THE SCOTS CANADIAN Issue 50 Newsletter of the Scottish Studies Society: ISSN No. 1491-2759 Spring 2020 Ae Fond Fareweel to Alan McKenzie

t the beginning of this year we were saddened to have to say goodbye to A our good friend and colleague Alan McKenzie who died of cancer on January 2nd. Alan joined the Scottish Studies Foundation in July 1986, shortly after it received charitable status. At that time he was Senior Vice-President and Secretary of Barclays Bank of Canada. Over the years in working tirelessly for the Foundation, Alan undertook the roles of Secretary, Treasurer and President and was the first editor of the Foundation's newsletter when, at Alan's recommendation, the decision was made to open the Foundation Dr. Ed Stewart and Alan McKenzie in 2001, presenting a $500,000 to general membership. There can be little cheque to University of Guelph President Mordechai Rozanski doubt that it was thanks to Alan's fundraising efforts that the Chair in Scottish Studies at the University of Guelph back in President in 1998. “That,” said Alan, “was Studies was established in 2004. the ’80s, Alan's role in our efforts to create one of my biggest contributions because Dr. After learning of his death, Ted Cowan, the Scottish Studies Foundation was Stewart was able to put together a powerful Emeritus Professor of Scottish History and immense. Since a wide range of Scots from fundraising team with the support of the Literature at the University of different backgrounds were involved in that important Scots-Canadian connections which wrote, “While I was Professor of Scottish endeavour, the campaign to raise funds was he had.” not exactly easy. Alan proved a model of Alan will be sorely missed but his legacy moderation and common sense. His remains strong with Catherine, his youngest professional knowledge was of course daughter, working hard as the Foundation's invaluable. Some of our planning meetings membership secretary. All of us on the were in the Toronto headquarters of Foundation's Board of Directors extend our Barclay’s Bank, usually followed by some best wishes and condolences to Alan's family refreshment in a nearby hostelry. He saved at the loss of a talented and generous human us from some of our dafter ideas about fund- being. raising and set us on more fruitful paths. It was partly thanks to Alan that the University THE SCOTTISH STUDIES of Guelph now holds the finest collection of FOUNDATION Scottish books on Scottish History and Culture in Canada but he would have seen P.O. Box 45069 himself as part of a team of like-minded folk 2482 Yonge Street intent upon success in creating a lasting Toronto, Ontario memorial to the Scots in Canada.” Canada M4P 3E3 While working at Barclays Bank Alan Charitable registration was closely involved with Dr. Ed Stewart No. 119253490 RR0001 who chaired one of the Committees of the www.scottishstudies.com Board. A long-time civil servant, Dr. Stewart ascended the ranks during the latter Membership Secretary: half of the Progressive Conservatives’ 42- Catherine McKenzie Jansen year political dynasty at Queen's Park, [email protected] eventually becoming Premier Davis' secretary of cabinet. Alan discovered Dr Stewart's interest in Scottish history and Newsletter Editor: persuaded him to join the Board of the David Hunter Alan McKenzie [email protected] Foundation and, later, to succeed Alan as

Speech was a critical part of performances News from the Centre for Scottish Studies of magic, both in judicial definitions of witchcraft and in the social imagination; To give you an idea of the type of research that is going on at the Centre for Scottish Studies therefore utterances — including prayers, at the University of Guelph, here are three summaries from students (two PhDs and one quarrels, mutterings, and more — could be post-doc) working with Professor Elizabeth Ewan. Lisa and Chelsea should finish their used in a variety of contexts to “prove” theses this year; Sierra finished her thesis in 2016 and came back to Guelph as a post-doc witchcraft had occurred. in 2018. During ’s witch-hunting period (1563-1736), thousands of people were my time at the University of Guelph. From accused and tried as witches before local and Vilification of Ambition supporting a three-month research trip to central courts. Drawing on the rich Scotland in 2018 to providing a platform for by Lisa Baer-Tsarfati documentary record from Scotland’s courts me to share this research, both here in the and kirk sessions — supplemented by My research as a doctoral candidate at the newsletter and in my recent article for sermons, demonological treatises, popular University of Guelph examines how Volume 44 of the International Review of literature, and other texts — my research language was used to control and regulate Scottish Studies, the generosity and deep traces the multifaceted relationship between behaviour in sixteenth and early seventeenth interest of the members of the Foundation words, witchcraft, and gender. In particular, century Scotland. In particular, it focuses on have provided me with a number of the trial records reveal the interest of local the relationship between gender and the opportunities to grow and develop as an and central officials in displays of disorderly construction and regulation of ambition, historian of Scotland. My deepest thanks to speech performed by accused witches. In arguing that ambition was vilified in all of you for your enthusiastic their communities, suspected witches often contemporaneous discourse in order to encouragement and kind support. displayed quarrelsome behaviour and cursed maintain traditional structures and their neighbors, they were witnessed to hierarchies of control and authority. have spoken prayers and charms in As the crown in Scotland became more applications of healing. centralized during the sixteenth century, When words were followed by a specific discourse and rhetoric that discouraged effect, positive or negative, then witchcraft individuals from desiring independent or could be presumed. Consequently, regional power served a particular purpose. prosecutors and interrogators usually focused Female ambition was especially targeted as their efforts on proving that certain words both a means of controlling women and a had been spoken and that these could be means of controlling the men connected to clearly linked to a specific outcome. When a these women, usually by marriage, whose person had confessed to witchcraft, they ambition was perceived to be either were asked about the “wordis they spake” as illegitimate or excessive. well as their relationship with the Devil. To support this research, I have turned However, a closer investigation of increasingly to digital methods of text demonic definitions of witchcraft reveal that analysis. In particular, I have trained a these, too, relied on performative speech computer to understand Scots in a similar acts; in promising themselves to the service manner to the way that humans understand of the Devil, diabolical witches engaged in a language and the way it is used. This has verbal pact that established their identity as then allowed me to use word embedding/ Lisa Baer-Tsarfati witches. vector space models to map out the language Doctoral Candidate, An examination of these records therefore used in early modern Scottish, English, and Scottish Studies Office Staff reveals that verbal performances were a key Latin texts and discover which words tend to feature in both popular and judicial have the closest meanings to one another. definitions of witchcraft. While witches in According to the distributional hypothesis of Words and Witchcraft general were believed to possess a wide linguistics, words with similar distributions by Dr. Sierra Dye variety of powers, it was their utterances that tend to have similar meanings. most often brought them to the attention of The usefulness of this method lies in the As a doctoral graduate of the University of the kirk and community, and which usually fact that it supports assumptions about the Guelph and current Postdoctoral Fellow at formed the majority of the evidence filed way words like ambition, pride, avarice and the Centre for Scottish Studies, I am very against them in their trials. It was in the envy, which were all found to be closely excited to share my research with the context of the court room that contested related in meaning, were used in early Scottish Studies Foundation, which has long definitions of witchcraft found common modern Scottish, English, and Latin texts. supported me and my love of Scottish ground in the words of witches. That is, though ambition itself is not History. Consequently, I argue that speech should frequently used in these texts, it can now be My research focuses on the role of speech be seen as the unifying factor in popular, argued that when words like pride and in Scotland’s witch-hunts in the sixteenth and religious, and judicial definitions of avarice were used in discourse, the writers’ seventeenth centuries. In my dissertation, witchcraft. While other historians have attitudes can also be extrapolated to which is currently being revised for pointed out the connection between witches ambition; moreover, sometimes, these words publication as a monograph, I examine the and words, this has generally been seen as a were all used interchangeably with ambition records and narratives of the Scottish witch characteristic of popular folk belief rather and ambitious. trials, looking at the connection between than judicially-defined witchcraft: witches I am extraordinarily grateful to the words and witchcraft in terms of social and were accused of cursing, but convicted of Scottish Studies Foundation for their cultural power and early modern legal having served the Devil. continued support of my research throughout procedure.

2 The Scots Canadian Alternately, the relationship has been designed to answer questions about the explained as a by-product of the gendered relationships between rates of prosecution 2019 Scottish Studies stereotype of witchcraft, rather than an and variables such as degree of violence, important feature in its own right. By intent, circumstance, gender, status and Annual Report wins focusing on speech as the commonality, location, I am able to tease out the however, we can better understand the role of underlying attitudes and assumptions that Award gender in witch-hunting, as well as guided criminal prosecution of homicide and connecting the witch trials to a larger attempted homicide between 1493 and 1558. concern and anxiety over speech in the early Initial findings suggest that the aim of this modern period. court, rather than prosecuting and managing I am honoured to be connected with the violence in general, was in fact to root out Centre for Scottish Studies and the Scottish feud and acts of private vengeance, in order Studies Foundation and thank you for to punish those who took justice into their continuing to support my research. I look own hands rather than leaving conflict forward to sharing more details of my resolution to the crown and its judicial research with you in the future. representatives. Regarding the incidence of lethal violence, it is clear that men are more highly represented in these records than are women. The differences between the accomplices of men and women, their victims and the ways in which the court described their offences will be explored in forthcoming chapters and are expected to throw significant light how the sixteenth-century Earlier this year, the Scottish Studies court understood and responded to the Foundation Chair in Scottish Studies Annual violence committed by men and women upon Report won the silver category of members of their own and of the opposite Stewardship Initiatives in the CASE 2020 sex. District II Accolades Awards. (The report I am grateful to the Scottish Studies was mailed to members in November 2019 Foundation for their support, not only of my and is now posted on our website.) research, but also of my professional The report, prepared by the University of Dr. Sierra Dye development. In my time with the Centre for Guelph, not only showcases the ongoing Scottish Studies Postdoctoral Fellow Scottish Studies and the International Review work taking place at its Centre for Scottish Centre for Scottish Studies of Scottish Studies, I have developed skills in Studies, but is truly a testament to how much University of Guelph the areas of administration, communication the generosity of all our members is and publication that will serve me well appreciated within and outwith the academy. The CASE (The Council for Advancement and Homicide in Sixteenth- Foundation’s sponsorship of funding for Support of Education) is a nonprofit travel, colloquia and roundtables, as well as association of educational institutions. It century Scotland the position in the office have provided me serves professionals in the field of by Chelsea Hartlen with ample opportunities to share my educational advancement. This field research and to give back to the community encompasses alumni relations, My doctoral research examines that has so graciously supported my work at communications, marketing and development contemporary responses to homicide and the University of Guelph. (fund-raising) for educational institutions attempted homicide in sixteenth-century such as universities and independent or Scotland through a digital analysis of private schools. language related to these crimes as expressed Headquartered in Washington, D.C., in contemporary court records and sources of CASE was founded in 1974 as the result of a legal history. The ways in which these merger between the American Alumni offences were recorded and official Council and the American College Public responses to lethal violence in this period Relations Association. It is one of the largest offer insight into multiple aspects of late international associations of education medieval and early modern Scottish society: institutions, serving nearly 3,400 universities, the centralization of administration, the colleges, schools, and related organizations emergence of a professional class of lawyers, in 61 countries. the influence of legal humanism, the Its North American member institutions conceptualization of homicide as a public, are divided into eight geographic districts rather than private, offence and how that provide support to members through intersections of gender and status informed regional programs. To better serve its the incidence and prosecution of homicide. international membership, CASE opened a This project is based primarily on a European office in London in 1994 and an database with which I have transformed a Asia-Pacific office in Singapore in 2007. sample of the complex and inconsistent Chelsea Hartlen records of Scotland’s justiciary court into a Doctoral candidate, former measurable dataset. By running queries Scottish Studies Office staff member

The Scots Canadian 3 married, and started a Sir John Richardson — lasting friendship with Dr Francis Boott, the surgeon, explorer, natural physician and botanist. Richardson’s Arctic historian, and ichthyologist service began in 1819 by R. E. Johnson when he was assigned to John Franklin’s first expedition as surgeon and ohn Richardson’s father was a naturalist. He then met Sir prosperous brewer, provost of Dumfries Joseph Banks and Dr J for one term, and a magistrate for many John Edward Gray (of the years. Robert Burns was a close friend of the ), who family and influenced John towards literary became his collaborator tastes that lasted all his life. Burns’s oldest and friend for life. The son and John Richardson attended the Franklin party went to Dumfries Grammar School together. Montreal, then to At age 14 he was apprenticed to his uncle Cumberland House on the James Mundell, a surgeon in Dumfries, and Saskatchewan River, later to Dr Samuel Shortridge. He attended where they wintered in Professor Ted Cowan (formerly head of Scottish Studies at the medical school of the University of 1819–20. Travelling the University of Guelph) is pictured unveiling a plaque to from 1801 to 1804, studying 1,350 miles in 1820, they commemorate a famous Dumfries son — Arctic explorer Sir botany, geology, and Greek in addition to the wintered at Fort John Richardson. The ceremony took place in October, 2019 usual subjects: anatomy, chemistry, materia Enterprise on Great Bear at Dumfries Academy, where the surgeon and natural medica, and therapeutics. From 1804 to 1806 Lake. The summer of historian was taught. Professor Cowan, who was also he was a house surgeon at the Dumfries and 1821 took them by canoe educated at the school, told pupils there about Richardson Royal Infirmary, and in 1806–7 down the Coppermine growing up as a neighbour of the Burns family in Dumfries. completed his qualification at Edinburgh. His River to its mouth at the Prof Cowan said: “Richardson went on to edit the four teachers at Edinburgh included some famous Arctic Ocean and from volumes of the first Natural History of North America;” figures in a period when its medicine was the there east by way of volumes that the young Ted Cowan discovered and which led model for the world. Bathurst Inlet and to his life-long interest in this outstanding and brilliant son Upon obtaining his licence at Edinburgh, Melville Sound. On their of Dumfries. Richardson volunteered for the , return to Fort Enterprise went to London, and became a fellow of the they suffered from famine made a canoe survey of the shores of Great Royal College of Surgeons. During sea duty and cold, and would have perished except for Slave Lake and wintered at Carlton House. in the Napoleonic wars, 1806–14, he was on the efforts of Richardson and Hepburn. After the party’s return to England by way of six ships in succession and saw action in the In June 1822 they proceeded to Great New York, with important collections, Baltic, off Portugal, in the Mediterranean, Slave Lake and York Factory and then Richardson was granted leave to work on the and off Africa. In 1814 Richardson was returned to England, having travelled some account of his part in Franklin’s expedition. appointed surgeon to the Royal Marines in 5,550 miles in North America, much of it Richardson became medical officer North America. through unexplored country. at the Melville Hospital, Chatham, in 1828 After the War of 1812–14 Richardson Richardson was granted leave to write and remained there for ten years. There, after went on half pay and returned to Edinburgh three sections of Franklin’s narrative of the his first wife’s death, he married Mary to complete his doctorate. Besides medical expedition, the main one on zoology, and Booth, a niece of Sir John Franklin. His subjects, he took botany and mineralogy with lesser ones on the geognostical material and greatest scientific book, the Fauna Boreali- Robert Jameson, the geologist. He graduated the aurora. In Edinburgh he also worked up Americana, was published in four volumes, in 1816, offering a thesis on yellow fever, the section on mammals and birds for the 1829–37 and established him as one of the with which he had experience in Africa and journal of William Edward Parry’s second foremost biologists of his time. North America. He set up a practice in Leith, Arctic voyage (1824). In 1838 Richardson was assigned as senior which was not successful because of the In 1824 Richardson went on detached physician to the Royal Naval Hospital at post-war surplus of physicians. Here he service as surgeon, naturalist, and second in Haslar, near Portsmouth, and lived there for command on Franklin’s second Arctic the remaining 17 years of his naval career. expedition; the group travelled overland from Here his second wife died and his marriage New York to Albany, Niagara, Fort William to Mary Fletcher occurred. At the time of his (Thunder Bay, Ont.), Fort Chipewyan, Great appointment Haslar Hospital was the largest Slave Lake, the , and Fort naval hospital in the world and the biggest Franklin on Great Bear Lake, where they brick building in Europe. It had a reputation wintered. In 1826 Thomas Drummond, who for good care of patients and outstanding was assistant naturalist, explored the natural clinical research. Haslar was headed in these history of the Rocky Mountains, while years by a captain superintendent who was a Franklin and Richardson went to the mouth naval officer, not a medical man, with of the Mackenzie River. Franklin then his own staff, and the senior medical officer explored the coast westward; Richardson, was an inspector of hospitals and fleets, with working in two boats with 11 men, mapped his own professional staff. For several years Sir John Richardson the coast eastward to the Coppermine River, Richardson had as captain superintendent the 1787-1865 some 900 miles. Regaining Fort Franklin, he Arctic explorer Sir William Edward Parry,

4 The Scots Canadian his close personal friend, and Haslar Hospital geography, geology, fauna, and flora of based largely on specimens collected by went well. Before and after Parry, the northern America. Richardson in Franklin’s first expedition and incumbents were not nearly so congenial. After 48 years as a naval surgeon, by Richardson and Drummond in the second. Almost from the beginning of his stay at Richardson retired from active duty in 1855, These books, primary sources for North Haslar, Richardson had the responsibility for his age preventing his appointment as American biology, opened up a whole new building up a library and museum. The director general of the Medical Department field of geographical natural history, that of museum became well known in and outside of the Royal Navy. He and his family moved the Arctic region, and were strong influences navy circles as an important centre for to Westmorland, and he lived his last ten toward an ecological approach to natural research in natural history and comparative years in Grasmere, at Lancrigg, originally a history. Antarctic biology also received anatomy. farmhouse, which his wife inherited. In Richardson’s attention in The Zoology of the During the mid 19th century the Royal retirement he remained busy. On Arctic Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, under Navy sent many ships on geographical matters the Admiralty often turned to its Sir James Clark Ross, in collaboration with exploration. Their surgeons, often trained in experienced Arctic officers, including John Edward Gray and others. natural history at Haslar Hospital under Richardson, Francis Beaufort, Beechey, The unique nature of the Haslar Hospital Richardson, sent back specimens of plants Back, Parry, Edward Joseph Bird, and James and the specimens brought back to it from and animals, and the museum had an Clark Ross. Although never formally discovery ships made Richardson the unparalleled collection of type specimens organized as such, the group came to be foremost ichthyologist of his time. From seas first described by Richardson. Alone, or in known as the “Arctic Committee” or the as far away as Australia, China, and Japan collaboration with others, he wrote papers “Arctic Council” because of their virtually every shipment contained fish not and books based on the voyages and the consultative value. Richardson was also used yet examined by taxonomists. The numbers specimens sent back by expeditions by parliamentary committees, for example of species described by Richardson, and the including those of Frederick William when the future of the HBC was under numbers of type specimens in the museum, Beechey, James Clark Ross, and Edward scrutiny in 1857. He acted as an expert were enormous. Although Richardson never Belcher. witness on the geography of the Arctic, its held an academic post, his general influence Richardson made a last trip to the past governance, and its future in agriculture on younger scientists was powerful, and his Canadian Arctic in 1848 when he had and industry. work in biology and geology has been reached the zenith of his naval career and He continued to write in the field of considered important for Canadian science. was 60 years old. In 1845 Franklin had sailed ichthyology and polar subjects, publishing a Some of the young naval surgeons who were on his last Arctic expedition in command of number of books and articles. Being away assigned to ships of discovery with duties as Erebus and Terror. Richardson did not from libraries and collections, he eventually naturalists and who had got their training at accompany him, partly because of important gave up natural history and became a reader Haslar Hospital from Richardson became, duties at Haslar Hospital. When, however, in for the Philological Society’s new dictionary, like Thomas Henry Huxley, professional 1848 fears for Franklin’s safety forced the which became the Oxford English biologists. Admiralty to investigate, Richardson Dictionary. Richardson was a friend and colleague to volunteered to look for his old colleague, and Sir John Richardson has to be judged in many of the famous investigators of the day, was named to command a search party with three careers: naval surgery, Arctic including Richard Owen, Huxley, William Dr John Rae, a chief factor of the Hudson’s exploration, and biology. His chief Jackson Hooker and his son Joseph Dalton, Bay Company, and also skilled in Arctic contributions to naval surgery were three. Charles Lyell, Georges Cuvier, Louis travel. Their expedition started from First, he improved the standards of the Agassiz, John James Audubon, and Charles Liverpool in March 1848 and proceeded to nursing staff, Florence Nightingale being his Darwin. While writing The Zoology of the the estuary of the Mackenzie River in August friend and adviser in this effort. Second, he Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle in 1836, Darwin by way of New York, Montreal, Fort improved the care of the mentally ill, by turned to Richardson for advice on matters of William, Norway House on Lake Winnipeg, converting it from restraint to regular ward- Arctic ecology and the taxonomy of Arctic and Cumberland House. They next travelled care along humane lines. Third, he was a animals. Richardson’s contribution was by boat to Wollaston Land and Cape pioneer in the use of general anesthesia in mainly in providing information in areas Kendall, and abandoned their boats at Icy naval surgery shortly after ether and where Darwin himself was not strong. He Cove. They went overland to Fort chloroform were first used. was a descriptive, not an experimental or Confidence on Great Bear Lake to winter. Richardson displayed both physical and theoretical biologist. His papers are Extensive measurements were made of mental qualities that place him high in the characterized by wide learning, a concise, meteorological phenomena, including ranks of explorers of Canada. He was a man clear style, attention to accuracy in all temperature, wind, and magnetic variations. of great stamina, even into his 70s, and he details, elegance of illustration, and not much In the spring of 1849 Richardson returned to had an unswerving resolution, a quality theorizing. He was the right man in the right England leaving Rae in command. As a which saved Franklin’s first overland Arctic place to contribute notably to systematics and search for Franklin this expedition was expedition. Meticulous planning taxonomy, and thus to the early development unsuccessful; no traces of the ships were characterized his field work. Richardson’s of Darwin’s ideas. found. Not until Rae’s next trip in 1853 were surveys along the Arctic coast were In this Victorian time he held a respected the first definite relics obtained and the substantial contributions to the discovery of place. His early work won him election in mystery of Franklin’s fate solved. But the Northwest Passage. He was an all-round 1825 to the Royal Society of London and he Richardson’s last expedition, as described in natural historian and contributed important was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1846. His An Arctic Searching Expedition (1851), was observations in geology, meteorology, hospital assignment enabled him to continue a model. Excellent arrangements for all mineralogy, and glaciology as well as in a highly productive scientific career, for phases of travel, especially food, shelter, and botany and zoology. which he received the royal medal of the means of travel, prevented any privation, The two monumental works, Fauna Royal Society in 1856. Numerous animal illness, or injury. The book dealt at Boreali-Americana, edited by Richardson, species, several plant species, and a Canadian considerable length with the ethnography of and its companion Flora Boreali-Americana, river, lake, bay, and mountain are named in various Indian tribes and with the physical edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, were his honour.

The Scots Canadian 5 their traditional way. Joan was eventually ; the vision to identify new Joan McAulay — First persuaded to quit that habit. Sadly, we could Commissioners who will bring enthusiasm fill whole books with the rueful accounts of and energy to our organization; to set a Woman Chief and the all those immigration and other officious vision for our executive team and work functionaries who bullied our people into together. We need to move forward. We need First from the Diaspora altering their spellings, or even whole names. to keep the momentum going.” by John Macaulay Court Our defence is bearing in mind that any/all With tremendous thanks from all of us, English spellings are merely renderings for Joan, for your leadership thus far in so many s an historian, I frequently caution phonetic or other convenience, and that creative ways, sometimes coming to the fore my students and other writers to be ultimately only the original Gaelic spellings with creative community fun like the A very cautious about making claims matter. MacAmhlaidh gu brath! rollicking “Heavyish Events,” piloted at of someone (or some event) being the first, After high school Joan moved to Cape Breton and then a great success at or the greatest, etc. Those sorts of claims Saskatoon to continue her education. Later, Aviemore. Hail to the Chief! generally set the trivia buffs scurrying to after a couple of years in Calgary, she prove one wrong or demonstrate the returned to Saskatoon where she continues to contrary. But this is a notable election reside with husband, Doug Doughty — who triumph for Scots-Canadians in any case! splits his time with working in Toronto — Through a vote at the Clan MacAulay and their two rescue cats, Catriona (named Association’s annual meeting, held at after our late friend, Catriona MacAulay Aviemore (Cairngorms) on September 7, Mackenzie) and Morag. Joan’s mom 2019, the Clan Commissioner for Western celebrated her 95th birthday last year, and Canada and Secretary of our international her sister, Kathy and brother-in-law, Jim live society, Joan McAulay, was elected through nearby. She’s been with Concentra Trust in-person and online voting of subscribed (formerly Cooperative Trust) for over 25 members everywhere as the fourth elected years and is a Senior Trust Program Advisor Chief of this merged society of three specializing in estate and trust solutions for hereditary Macaulay Clans: Ardincaple (first clients and partner advisors. two Chiefs), (3rd Chief) and the Joan’s journey with Clan MacAulay began Isle of Lewis — the 4th Chief, from which, in 2012 when she was researching for a by coincidence, both electoral candidates had tattoo and came across the Clan MacAulay emerged. website. She and Doug discovered that a Until quite recently traditions have ruled Gathering was to be held in 2013 and the day. When I was privileged to attend the immediately started planning to attend. 2009 Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs’ Obviously, they loved the experience, as they meeting as a Diaspora guest (one haven’t missed a Gathering since! accompanying each chief attending), held in Shortly after returning from Crieff, Joan the elegant Scots’ Parliament chamber, there met with our now Honourary Chieftain and e are delighted that A Life On Ice were just a scant few women as hereditary High Commissioner for Canada, Dr. W.G. was accepted at this year's Banff chiefs and evidently none from a merged (Bud) MacAulay Lush, who convinced her to WCentre Mountain Film Festival. A clan society such as ours. The past decade take on the role of Commissioner for Life On Ice is a short documentary film about has seen consistent respect for traditions, Western Canada. In 2017, at Chief (now legend Myrtle Simpson — trailblazer, along with tremendous organizational Emeritus) Hector’s request, she took on the pioneer, adventurer, mountain climber, polar advances for all. role of Secretary. That soon led to her explorer, writer, mother and the first woman Joan was raised on a farm near Forgan, leadership for updating the executive records to cross the Greenland Ice Cap. She is the Saskatchewan that had been homesteaded by and the Constitution to reflect today’s values mother of Bruce Simpson, Scot of the Year her grandfather, Donald Norman MacAulay and ideals. After returning from 2017. (when he died in 1942 the government forced Carrickfergus, Joan was further inspired by In 2017, over fifty years after she became the change of spelling from MacAulay to our members’ enthusiasm, along with the the first woman to cross the polar ice cap McAulay as that is how it was listed on the need for enhancing web communication, to covering Greenland, she was awarded the homestead). Donald’s grandfather Angus launch MacAulay Matters. Polar Medal — a gift from Queen Elizabeth Iain MacAulay had ‘emigrated’ from When Chief Hector announced his II as thanks for services in the Arctic. Scotland circa 1855 during the time of the intention to retire — on so many high notes; Myrtle’s life has taken her around the globe, clearances from Crowlista, Uig, Isle of Lewis thanks so much, Hector! — Joan was journeys on which she insisted on taking her to the Eastern Townships of Quebec, where approached by many of us to stand for four children while she and her husband he and other family members are buried in election. Despite the groundswell of Hugh pursued their work and passion. From the Gisla Cemetery near Milan, Quebec. encouragement, this was a daring move: Spitzbergen to Greenland, from the North Joan’s Scottish ancestors are buried in the there had not previously been a woman Clan Pole to the Highlands of Scotland, from New beautiful Baille na Cille cemetery near Chief, nor one from outside Scotland. Zealand to Peru, Myrtle has blazed her own Crowlista, Uig. Auspiciously, Joan’s invited election trail. She has experienced places most people Joan is understandably proud of her statement declared that, “This election isn’t only dream about, all while writing 13 books, Scottish roots; Scotland was the first place about geography. It’s about vision: the collecting specimens for museum botanical she ever dreamed of visiting. As a child she vision to come up with a plan to increase collections and raising four children. was also disturbed by the government having membership here in Scotland and around the Today, at the age of 90 she still competes forced the change to the spelling of their world; the vision to look at new opportunities in downhill ski races, hikes, bikes and swims name; in Grade 1 she was consistently to increase our presence and our standing, and believes there are more adventures to be docked marks for spelling “MacAulay” in whether it be in the Clan system or at had at any age.

6 The Scots Canadian traces of the styles of the Angles. This shows family through his mother, and launched a Dál Riata: The Land of that the Scots were interacting with their claim for the vacant throne. One story goes neighbours on a regular basis through trade that MacAlpin invited his main rival for the the First Scots and via religious links, an interaction that crown to a meeting at Scone, only to slay On and off for the past 10 years, Dr. James was to have a big impact. him - possibly the first but not the last “Black Fraser, Chair of Scottish Studies at Guelph, However, relations with the new Dinner” in Scottish history. has been working on a book about Dál Riata neighbours were not always friendly, Whatever the truth of the story, the fact and as his first draft has been sent to his particularly during the reign of King Aedan remains that Kenneth had taken the throne by publisher we thought this item by the BBC mac Gabhrain. 844. He was not the first to rule both might help familiarize you with this aspect of Aedan, the great grandson of Fergus, was and Scots, but whereas the Pictish kings who Scotland's history. crowned overking of Dalriada in 573, by no had exercised this power before had ruled as less a person than St — a huge PR overlords of the Scots, MacAlpin was the round the year 350, after numerous triumph for Aedan, giving his reign an extra first Scot to rule both kingdoms, and the first raids, people from Ireland known as symbolism that no pretender could hope to to rule them as one. A Scoti, a term meaning “raider” match by sending out a signal to the As the of Dalriada triumphed in coined by the Romans, began to settle on the neighbouring kingdoms that he had God and Pictland, their period of rule in Dalriada was north western coasts of Britain, although it the head of the Celtic Church on his side. coming to an end. A massive Viking fleet would be at least another century before Aedan intended to expand the Dalriadan attacked the remote western areas of the settlement really began in earnest, with the kingdom by force, and launched raids on kingdom and the Gaels decided it was time to arrival of King Fergus Mor in 500 AD. surrounding territories, even as far away as leave. Soon the Scots had followed their king The Dál Riata tribe originated in south the Isle of Man and the Islands. east, where they settled in the Pictish lands of west Ireland, but gradually migrated until However, the Scots were crushed by the Fortriu, in today's Perthshire. they came to settle in the far north eastern Angles at the Battle of Degsastan in 603 and, The Picts must have anticipated that corner of the island, in what is present day in Ireland, by the Ui Neills at the Battle of Kenneth and the Gaels would have adopted Antrim. Dál Riata in Ireland made up one of Mag Rath in 637. Pictish ways, and become Picts. In fact, the three constituent kingdoms in the By the middle of the 8th Century the Picts reverse happened. As Kenneth rewarded overkingdom of Uladh, which comprised were the pre-eminent kingdom in the land. kinsmen from Dalriada, giving them titles most of modern . They had defeated the Angles of and honours in his new kingdom, Gaelic This kingdom was gradually squeezed by Northumbria in 685 and the Scots in 741. So culture became the culture of the ruling class the Ui Neill tribe into a smaller and smaller how did the Scots come to be the dominant and Pictish ways began to disappear. area, which perhaps explains why they force in the country? It is unclear whether the Picts were Celts looked to colonize new land in Scotland in One reason was the monastery at . or not, although the evidence of placenames the area now known as Dalriada. Iona, off the west coast of Mull, was the accepted as Pictish tends to suggest they Once the Scots arrived there they divided spiritual centre of the Celtic Church, which were, speaking a variety of Brythonic Celtic themselves into three tribes. The Cenel was dominant throughout the country, and language, similar to Welsh or Breton. This (Clan) Loairn in the north held , , was the pre-eminent seat of learning in the language also died out with them, the Mull and the land stretching north of Oban British Isles at that time. Columba's Goidelic language of the Scots becoming the and its southern edge near Inveraray. The successors at Iona were the men who basis for modern , closely Cenel nGabrain, who were the overlords of converted the Picts and Angles to related to Irish. These Pictish placenames, the tribes, held the southern portion of Christianity. The fact that the conversion of recognizable by the prefix Pit also often have , the peninsula, Jura and the other was led by the Gaelic a Gaelic second half, which perhaps indicates Arran. The third group, Cenel Oengusa, held monks of Dalriada undoubtedly spread more a gradual handover, with both languages sway on . All these tribes were still than just Christianity across the country. co-existing for a considerable period. connected with the kingdom left behind in Gaelic cultural influence must also have In a sense this tale proves the maxim that travelled with the monks. history is written by the victors, the Picts are Antrim as well as with each other. The kingdom of Dalriada was not formed However, it was the actions of another now a mystery to us, with scholars disputing as a single state with a unified system; rather group of seaborne raiders that was to prove the origins of the Picts, and few physical it was a confederation of tribes, based on the the paramount factor in bringing Scot and traces left of them. What had been a thriving system of government in their native Ireland. Pict together. culture for over five hundred years has now Tribes were ruled by a king known as a ri, By the turn of the Ninth Century, Viking vanished. with the rulers of individual tribes owing raids had forced the Celtic Church to centre The long reigns of Kenneth's successors, allegiance to an overking, or ruiri. itself in Dunkeld. The Viking raids also cut and the need for both nations to unite in the North of this new Scots territory lay the sea communication between Dalriada and face of the Viking threat, coupled with a kingdom of the Picts; to the south lay the Ireland, forcing the Scots to focus entirely on society already intermarrying in a significant British kingdoms, which stretched as far as their Scottish territories. manner, soon led to the creation of a new,

Galloway; whilst in far off Northumbria lay The killed the Pictish King Gaelic national identity. This was the birth of the centre of the other great kingdom of this Eoganan in battle in 839, thus throwing the the nation of Scotland and the end of the line time: that of the Angles. country into turmoil. Eoganan had served not for the Picts. While the Picts may or may not The powerbase of Dalriada was centred on only as King of Picts, but also as King of have been Celts, the Scots most certainly the hillfort of Dunadd, the seat of the Dalriada, since the Picts had acted as were, and all the symbolic manifestations of overking, a formidable fortress built on a overlords to the Scots since the smiting of “traditional” Scottishness as espoused by the rocky outcrop. Excavations at Dunadd have 741. However, this was not a union as such, likes of Sir — clans, , and also uncovered evidence that the Scots were but merely one tribe ruling another. bagpipes — all hark back to these early adept at metalwork and were also It is at this point that Kenneth MacAlpin migrants from across the water.  manufacturing ornate jewellery there, not enters the story. Although Kenneth was a only in the Celtic style but also showing Scot, he was also related to the Pictish royal

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