ends of a scroll) (a spiral curve; a curved top; rolled like th Century BCE

Ching & Jarzombek & Vikramaditya - A Global History of Architecture