Vývoj Speciálních Efektů a Jejich Dopad Na Filmovou Produkci V Rámci Fenoménu Godzilla

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Vývoj Speciálních Efektů a Jejich Dopad Na Filmovou Produkci V Rámci Fenoménu Godzilla Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií Vojtěch Kozlíček Vývoj speciálních efektů a jejich dopad na filmovou produkci v rámci fenoménu Godzilla Bakalářská práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Viktor Pantůček Ph.D. Brno 2019 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………… Tímto chci poděkovat vedoucímu práce Mgr. Viktorovi Pantůčkovi, Ph.D., který při vedení této práce uvedl zásadní informace, které mi pomohly toto téma zpracovat a uvědomit si, jakým směrem se chci ubírat. Děkuji za odborné vedení, trpělivost, konzultace a připomínky při zpracování této práce. Obsah 1 Úvod ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Cíl práce ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Metodologie ................................................................................................................. 6 2 Technické přístupy ke speciálním efektům ................................................................. 8 2.1 Názvosloví ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Suit mation podle Eiji Tsuburaya ................................................................................ 8 3 Počátek fenoménu Godzilla ........................................................................................ 10 3.1 Představení žánru „Kaiju eiga“ .................................................................................. 10 3.2 Historické souvislosti ................................................................................................. 11 4 Vybraná provedení postavy Godzilla ........................................................................ 12 4.1 Období 50. a 60. let 20. století ................................................................................... 12 4.1.1 Godzilla (1954) ............................................................................................... 12 4.1.2 Son of Godzilla (1967) ................................................................................... 14 4.2 Období 80. a 90. let 20. století ................................................................................... 16 4.2.1 The Return of Godzilla (1984) ........................................................................ 16 4.2.2 Godzilla vs. Destoroyah (1995) ...................................................................... 18 4.2.3 Godzilla (1998) ............................................................................................... 21 4.2.4 Godzilla 2000: Millenium (1999) ................................................................... 26 4.3 Období 21. století ....................................................................................................... 28 4.3.1 Godzilla (2014) ............................................................................................... 28 4.3.2 Shin Godzilla (2016) ....................................................................................... 31 5 Dopad technických limitů ........................................................................................... 33 6 Nevyhnutelná digitalizace? ......................................................................................... 34 7 Mizející symbol ............................................................................................................ 36 8 Závěr ............................................................................................................................. 40 9 Resumé ......................................................................................................................... 42 10 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 43 11 Seznam pramenů a literatury .................................................................................... 44 12 Seznam obrazových příloh ......................................................................................... 48 13 Obrazové přílohy ......................................................................................................... 49 1 Úvod Motivací psát o tomto tématu byl autorův zájem o filmovou tvorbu a speciální efekty. Vzhledem k národnosti autora by se jako ideální téma nabízela tvorba Karla Zemana, který se svými filmovými triky proslavil po celém světě. Toto téma je však v českých akademických kruzích, literatuře i filmu již vydatně zpracované, a proto se autor rozhodl zaměřit na východ, kde najdeme pod křídly japonské produkce žánr „Kaiju eiga“. V rámci tohoto žánru byla natočena filmová série Godzilla. Kinematografie a speciální efekty jsou velmi rozsáhlá témata. Proto se autor rozhodl zaměřit na konkrétní filmovou postavu Godzilly, čímž práci specifikoval a výrazně ztenčil její obsah. Důvodem k výběru právě tohoto monstra byla skutečnost, že figurovalo napříč významnou částí dějin kinematografie. Godzilla stála u přechodu z analogového na digitální záznam a na jejím zobrazení se tak podílely i vizuální efekty. Vzhledem k tomu, že byla její vizuální stránka zasažena příchodem digitálních technologií, tak ji autor vyhodnotil jako vhodný objekt pro pozorování v kontextu vývoje speciálních efektů a v kontextu studijního oboru teorie interaktivních médií. Vzhledem k její rozmanitosti a dlouhodobé existenci byla autorem v práci označena jako fenomén. Mimo speciální efekty je Godzilla zajímavým monstrem k prozkoumání, a to vzhledem k událostem, které provázely její vznik, kterými byly americké bombardování měst Hirošima a Nagasaki a počátek studené války. Godzilla vznikla jako monstrum, které připomínalo odstrašující historické události. Reflektovala touhu člověka ovládat přírodu, která se vymkla kontrole, a stal se z ní nástroj jeho sebezničení. Problematika jaderných zbraní je tématem, které přetrvalo dodnes. Podobně si i Godzilla udržela své místo ve filmovém průmyslu. V kinematografii samozřejmě najdeme celou řadu snímků, které odrážely dějinné události a konkrétně i stejné téma jako Godzilla. Tato filmová série se ale od nich odlišuje svou početností a trvanlivostí. „[…] why is it Godzilla that endured, while so many other nuclear monsters have faded out of our collective consciousness? It seems that there are elements of japanases culture that lend Godzilla a unique air of mystery and strenght and contribute to his popular longevity.“1 1 ALLISON, Anne. Millennial monsters: Japanese toys and the global imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, c2006, s. 4. 5 Z filmové postavy se stala značka, která je zastoupená v kinosálech, na televizních obrazovkách i v animovaných seriálech. Objevila se v několika digitálních hrách a byla zmaterializována do podoby dětských hraček či sběratelských figurek. Stala se obchodním artiklem a produktem masové výroby. Z filmového krále monster se stala platforma, jejíž potenciál není pouze bavit. Její základna totiž stojí na seriózním tématu, ke kterému se tvůrci v průběhu let opakovaně vrací. Někdy pouze symbolicky, jindy na něj upozorňují velmi výrazně či vůbec. Tímto je Godzilla situována do role postavy, která je velice populární jako neporazitelné monstrum akčního sci-fi světa, zároveň je však jakýmsi patronem tématu jaderných zbraní. 1.1 Cíl práce Cílem práce je analyzovat speciální efekty ve filmové sérii Godzilla prostřednictvím vybraných dílů série. Práce se primárně zaměřuje na technické zpracování postavy Godzilla, konkrétně na to, jak se v průběhu let měnila. Na základě tohoto lze sledovat proměnu speciálních efektů na jediné postavě od 50. let 20. století až do roku 2014. Práce se pokusí odhalit důvody používání praktických efektů, a to navzdory nástupu digitálních technologií ve filmovém průmyslu v 90. letech 20. století, a současně odkrývá jejich dopad na celou filmovou sérii. Práce se dále zaměří na vztah speciálních efektů, narativu a symbolismu. Vyjma speciálních efektů si práce klade za cíl poskytnout pohled nejen na japonskou a americkou produkci, ale na produkci obecně. Vedlejším cílem práce je seznámit českého čtenáře s tímto fenoménem a ukázat, co stálo za jeho vznikem. 1.2 Metodologie Hlavním zdrojem pro tuto bakalářskou práci byla vizuální zkušenost se samotnými filmy. V práci se proto vyskytují úseky, které popisují, co autor vidí na obrazovce. V těchto případech se autor snaží vyhnout jakémukoliv subjektivnímu názoru či hodnocení a pouze objektivně popisuje to, co vidí. Tato vizuální zkušenost je pro čtenáře podpořena obrázky v příloze. Jelikož se autor snažil dojít k co nejvíce relevantním zdrojům, pracoval také s dokumentárními filmy či video rozhovory se samotnými tvůrci. 6 Dále byly v této práci použity informace k jednotlivým dílům filmové série Godzilla, především z knihy Japan's Favorite Mon-star: The Unauthorized Biography of „The Big G“, jejímž autorem je Steve Ryfle, jenž zde uvedl řadu validních a velice obtížně dohledatelných informací. Bakalářská práce také vychází z knihy Richarda Rickitta Special Effects: The History and Technique. Na základě toho autor předpokládá znalost pojmů z oblasti speciálních efektů, které se v této práci objevují, a některé proto nejsou blíže vysvětleny. Autor uvádí v podkapitole 2.1 Názvosloví vlastní definici pouze tří základních pojmů, které jsou pro orientaci v textu zásadní. Stejně tak autor používá amerikanismy, které nebylo
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