Hypnotherapy Journal Issue 2 Vol 9 Summer 2009

Home , Autosuggestion, Hypnosurgery, Hypnotic susceptibility, James Braid (surgeon), John Elliotson, Suggestion

THE Hypnotherapy Journal Issue 2 Vol 9 www.hypnotherapists.org.uk Summer 2009

Life Lessons BRAID’S BACK! ‘Father of Hypnotherapy’ What Golf can stakes his claim on teach us Psychotherapy too

Website Secrets

What isn’t your web designer telling you?

Entrainment Dangers of manipulating brainwaves

moving therapy forward National Council for Hypnotherapy Address: PO Box 14542, Studley, Warwickshire, B97 9HH Phone / Fax: 0844 736 5806 / 0844 736 5762 Website: www.hypnotherapists.org.uk Email: [email protected] Contents Editorial...... 1 Committee News...... 2 Life Lessons from the Golf Course...... 9 Cognitive Hypnotherapy and Anorexia Nervosa ...... 12 Interview with Donald Robertson, NCH Research Director...... 20 Entrainment, Meditation, and Hypnosis...... 24 Secrets Your Web Designer Isn’t Telling You...... 30 CPD Diary, Noticeboard and Classified...... 32 Metaphor Corner...... 33 Book Reviews...... 36

The NCH Committee Chairman: Paul White Tel: 0208 647 9357 email: [email protected] Company Secretary: Martin Armstrong-Prior Tel: 0116 276 4911 email: [email protected] Marketing Director: Paul Howard Tel: 0208 647 9357 email: [email protected] Ethics Director: Trevor Silvester Tel: 01638 720020 email: [email protected] Technology Director: Rob Woodgate Tel: 0844 736 5806 email: [email protected] Research Director: Donald Robertson Tel: 01403 248266 email: [email protected] Development Director: John Harrington Tel: 0844 736 5806 email: [email protected] Supervision Director: Nick Cooke Tel: 0121 444 1110 email: [email protected] Ex-Officio Roles Administrators: Brenda Bentley and Margaret Wiggall Tel: 0844 736 5806 email: [email protected] training & Accreditation: John Harrington Tel: 0844 736 5806 email: [email protected] professional Standards: Jo-Anne Kelleher

Tel: 0844 736 5806 email: [email protected] & Local Studies courtesy of Manchester Archives illustration Cover Journal Editor: Rob Woodgate Tel: 01474 740724 email: [email protected]

The National Council for Hypnotherapy, established in 1973 under its former title “The Hypnotherapy Register”, represents the practice of Clinical Hypnotherapy as a discrete profession in its own right. Membership is open to those practitioners able to demonstrate appropriate knowledge, evidence of training and clinical experience relevant to the field. The NCH is a member of the UK Confederation of Hypnotherapy Organisations. bilities, so I’m really excited about the Editorial day, and I hope to see you there too.

Aside from my role as Editor, you probably noticed that my ‘old life’ has come back to haunt me and I have been press-ganged into the role of Technology Director for the NCH.

Phase I of the website redevelopment is now complete, and although we’ve tried to keep the look and feel of the old site intact, the ‘engine’ has been hey may take our tech- I’m also pleased to be able to show- completely rebuilt. niques, but they will never case some NCH member research. take ... our profession! The result is a site which will allow Lubna Yaqub’s dissertation on the use the NCH to more effectively manage T Sorry for that really bad of Cognitive Hypnotherapy protocols it’s membership as it grows, as well pastiche of ‘Braveheart’, but it seems in the treatment of Anorexia Nervosa as creating a platform to more effec- the Scottish are back - and they are helped earn her a 2:1 degree in tively communicate with members bringing the fight to mainstream psychology, and you can read edited and the public. psychotherapy who, for too long, extracts in this Edition. have rubbished our profession whilst Adapting to change is never easy - simultaneously stealing all the good Meanwhile, Patrick Jemmer takes us even for those of us in the business of bits from us. into the world of brainwaves, and change - but hopefully the transition examines the connections between has been reasonably painless for most I am of course referring to the launch types of brainwave and states of people so far, and thanks to everyone of the first (of many, I hope) books mind. for your support and patience as we published by the NCH, The Discovery iron out the last of the wrinkles and of Hypnosis: The Complete Writings He also explains how the use of the administrators get up to speed of James Braid the Father of Hypno- certain types of sound can enhance with the new systems. therapy, edited by our Research Direc- a subject’s ability to go into hypnosis tor, Donald Robertson and now avail- or meditative states by manipulat- Finally, as thoughts turn to summer able on Amazon. ing their brainwaves, and examines holidays, please spare a thought for some of the dangers (eye explosion, your Editor and keep your articles, As Donald is only too keen to point anyone?). book reviews, metaphors and case out, the importance of Braid cannot studies coming in. be underestimated. The undisputed Hopefully, this educational bonanza ‘Father of Hypnotherapy’, his work will whet your appetite for the Not only do they count towards your set the foundation for scientific Hypnotherapy Extravaganza later this annual CPD requirement, but having research and ‘evidence based’ prac- month. your work in print could be useful in tice in the face of the hocus-pocus your marketing (especially as we’re that surrounded the (then common) At the time of writing, there were starting to publish selected public practice of Mesmerism. just a few places left, so if you are interest articles on the NCH website reading this and haven’t yet booked too). That his work was out of print for your place, get on the phone to the so long is a travesty, but perhaps administrators and make sure you are Enjoy the read. not surprising - as his writings could not too late. prove once and for all that Hypno- Rob Woodgate therapy is the cradle from which all Having previously seen both market- modern psychotherapy originated. ing guru, Gary May, and Dr John Butler talk, I know we’re all in for a You can find out more by reading my treat. interview with Donald Robertson on page 20. Both left my mind reeling with possi-

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal general public, health organisations, Committee News and other professionals. On the other hand, a well-designed individual study which meets the established criteria for an empirically-supported treatment (EST) can potentially sway opinion as well. Most of the studies published in the field of hypnotherapy don’t meet this level of evidence, unfortunately.

I’ve just completed a Government- commissioned outcome study myself; fraction of NCH members actually it’s a follow-up to one published read research journals or are familiar about a year ago by our Coping with Research News with the evidence that already exists. Noise research team. (We found good Hence, the table I published in the evidence for the use of cognitive- Well, my second last journal from David Wark’s recent behavioural hypnotherapy in treating research news has article provides a summary of over noise-related stress and insomnia.) come around 30 well-designed individual studies It’s made me realise that the choice pretty quickly. My on hypnotherapy and explains the of client group and the goals of treat- last plea for input criteria used to judge their empirical ment are potentially crucial factors from NCH members value. Perhaps the most valuable type in determining the type of evidence resulted in one of research in terms of promoting produced. It’s probably much easier email response, hypnotherapy would not be the addi- to design CD scripts and treatment but there does seem to be a lot of tion of more clinical outcome stud- manuals, construct adequate control enthusiasm for research evidence, ies but more systematic reviews (and groups, or carry out follow-ups for etc., when I speak to people. Remem- meta-analyses) which pool data from some problems than for others. Perhaps ber that if you visit the NCH website, many individual studies to provide hypnotherapists should “start simple” you should be able to access my arti- stronger evidence for the efficacy and work their way up by undertak- cle entitled “How to find research on of hypnotherapy. These higher-level ing well-designed research in areas hypnotherapy?” where you will find reviews tend to have more influence that are easier to study than smoking links to some of the major search on other professionals, etc. cessation. The reduction of hyperten- engines for research abstracts, etc. sion by means of hypnotic-relaxation For instance, the currently-reported may be one such area. Incidentally, NCH currently have a (very) small pot smoking cessation protocols for contrary to popular opinion it’s not of money to help fund hypnotherapy and CBT necessary to have huge numbers research on hypno- are often very simi- of people in a study. The criteria therapy. We’re support- lar and share many for empirically-supported treating a study by an NCH components. Hypno- ments (ESTs) published by Chamb- member which has Hypnotherapy is a therapy alone lacks less & Hollon (1998) only require a recently completed and sleeping giant that a sufficiently strong total of twenty-five participants in a my recommendation needs to wake up! evidence base in randomised controlled study. Many has been that we await this area, for various hypnotherapy studies have slightly its publication, before historical reasons, but fewer than that… but arguably we considering other appli- it might be possible still have a much better evidence- cations for funding, so to construct a review base than most other psychological we can review the whole process from which pools recent data from all therapies, excepting CBT. So where start to finish. I think it would be help- psychological therapies for smok- does that leave us? ful to draft guidance for future stud- ing cessation and compares them ies based on what we learn. However, to pharmaceutical interventions like Hypnotherapy is a sleeping giant that should individual studies be our prior- Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) needs to wake up! In order to move ity? There are already many published and control measures. That sort of things forward, I think massive action research studies on hypnosis. My thing would perhaps be more likely may be required. In an ideal world, experience has been that only a tiny to shift the opinion of the media, we would all be working together

The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk to promote what we do, and have a opposed to the notion of an “altered” single forum where research topics or abnormal state of consciousness, can be discussed. Would it be too has helped by facilitating dialogue The James much to propose forming a division and sharing research. Indeed, there’s of NCH, a Faculty for Research & a general consensus that the “state Braid Society Evidence-Based Practice, which could versus nonstate” debate is the co-ordinate these things and central- central theoretical issue in the field The society is non-profit mak- ise resources? That would mean you, of hypnosis and the focus of much ing and offers an open invita- “the people”, ordinary jobbing hypno- research literature. Shouldn’t that tion to therapists to come along therapists, joining forces and chip- basic knowledge itself be part of any to one of its monthly meetings, ping in. Maybe there’s not enough core curriculum? Leaving these things whether members or not. support from members, though. How out of training simply widens the gap much do you guys want to change between researchers and practition- Annual subscription is a one- things? It would be a bit rubbish if we ers, which many people traditionally off payment of £30.Visitors are went to all the effort to create new see as a root cause of bad clinical welcome to come and “try out” resources and services and only two practice. the club before joining by just or three people used them. We should paying £7 entrance fee. care, though. More people are helped Perhaps the HPD should also be at the end of the day. The stronger revised to include more reference to Meetings are held in Central the evidence, the more confident the research methods? Another option London, upstairs at “The Car- therapists, and the more easily they would be to introduce an optional penters Arms”, 12 Seymour can promote and sell their services. Level 5 Advanced Hypnotherapy Place, W1H 7NE. Nearest tube Personally, I think the missing link is Practitioner Diploma (AHPD) which station Marble Arch. some way of getting the people who requires students to undertake a small are into research to talk to each other amount of additional advanced train- Talks cover a range of subjects and share resources and ideas prop- ing and to complete a major project of interest to anyone involved erly. such as the design of a treatment or in clinical hypnosis. Expert self-help manual for a condition of speakers are always welcome. The other point up for discussion right their choosing, based on a detailed now is “training standards.” UKCHO review of the relevant clinical and The meetings begin at 7.15pm are working on a new proposed core research literature. It seems likely that and end at 9pm on Thursdays. curriculum. Should this use terminol- hypnotherapists will need to up their ogy and concepts such as “abreac- game in the near future in response Dates for 2009: tion” and “hypnotic trance” or stick to to higher training standards being more neutral language? Few modern introduced among other modalities. Jun 18th psychologists would support Freud’s However, at post-diploma level, with Jul 23rd theory of abreaction, and the concept some experience under their belts, Sep 17th of “trance” has been abandoned by hypnotherapists are in a better posi- Oct 15th many leading hypnosis researchers tion to review the breadth of research Nov 19th in favour of “sociocognitive” and on a particular topic such as specific “cognitive-behavioural” theories of phobia or pain management, etc. It’s Chairman, Leila Hart hypnosis. The current draft standards, one thing producing research but 0207 4024311 I think, would effectively force every hypnotherapists need to be encour- individual training school to embrace aged to read it, and providing a Secretary, Fiaz Ayub a special state theory approach. qualification which requires more 0207 2864107 However, nonstate (“sceptical”) theo- advanced individual research on an rists, following the seminal research a major project would be one obvi- Membership, Margaret Sin- of psychologists such as Ted Sarbin ous way of getting more people into clair 0208 3956766 and Theodore Barber, emphasise the reviewing the state-of-the-art clinical multiplicity of factors contributing to literature and contemporary research www.jamesbraidsociety.com hypnotic responses and their “ordi- in a given area. nary” nature. The growing emphasis upon the overlap between hypnotism Having dealt with James Braid, so and the processes employed in CBT to speak, completed my research on and other psychological therapies, as CBT and hypnosis for noise-related

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal stress, and sent my book on Philos- CPD & Development External Verification News (April ophy & CBT off to the editors, I’m 2009) up to my neck in writing The Prac- The NCH Executive has developed the tice of Cognitive-Behavioural Hypno- way in which we run the Continu- Linda Spurr from the NCFE visited therapy, a book about evidence- ing Professional Development (CPD) a sunny Aberystwyth last week. Yet based clinical hypnosis written from programme. Our training schools are again she was impressed with the a nonstate perspective and champi- an extraordinary resource of dedicated quality of work produced by the HPD oning a “return to Braid”, by which professional trainers; the Executive felt candidates; this comment from Linda’s I mean a restoration of that this resource was External Verification report is a testi- the original values and Holders of the HPD being under utilised mony to the hard work of the NCH underlying concepts of (from June 2002 and that the current schools and students “The standard of hypnotherapy. Person- onwards) are now CPD programmes were presentation of work is excellent. The ally, I think Braid, our offering a limited portfolios are well organised, profes- forebear, if he could eligible to claim 45 range of options. We sional documents which are a pleas- speak to us nearly 150 points towards an will now be running ure to verify.” Samples of students’ years after his death, Open University BA the CPD programme work were taken from a number of would probably think in partnership with our schools over the past 6 months. Since modern hypnothera- or BSc degree Accredited Training the last External Verification, a further pists are a bit too stuck Schools. 141 people have gained the HPD! My in the past and we need to move on congratulations go out to the latest in certain respects. As a clinician and It is proposed that in order to partici- successes, all of which you can see vigorous experimentalist, he’d be pate in the new CPD programme each later in the Journal. dismayed at the massive gulf that still school may offer as many one day exists between researchers and practi- events as they wish; each event must Open University Credit Transfer tioners in the field of hypnosis. I really have approved NCH course content. hope this time of rapid change gives The NCH have recently been awarded us an opportunity to seize the prover- Each school will need to commit to a 45 “Credit Transfer” points at level bial bull by the horns and start intro- minimum of two free places on each 1 for the HPD qualification; this is ducing more and more new hypno- course for qualifying first year NCH a fantastic milestone! Holders of therapists to contemporary research full members. Eligibility for free places the HPD (from June 2002 onwards) and clinical literature as part of the must be confirmed by the school on are now eligible to claim 45 points curriculum of their basic training. receipt of an NCH ‘voucher’ presented towards an Open University BA or BSc by the delegate, this voucher is to be degree course. I would like to thank Donald Robertson forwarded by the school to the NCH. Fiona Biddle who was instrumental in starting this process off. Further All places and payments for courses details of how to claim the OU Cred- Training & Development will be administered directly by the its can be found on the OU website News school; all course fees will be retained www.open.ac.uk/credit-transfer or via by the school. the NCH website. By the time you read this I am sure All schools will receive free advertis- Future developments that we will all be ing for their CPD courses through- basking in a glori- out the year in our CPD section in There are some exciting developments ously warm the Journal, and free advertising in in the pipeline regarding training. summer! This our monthly e-bulletins or equivalent The HPD has existed in its current edition of the HJ CPD mailings. format since 2002 and as many of brings a lot of exciting news on the you know, there are a total of 86 training front. Firstly, as you may This is a very exciting new initiative Learning Outcomes! We are looking have noticed from the title, the Train- that will allow members to access to streamline the processes, with the ing & Accreditation role in the NCH a variety of CPD courses across the support and guidance from the NCFE, has been amalgamated with the CPD country. Details of all the courses to reduce the Learning Outcomes to & Development role; as a result I have available will be in the next edition of say 25 or 30. This will enhance what now become the Training & Develop- the Journal and on the NCH Website we have already achieved and create a ment Director. in the near future. more manageable process. It is envis- aged that the old and new style HPD

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hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal will sit side by side for say 18 months Criminal Records Bureau checks. The At this time we believe that Regula- as a transition period may be required issue that now arises is that with the tion itself will take place in anything for schools to adapt their courses setting up of the Independent Safe- between 12 and 36 months, regard- slightly. guarding Agency individuals may no less of which route we eventu- longer apply for enhanced disclosure ally take. During this time we will We are also looking into developing checks through this body. This has continue more or less as we are but an ‘Advanced Hypnotherapy Practi- come about as part of the implemen- we will start to provide the “Fitness tioner Diploma’; also supported and tation of the Safeguarding Vulner- to Practice” proofs and Professional accredited by the NCFE. This will able Groups Act 2006 that provides Standards provisions, until these are allow schools and students to further the legal structure for the ISA. taken over by the Regulator that we their learning and understanding are taken into (either the CNHC or the of advanced techniques. This may As from 26th July 2010, all new HPC). also create some wonderful research entrants to roles working regu- opportunities in the process. larly with vulnerable persons will be I hope this makes things clearer as to able to register with the ISA and be what is happening, especially regard- Verification deadlines: checked by them. Registration will be ing the role of that elusive and myth- phased in from 2010 to 2015, start- ical beast the ISA. • 30th June ing with new workers then rolling out • 31st August to existing workers. It is believed that Martin Armstrong-Prior • 31st October the scheme will focus on the Public • 31st December Sector (NHS) and ignore or defer the private sector. John Harrington UKCHO News The ISA will be responsible for decid- ing who shall be placed on the ‘Barred Apparently as the Secretary’s News List’, which will be developed from population of this List 99 and other similar lists. There planet increases will be 3 options open to the Barring then so does the As we watch the Committee: 1) Suspension, 2) Barring level of concern steady creep with right of appeal and 3) Barring on the vexed ques- towards Regula- with NO right of appeal. tion of how to tion, most eyes deal with the have been on the One thing that the Act also creates resultant increase in effluent. question of which is a new Duty to Share Information. form will it take: So any result of a Professional Stand- I must admit as the NCH representa- Voluntary under the CNHC or Statu- ard Procedure will have to be passed tive on UKCHO over the past three tory under the HPC. So, most of us to them. Any organization that fails years, I too have noticed this increased have forgotten the other part of regu- to do this will commit a Criminal effluence level especially surround- lation summed up by a phrase used in Offence. ing the whole vexed issue of regu- both areas; “Fitness to Practice”. lating the very diverse hypnotherapy The Act will also produce more community. There has certainly been In the governing documents of both Criminal Offences, e.g. working with a considerable amount of effluent the HPC and the CNHC, this phrase vulnerable people while unregistered stirring around the subject. has two areas: the knowledge and or barred. skill base of the practitioner and Let me state here and now that similar their probity. The first part will in As stated, we believe that we will not to any change affecting a large and the main, we believe, be satisfied be included in the scheme at least diverse group not everyone will get either by our existing standards or by until the 2nd wave and probably not what they asked for and nor would a ‘Grand Parenting’ period. It is the until all NHS staff members are in the it have been possible to deliver that. second part that I believe no one has scheme. So until then there will be a Hopefully the majority of our profes- yet given the attention it needs. By need for members to be able to have sion will agree with the increased ‘probity’ we mean that the practi- an enhanced check carried out and standards on professionalism and tioner is safe and of good standing. the provision of a Certificate. We are public safety that voluntary self To date this has been addressed in currently working on this service. regulation is set to bring. This in no the Public sector by means of regular way should interfere with the broad

The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk range of hypnotic styles and schools important that the right person is would hold out the hand of invita- on offer. Provided they comply with selected to steer hypnotherapy safely tion to our profession. This has not standards on public safety and stand- through the route to voluntary self happened nor does it seem likely to ards. regulation. be the case in the near future. So as another alternative, that leaves On 6 May this year I along with Thankfully and due to the past efforts single profession regulation, i.e. we others on the joint Hypnotherapy of UKCHO and the Working Group we go it alone. According to the Depart- Profession Forum met at the Oxford will be in a good position to progress ment of Health there is currently a & Cambridge Club in Pall Mall, to the next stage of voluntary self 10 year waiting period before any London. Our job was to whittle the regulation as we have already met single profession applications will be list of seven strong candidates (The most of the criteria suggested by considered. Costing for that option is PFIH received nearly 20 applications) the Prince of Wales’s Foundation for likely to be in line with other single for the position of independent lay Integrated Health (PFIH) for such body regulated professions, such as chair for the complementary regula- progression to be in place. chiropractors (currently an annual tory body dealing with hypnotherapy registration fee for each practitioner down to three candidates. We meet We hope to have our first forum meet- in the region of £1000 + per year). again in London on 24 June to select ing with the independent lay chair in and appoint a chair from the remain- position sometime during July. Simply doing nothing of course is ing three candidates. I must admit always an option, but that would I was very impressed by the calibre At the moment the Federal model is tend to increase the risk of the hypno- of applicant for this post. It ranged the only realistic route open to this therapy being seen as somewhat of a from captains of industry all the way profession. There are those amongst maverick profession, unregulated and through to doctors and professors. you who I know have held out hope unwashed. Our critics would have a Many of the applicants possessed a that the allied professions of psycho- field day with that one. recorded pedigree in either, conven- therapy and counselling themselves tional or complementary medical on a path of statutory regulation via So it seems now we are in the hands ethics and public standards. It is very the Health Professions Council (HPC) Professional Conduct Notice Richard Nicholls, Daventry Complaint, Decision and Sanction

On 27th November 2008 a formal complaint was brought against Richard Nicholls under Bye Law 1: The Code of Ethics and Conduct of Members of the Council. Clause 7, General Conduct: “Lack of courtesy towards other Health and Social Care professionals” together with Note 1(a)(7), specifically “Utilising their NCH Membership for purposes not sanctioned or approved by the NCH”. Mr Nicholls pleaded guilty to “Lack of courtesy towards other Health and Social Care professionals” AND “Acting in a manner either professionally and privately that would bring the NCH into disrepute”. Mr Nicholls pleaded not guilty to “Utilising their NCH Membership for purposes not sanctioned or approved by the NCH”. A sub-committee was drawn up to examine the file and to determine if there was sufficient evidence to support the allegation in the complaint to which Mr Nicholls pleaded not guilty, and it was found that there was insufficient evidence to bring a complaint against Mr Nicholls on this particular allegation. A further sub-committee was set up to decide on the sanction given to Mr Nicholls. It was agreed that Mr Nicholls will not be allowed to apply for an executive or Ex-Officio post for 3 years. This effectively bars him from holding any office in the NCH during this period.

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal of the Complementary & Natural Membership Subscription Information Healthcare Council (CNHC). They will be the Federal Regulator for many Dear Members, natural and complementary health professions including hypnotherapy At the Executive Committee meeting on March 6th it was decided to and acupuncturists. Their aim will be make some changes to the annual subscription. One major change to work with the existing Professional is that you can see when your annual subscription is due by logging Associations (PAs), the NCH and into the members section of the website. In some cases we did not others to agree on and improve on have your joining date so therefore your payment anniversary may be professional conduct, competencies inaccurate. Just drop us an email with the date that appears on your and training standards. They will work certificate and we will update your records accordingly. with Profession Specific Boards (PSBs) i.e. elected hypnotherapy profession- Annual Standing Order als representing the profession on standards for CPD policy and other From May 1st membership subscriptions collected by Annual Stand- matters. They will also work with the ing Order will be £70.00 a year. If you pay by annual standing order Department of Health and consult on you need to let your bank know about this change before your next performance indicators i.e. how well payment is due. We cannot do this for you as standing orders are and quickly the CNHC respond to completely under your control. complaints from the public about any registered practitioner from whatever Monthly Standing Order changes to Paypal discipline they represent.

To improve efficiency and simplify accounting procedures we have The CNCH has been funded by the decided to stop collecting monthly standing orders through the bank. Department of Health up to the end However, the good news is that you can set up a monthly payment of 2010 and aims to be self-funding through Paypal on the website. The monthly payment will be £6.00 by March 2011, by which time they and the first one at this rate will become due on your joining anniver- hope to be responsible for registering sary. Full instructions are in the members area of the website. When and regulating up to 10,000 comple- you have changed over to Paypal do not forget to stop your standing mentary and natural health care order with the bank. We cannot do this for you. professionals.

Renewing by cheque There will be a benefit to you as an NCH member. Registration will Send your cheque for £70.00 to NCH, PO Box 14542, Studley, Warwick- normally cost £15 for initial applica- shire, B97 9HH tion fee which will be waivered if you remain a member of the NCH or any Renewing by Credit Card other PA. The annual registration fee is £45 (early bird discount registration Phone Margaret or Brenda on 0844 736 5806 with your credit card fee £30) to be included on the CNHC details to pay £70.00. register. If you practice more than one discipline i.e. you happen to be a Annual fee for Supervisors homeopath or acupuncturist as well as a hypnotherapist then costs will be This will remain at £60.00 for the year, which runs from 1st January only £10 for each separate discipline to 31st December. This entitles you to an entry on the website and in above your main one registered. the journal. You can find more details at: www. 2nd Practice Listings chnc.org.uk

This continues at £20.00 per year. If you wish to set up an additional So this in no way means the death practice listing just log into your account and follow the instructions. knell for existing PAs such as the This can be paid through Paypal. NCH.

All PAs will be expected to offer

The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk profession specific advice, discounted insurance facilities through group Life Lessons from the Golf discounting, CPD programmes and most importantly provide professional support and advice to members who Course are unfortunate enough to face alle- gations against them by members of the public. Remember the CNHC is By Karl Morris being set up to protect the public. It is not there for the benefit of practitioners, only to ensure that they remain fit to practice. Practitioners will be supported by PAs such as the NCH. The CNHC indeed recommends ven though this article has a man who dropped out of college strongly that all registrants remain at its base the game of Golf but now has an influence over almost members of a PA such as the NCH for I am sure you would agree every one of us with his iconic Apple just that reason. that the points apply to Macs and iPods. EALL SPORT and ALL LIFE!! If you have been following this so far, Jobs said: you will begin to have an awareness Sometimes with the players that I that this not going to be an exclu- have worked with over the years I “For the past 33 years, I have sively top down relationship with have found it really useful to ‘look looked in the mirror every morn- the CNHC. The PAs such as the NCH outside’ of golf at other areas or ing and asked myself: If today were will have an opportunity to influence sports to come up with some possible the LAST day of my life, would I CNHC policy through the Profes- answers to what is frustrating them want to do what I am about to do sion Specific Boards and act to raise and getting in the way. In many ways today? And whenever the answer standards even further. This will not it is tough to change the system has been ‘NO’ for TOO many days be a static process. At a later date, for when you are in the system! We tend in a row, I know that I need to instance, if the hypnotherapy profes- to look for all of the answers in the change something... almost every- sion can muster sufficient broad usual places. thing – all external expectations, support to go for Statutory Regula- all pride, all fear of embarrassment tion then the work to get us onto the I remember one golfer who played at or failure – these things just fall Federal platform will not go wasted the European Tour level saying to me away in the face of death, leav- and it will help clear the way for such that he felt very scared of what might ing only what is truly important. a future advancement. happen on the course, to such a degree Remembering that you are going that he was literally ‘freezing’ over the to die is the best way I know to So in the final analysis voluntary ball and couldn’t even take the club avoid the trap of thinking that you self regulation of the hypnotherapy away from the ball. He had gotten to have something to lose.” profession is happening. It is my the point that he felt physically sick personal opinion that the standing of before he went out onto the course. He sat and read the note. Looked very our profession will rise as a result of It is amazing for us all how the mind serious for a while and I wasn’t sure these changes. can take things to such extremes that if I had pressed TOTALLY the wrong we can become so scared of some- button and he was about to say ‘that’s John Lawrence thing that in reality won’t actually kill it then I quit’ then a crack of a smile us. Our perspective narrows down to broke out on his face and he said. ‘I such a degree that we begin to see think I get what you mean’ things through a very tight lens. We lose the reasons why we started to “What do I REALLY have to lose? “ Got something to say? play the game in the first place and we completely detach ourselves from It reminded me of a wonderful exer- Whatever your view, email your any possibility of pleasure. With the cise the great American golf coach letters to me at: player in question I handed him what Fred Shoemaker has his players look I think is a brilliant piece of writing at. He calls it the ‘Last Round’ [email protected] and thinking from the founder of the Apple Corporation, Steve Jobs. This is If today you were about to now play

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal your very last round of golf EVER. Again I came across another piece of How worried would you be about the quite profound writing recently in a outcome? How much anxiety would book called the ‘4 Hour Week’ by Tim there be? Ferriss.

Yet how much would you cherish the Called the Slow Dance, it is obviously experience. about life in general but how much does it apply to us and our golf and The surroundings, the company the the way that we approach the game: opportunity to play? Have you ever watched kids on a In some ways to look at the game merry go round? in what is a seemingly morbid way Or listened to the rain slapping can actually set us free to just go and on the ground? INTERNATIONAL play. Just get back and reconnect to Ever followed a butterfly’s erratic the very reasons why we all started to flight? ACCREDITATION play the game in the first place. One Or gazed at the sun into the of the greatest delusions that we carry fading light? The National Guild of Hypnotists is around with us as human being is that You had better slow down. Don’t the oldest (founded in 1951) and this is going to last forever. That there dance so fast. largest professional society for is always going to be another round, Time is short. The music won’t hypnotherapists in the world. another day, another shot. Yet we all last. have a FINITE supply of games. None Do you run through each day on The NCH has negotiated a reciprocal of us thankfully know how many. But the fly? agreement with the NGH in the USA, there is a LIMIT for us all. When you ask: How are you? which currently has members in 40 Do you hear the reply? countries. Check their website at I am not for one minute saying that When the day is done do you lie www.ngh.net for more information results don’t matter. I have to produce in your bed. about their conferences and results with all the players or I get the With the next hundred chores publications. sack! Yet in a tunnelled vision approach running through your head? as to how we go about getting results You had better slow down. A 20% discount is available for your we often stop ourselves from achiev- Don’t dance so fast. first year’s membership, which brings ing anything AND we end of hating Time is short. The music won’t with it four editions of the Journal the game itself. I remember the great last. of Hypnotism and four editions of tennis legend Martina Navratilova Ever told your child, we will do the Hypno-Gram. saying ‘The moment of victory is SO it tomorrow? short, over with in an instant. You And in your haste, not see his If you would like to take advantage have to learn to ENJOY sorrow? of this opportunity please contact the process’ Ever lost touch, let a the NCH administrators for an “The moment of good friendship die application form. So how are YOU going victory is SO short, Cause you never had to approach your next over with in an time to stop and say round of golf? ‘Hi’ instant. You have You had better slow With the usual rituals to learn to ENJOY down. Don’t dance so that we all go through, the process” fast. the hope and the expec- Time is short. tation of a good day or The music won’t last are you perhaps going to view the When you run so fast to get next game through a slightly differ- somewhere, you miss half the fun ent lens? of getting there When you worry and hurry It all boils down to our concept of through your day, its like an time and how we actually USE our unopened gift just thrown away. time. Life is not a race.

10 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk Do take it slower Do you quicken up when things are For six holes what can you FEEL. Just Hear the music. going well? become REALLY aware of the sensa- Before the song is over! tion of the ground under your feet, Do you slow down too much when notice how you move, how you walk. No I haven’t gone all soft and senti- you are struggling? How your body actually FEELS. mental on you because I think there is a REAL message in the above not Classically what most golfers do The great aspect to this drill is that just for our golf but surely for the life during the 90% of NON GOLF is to to do this you need to be TOTALLY we live as well. get totally out of their NATURAL PRESENT to your experience. TIMING. Remember what we have said before, Be aware next time you play of you any time that you are focusing on The 90% walking pace, it WILL impact your your BODY you WILL by definition be swing tempo. IN THE MOMENT.

90% of the time that you are out on That however is NOT the real key I For most people they tend to find that the course you are not playing golf want to look at: ONE of the senses of SIGHT, SOUND and even though we have looked at or FEEL works better for THEM to this before I really want to go back keep them in the HERE and NOW. and work and remind you that this is TRULY an opportunity to improve the How ‘present’ are you? This is a WONDERFUL drill that really quality of your golf and more impor- allows us to maximise the 90%. tantly the quality of your EXPERI- ENCE. How much of the 90% do you actually The QUALITY of your 10% (GOLF) will spend in the PRESENT MOMENT? largely be determined by what you do Have you ever considered that when in the 90%. your swing doesn’t feel right? The very next time that you play golf I want you to split the round up into Karl Morris is Europe’s leading Golf Mind When your tempo is a little off and 3 sections in terms of the 90%. Coach, working with players at the highest you can’t put the club on the ball. level of the sport. For SIX holes as you walk in between What is it that is actually affecting shots just REALLY pay attention to He can be contacted via his website your rhythm? what you can SEE. What is it on the at www.golf-brain.com. He also has a course that you have never noticed new online coaching programme at: I am absolutely convinced that the before? www.golfmindfactor.com pace that we move in between shot does and will have a big impact on For six holes as you walk REALLY how we play. pay attention to what you can HEAR. What sounds come into your aware- Be aware of your walking pace. ness when you really let them? Become a Mind Factor Coach What would it be like to learn the same cutting edge tools & techniques that help the world’s best golfers, including Darren Clarke, Graeme McDowell and Lee Westwood, achieve peak performance? Train with Karl Morris and experience 4 wonderful days of learning and take advantage of an incredible future of opportunity. 2009 dates: 14th-17th November Central Manchester. Only £699+VAT when quoting reference HJ209 Find out more: www.golf-brain.com or 01925 764053 Please quote reference: HJ209

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 11 Cognitive Hypnotherapy this disorder is still in its infancy. and Anorexia Nervosa Discussion

By Lubna Yaqub The data used in this section are important because it looks at the psychological profile of Anorexia Nervosa patients, rather then solely their relationship with food or exam- ining therapy that concentrates on Editor’s Note: The following article is extracted ture review). It will focus on the role food and getting them to eat which is from Lubna’s Psychology dissertation, for of rapport, identity values and how a crucial because as (Keskai- Rahkonen which she was awarded a 2:1 Honours. If you trance phenomena called sensory dis- et Tozzi, pg 238:2005) note, patients would like to read the full paper, please contact tortion is highly relevant to the treat- who recover do not talk about the Lubna: [email protected] ment of Anorexia Nervosa, which are weight gain made, they talk about all fundamental principles in Cogni- their identity and self esteem in rela- recent qualitative analy- tive Hypnotherapy. It will use evidence tion to the world around them. sis of why women suffer- to clarify much of the misconception ing from traumatic stress about the nature and use of hypno- While an overwhelming amount of sought ‘I need to talk about sis and the role it must endeavour to literature exists on anorexia nervosa, Ait’ treatment choice over pharmaco- strive for in the future as a notable only a scarce amount does on the logical treatment signifies the crucial scientific measure. There are many psychological profiling of Anorexia element of ‘talk therapies’ in effec- models of hypnotherapy, including Nervosa, Stein et al (2002), and how tive recovery (Angelo, Miller, Zoellner, psychodynamic hypnotherapy, cog- anorexics define themselves or the Feeny, 2008: Bedi et al ,2000). How- nitive behavioural hypnotherapy or identity that appears to emerge from ever effective psychotherapy treat- Ericksonian hypnotherapy Bates. Ed the very words they write. If you ment in anorexia nervosa has been Rhue, Lynn, Kirsch (2001). The cog- analyse the data from a Finnish eating ambiguous to correlate and discuss, nitive hypnotherapy model Silvester disorders website you may notice leaving the British Psychological So- (2003) will be assessed and future identity beliefs are scattered through ciety to endure that psychotherapy proposed trials will be suggested for the words the patients write: ’I feel I is needed, yet what kind, at what the treatment of anorexia nervosa am a fat ugly slob, I hate anorexia!!’ stages, and how long should it take utilising this model. It will also look A Cognitive hypnotherapist would are all questions left debatable. Fair- at how the lack of rapport is a key use the relation of what these words burn (2005) asked the question, ‘is issue and contributes mean and how they evidence based treatment of anorexia to a high percentage of affect the patient, so nervosa possible?’ The conclusion why patients drop out Those suffering what does being a fat read, ‘barely’. Review and analysis of or relapse during treat- slob mean – (c>e) cause psychotherapy under the scientific re- ment and how cognitive from anorexia and effect - what is the quirements prove difficult. Zandian, hypnotherapy has a role nervosa have a effect of being a fat ugly Loakimidis, Bergh, Södersten (2007) to assist in diminishing very real fear of slob? And how does she conclude the chance of recovery is this factor. failure KNOW she is a fat ugly less than 50% in 10 years, about 25% slob? These identifica- remain ill and the mortality varies Even though there tion statements show between 0 and 25%. This review will are more similari- how perception of real- aim to look at qualitative data from ties between bulimia and anorexia ity is all subjective to the patient; those suffering with anorexia nervosa nervosa, therapeutic treatments have eventually, by asking the right ques- and clinical interpretation of these been found to be more effective in tions, the client will lead you from symptoms. Evaluating then, how the the treatment of bulimia. No causal how they do not want to feel : ‘I feel nature of cognitive hypnotherapy can understanding of the disorder has yet I am fat and ugly’ to how they want seek to intervene where psychothera- been substantiated and therefore the to feel, ‘I feel like a winner. Life feels py relapses in the many primal areas effective way to treat this disorder, much better now’. It is this part of of the disorder (as stated in the litera- with an understanding at the core of the recovery process where affirma-

12 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk tions using core identity beliefs from ous eating disorder centres contribut- the patient are so vital that they are ing to relapse and participants who widely explored in cognitive hypno- dropped out:- dissatisfaction with Core Identity therapy. An example is demonstrated services and treatments offered. It below in a dialogue between thera- has been suggested the cause of this pist and patient: lies in these areas: lack of rapport In the cognitive hypnotherapy text: between therapist and patient and Word Weaving volume 11: The Ques- Cognitive Hypno- the lack of empathic tion is the Answer it states: therapist: if you understanding from could make a state- the therapist. As cited ‘clients have all the resources ment that you’d like Rather than argue in Kroger (1977:137) they need to solve their problems, to be true in the with you in the it is the function of the therapist to future, which, if it Rosenthal and utilise the clients’ potential, not to was, would mean session, they will Frank state the provide the answer’ (pg11:2006). you’d be free of your apparently listen importance of problem, what would and agree, but then rapport between You can therefore ask the right ques- you say? Begin with continue losing weight patient and thera- tions to get the answers to identify I… pist ‘“he efficacy of the values, beliefs and identity from any particular set of Anorexia Nervosa patients that are Client: I am able to theoretic operation their own issues disorder without the feel... (the language used must come lies in their analogy to a placebo therapist analysing them from their from the client not the therapist; this in that they enhance the therapists perspective. enhances trust and rapport and over- and patients conviction that some- comes resistance). thing useful is being done’”. Findings from a study carried out by (Jones et al, 2005) correlated answers Through this data emerges a defi- In other words Kroger stipulates all from two groups of participants, one nite identity value that these patients effective psychotherapy and cognitive suffering from an eating disorder have in common, so it is advisable to hypnotherapy depends on the role of both bulimia and anorexia nervosa address that rather then the issue of rapport. So much therefore of cogni- and the other a group who had getting them to eat, because food is tive hypnotherapy and NLP define recovered participants. Their findings almost the last step they will want to themselves as rapport based thera- demonstrated, address in the first stages of therapy. pies, where they mirror the client’s behaviour in many ways and as the ‘that women who are suffer- Another belief system inherent in a brain signals and recognises these ing from an eating disorder can patient is the idea ‘I think of myself patterns of mirroring behaviour, be differentiated from those who as either clever or stupid’. Those patients unconsciously build rapport believe themselves to have recov- suffering from anorexia nervosa have as well as consciously. The role of ered in terms of their core beliefs.’ a very real fear of failure; this notion rapport should not be underestimated pg 241:2005 of being scared of failure is quite as demonstrated below; trust is a vital common of core identities that come component of effective therapy: Eventually this identity value mani- through in therapy. For an in depth fests in to behaviour where, view on this core identity value see ‘Patients with anorexia nervosa Silvester (2006). tend to want to please and so will ‘In the longer term it results in avoid expressing irritation, anger some people beginning to define or rebellion directly. Rather than themselves in terms of anorexia argue with you in the session, they nervosa’ (Garner et al., 1997). Rapport will apparently listen and agree, but then continue losing weight.’ They describe their identity as being Treasure ET Ward (pg 103:1997). intrinsically associated with dietary As discussed in the review, lack of restriction and `being anorexic’. rapport was identified as a factor The amount of research carried out This linking of identity and disorder of drop out during treatment for in effectively maintaining rapport is contributes further to the disorder’s Anorexia Nervosa. Yager et al. (1989) therefore an achievement in cognitive egosyntonic character. ‘‘My boyfriend illustrate a crucial factor that was hypnotherapy. The role of core iden- ... once accidentally said that I am apparent in reports issued from vari- tity beliefs will now be discussed. fat. That didn’t help me in the recov-

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 13 ery process.’ as a negative age progression, so is evant. This enables a better relation- not advisable in the cognitive hypno- ship between client and therapist, it These statements emphasise the issue therapy model. ensures the therapeutic relationship of low self esteem in patients, where is carried out through all sessions. their awareness that others portray A core identification in the cogni- Cognitive hypnotherapy is not only them as failures or not good enough. tive hypnotherapy model is how the a talk therapy; it is essentially about This is not related to food this is patients/clients problems do not have changing the client’s perception related to the many stimulus in their to be true, the only whether it is their environment, such as the interaction perception of events negative emotions or they have with others. that matter are the negative memories patients, irrespec- The view, ‘I am a that lead to negative This is a key problematic feature, tive of whether they recovered anorexic’ beliefs. Once this has where by labelling the patient, you are true or not. This been evaluated, the effectively integrate ‘I am an anorexic’ is a key distinction can be considered next step is known in the core identity and belief system, between the old a negative age as the process of de– and this may be associated with school therapy preva- progression, so is not identification begins, reduced likelihood of seeking psychi- lent in psychotherapy advisable whereby the eating atric help later (Brinch et al., 1988, and new ideas shap- behaviour is sepa- Malson et al.). ing how the patient’s rated from the indi- view of reality are the vidual, this is because only ones that matter because ulti- one can note how those suffering mately it is those views that will be with anorexia personify their disorder, Key Character Resolution accepted by the therapist, ensuring as portrayed below. A key statement more rapport and also linguistically from an anorexic from a pro-Ana site reframing them in trance to positive as cited in Hamersley ET Treseder Childhood experiences in creating affirmations. It has been suggested (2007) demonstrates this: values, identity and belief that remain with them as adults are highly rele- ‘While Freud was interested in ‘No one can take Ana from me, vant; cognitive hypnotherapy states facts, Adler was interested in clients’ no one!’ 95% belief and identity is deciphered beliefs about facts. Phenomenol- in childhood. ogy suggests that clients are in a This statement is evidence of portray- process of becoming, which is the ing how patients personify the ‘Almost all, if not all, limit- foundation for Rogers’s person anorexia and it is common in the ing beliefs about self, others or centred psychotherapy. Neverthe- quantitative data researched. Cogni- life form during childhood’ word less, Smith does not connect the tive hypnotherapy recognises this as a weaving volume 11 (pg169:2006) notion of phenomenology to the trait and explores the notion of how larger area of counselling psychol- to successfully utilise it as an aid in This is also parallel to the evidence ogy...’ Sapp (pg 109:2006) treatment, because if it is a positive suggested in (Young, 1990) where comfort for the patient to identify core beliefs manifest into self defeat- This is important to treating eating with anorexia in this way, by simply ing beliefs that occur when dysfunc- disorders because acknowledging to them that it is tional interactions with significant wrong will not succeed and will break others in childhood and act as a what ‘each person’s reality is subjec- rapport. Young calls a ‘template’ for develop- tive, it is created by that person’s ing later behaviours, thoughts, feel- own mind, and the purpose of any ings and relationships hypnotic suggestion is to change The Role of ‘Trance’ that person’s perception of that Studies have identified the impor- reality’ tance of core beliefs in the psychopathology of eating disorders (e.g. Silvester (pg 3:2006) The key fundamental that contrasts Leung, Waller, & Thomas, 1999, 2000; hypnotherapy to psychotherapy is Waller, Dickson, & Ohanian, 2002; This is also true of the way cognitive the phenomena known as trance. It Waller, Ohanian, Meyer, & Osman, hypnotherapists perceive all memories has been defined in numerous ways, 2000)’pg 238:2005. The view, ‘I am a - that they are interpretations - and extensively written about (Kallio et recovered anorexic’ can be considered whether they are true or false is irrel- Revonsuo 2003), and empirically

14 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk been studied (Hilgard, 1973). States The other factor as to why trance is cleansing would be seen to be effec- of consciousness are of predominate effective is because of the chemical tive rather then talking about their interest to psychologists. The reason reaction deep relaxed state breathing problems and eating disorder. There it has been left to the final part of produces in individuals. The research is nothing unconscious about the this research study is because it is the into breathing and the effect it has core identity values anorexics carry role of trance that lends itself to break on health has come from numerous around. They carry these core beliefs the final resistance between wanting western and eastern researchers that in their conscious everyday state, but to get better and getting better. include philosophical understanding this ‘unconscious’ working through behind why breathing is so effective. the therapy adds a better effect of Up to 90% of the population respond However this should not undermine rapport and that something is being to at least some hypnotic suggestions the research if it is evident. Endor- done to retransform the eating (Kirsch et al. 1995). By putting some- phins are neuro-peptides in the disorder that has been around for a one in a relaxed state through sugges- opiate receptor which are released period. tion and focusing on this relaxed during breathing. Suggested evidence state, one breaks down a resistant as to why breathing is important is In this type of research work, it state and leave the client more recep- demonstrated when shallow breath- is paramount to read a cognitive tive to suggestion. The more recep- ing in anxiety increases anxiety hypnotherapy script dealing with the tive the better. symptoms and restlessness (Conrad disorder, because whilst no two of et al, 2007) and one should consider the same scripts will ever be used it For the purpose of how we are using that Anorexia Nervosa patients often will give the reader a better view of trance in this study, it is parallel to the experience anxiety symptoms. Shal- how trance phenomena are essen- definition cited in Kirsch et al (1995), low breathing is therefore an indica- tial in reframing the negative events Non-state theorists do not deny that tor of stress and anxiety and so those and identities that shape the anorex- suggestions, in and out of hypnosis, who recognise that deep breathing ic’s world. Rapport and trance have produce changes in experience. Nor can release endorphins and provide been discussed, now trance phenom- do they deny that the experience of a relaxed state can transform stress- ena and its effective use in treating being in a trance is produced in many ful states in patients whilst in their Anorexia Nervosa will be discussed. subjects, Kirsch et al (pg 667:2004). therapeutic settings.

In summary, self identity values, age Trance and the progression and positive sugges- Sensory Distortion Treatment of Change tions are necessary therapy methods in cognitive hypnotherapy in treat- The mind is extraordinary in present- ing eating disorder patients, and are ing the illusion of truth. All we have By putting someone in a relaxed state therefore more effective when applied is our perception of reality, it is through suggestion and focusing on in this least resistant state known as subjective, and this is evident in iden- this relaxed state, you break down a trance. It enables the client/ patient tifying different trance phenomena resistant state and leave the client to focus and have selective attention present in our everyday language. more receptive to suggestion or ‘let on getting better. The most common, being sensory go’ M.J Batty et al (2006). An excel- distortion, which is present in those lent study by Raz et al (2005) obtained ‘‘Therapy won’t help, unless you are suffering from Anorexia, as demon- evidence for this. They found ACC and ready to recover deep down inside.” strated below in this statement: visual areas presented reduced activity This was the view of an anonymous in highly hypnotizable subjects. Scalp patient with an eating disorder. By ‘The client focuses attention on electrode recordings in these subjects giving the patient an experience that the stomach, and feels bloated or also showed a decrease in posterior somehow their unconscious behaviour fat following the smallest mouth- activation under suggestion, indicat- has been dealt with during a hypnotic ful of food. She can also distort ing visual system alterations. They session, tends to suggest treatment is the taste of food into something illustrated that suggestion affects more likely to be effective because horrible, and numb the feeling of cognitive control by ‘modulating the patient believes a powerful inner hunger’ Silvester (pg 98:2003). activity in specific brain areas, includ- change is occurring from deep within ing early visual modules, and provide the mind, and this is often needed Age progression is another trance a more scientific account relating sometimes in their opinion. Especially phenomenon that can be extracted the neural effects of suggestion to if the disorder has been present for in language with those suffering placebo.’ Raz et al (pg 9978:2005). such a long time and so only deep from an eating disorder that will be

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 15 explored. The patient claims, “I have she is not having to focus on weight, Nervosa symptoms. Therefore it is at accepted that I will always remain not having to weigh herself, or focus the cognitive hypnotherapist’s discre- [sic] a recovered eating disorder (best on how much she’s weighed. Posi- tion to ethically direct the patient scenario): all this has deeply and tive age progression is a vital part of to change and recover in a suitable incredibly influenced my personality suggestions provided in trance. therapeutic setting along with medi- (not just negatively, because of this cal assistance if needed. I am also softer, more understanding, more reflective). As a recovering anorexic, I’m trying to rebuild my new Summary everyday life ... no scale in the house, Conclusion no calorie counting, no starvation, Trance phenomena can be used in no compulsive exercise. I’m going to hypnotic word weaving suggestions get rid of all foolish and unnecessary to reverse what the client is experi- The purpose of this study was to habits that maintain and remind me encing. By using what the client has identify which effective psycho- of my illness.” said you are not imposing how you therapy treatments were available feel the client should improve, they in treating anorexia nervosa. As the The patient is future age progressing have to be her or his own words and research continued, it was clear to where even though she is a recovered ideas. This is another way to ensure identify certain key areas that chal- anorexic, her core identity belief still rapport. This reason of rapport keeps lenged psychotherapy in its treatment revolves around the disorder. These being reiterated because it really is of the disorder, and unfortunately ‘unnecessary’ habits are necessary to essential in the patient changing for patients suffering it relapse and the patient which is why she expresses behaviour. Because anorexics are dropping out seemed an answer. This eating disorder behaviours; therefore strong willed perfectionists who enjoy study has endeavoured to suggest this has not been identified by her or being in control and will not be told the effective use of cognitive hypno- the therapist, which is prevalent as a what to do, a relationship needs to be therapy, with the effect of rapport, predictor of relapse in Anorexia. established between therapist and trance phenomena and trance in patient. This section of the disserta- treatments to come for this disorder. Relapse is extraordinarily high in tion has provided evidence of three All research is a stepping stone, but Anorexia Nervosa once out of remis- forms of trance phenomena and their whether one comes from the school sion, by identifying that this patient use in the treatment of Anorexia of psychotherapy or cognitive hypno- is age progressing and illustrat- Nervosa. To summarise therefore: therapy - ‘The ultimate aim is for the ing that recovering from treatment client to say “I am Zoë, and that is has not equipped her to cope with 1. Age progression - taking her into more than enough.” Silvester HPD the negative emotions that are still the future so she can feel/see/embed Quest Institute (2008), rather than to there even if she has put on weight. feeling healthy, loving herself and in focus on their past or recovered state. Because the emotional distress was control with a much higher level of “I am Zoë, and that is more than not addressed in the first place, it was self esteem. enough”, illustrates just told to change, it has projected anorexics can regain how anorexics can into her recovery. It can therefore be 2. Positive hallucina- regain their own self predicted that this mental attitude tion – to see herself their own self power power and self esteem leads to relapsed behaviour. in the mirror in what- and self esteem without centering ever way would moti- without centring their recovery around vate her to continue their recovery around being a recovered Positive and Negative to improve. anorexic. A future Hallucination being a recovered proposed study is for 3. Sensory distor- anorexic a cognitive hypno- tion – to feel food as therapy research and Positive and negative hallucination something light and training institute such are also trance phenomena cogni- comfortable. as the Quest Institute to collect data tive hypnotherapists use; an exam- and present findings in eating disor- ple would be when an anorexic looks Within the context of core iden- ders case studies, by either illustrating in the mirror but sees herself as fat tity beliefs, there will be a cluster them as quantitative or qualitative when she is in fact emaciated. It is of issues connected to Anorexia data. This is of paramount impor- the therapist’s duty to aid the patient Nervosa. It is evident that OCD and tance for the establishment of what is in the kind of age progression where depression overlap within Anorexia essentially seen as a holistic or alter-

16 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk the Basis of Personality. United States. Meta Silvester, T. (2006) Word weaving volume 11: THE native therapeutic paradigm. Publications. QUESTION IS THE Anorexia NervosaSWER. James L. Werth, Jr., Kimberly S. Wright, Rita J. United Kingdom. Amolibros: T J International REFERENCES Archambault and Rebekah J. Bardash. 2003. Ltd. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnos- When Does the “Duty to Protect” Apply with a Sheehan, P. W, & Perry, C. W. (1976). Methodologies tic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Client Who has Anorexia Nervosa? The Coun- of hypnosis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (4th Ed.). Washington DC. selling Psychologist 31; 427 Smith, M. L. Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980) The American Psychiatric Association. (2000a). Diag- Kallio S, Revonsuo A (2003) Hypnotic phenomena benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: nostic and statistical manual of mental disor- and altered states of consciousness: a multi- Johns Hopkins University Press. ders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: level framework of description and explanation. Sorbi S, Nacmias B, Tedde A, Ricca V, Mezzani B, American Psychiatric Press. Contemporary Hypnosis Rotella CM (1998): 5-HT2A promoter polymor- American Psychiatric Association. 20: 111–64. phism in anorexia nervosa. Lancet 351:1785. (2000b). Practice guideline Kaye WH (1997): Relapse Spanos, N. P., & Chaves J. F (1991) History and for the treatment of patients Prevention with Fluox- Histography of hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn& J. with eating disorders (2nd etine in Anorexia Nervosa: W Rhue (eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current Ed.). Washington, DC: ‘The ultimate aim is A Double-Blind Placebo- models and perspectives (pp.43 – 78). New Author. Controlled Study. Program York: Guilford Press. Angelo, F., Miller, H., Zoellner, for the client to say and Abstracts on New Stein, D., Kaye, W. H., Matsunaga, H., Orbach, I., L., Feeny, C. (2008) “I need Research, 150th Annual Har-Even, D., Frank, G., McConaha, C. W., to talk about it” a qualitative “I am Zoë, and that is Meeting of the American & Rao, R. (2002). Eating-related concerns, analysis of trauma- exposed more than enough.” Psychiatric Association, mood, and personality traits in recovered women’s reason for treat- San Diego, CA, May 17– bulimia nervosa subjects: A replication study. ment choice Behaviour Ther- 22, 1997. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, apy 39 13-21. Keel, P.K., Mitchell, J.E., 225–229. Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1982). Miller, K.B., Davis, T.L., & Theander, S. (1985). Outcome and prognosis of Reframing. Neuro linguistic Crow, S.J. (1999). Long- anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Some results of programming and the transformation of mean- term outcome of Bulimia Nervosa. Archives of previous investigations, compared with those of ing. Andreas, S., and Andreas, C. (Eds). Moab. General Psychiatry, 56, 63– 69. a Swedish long-term study. Journal of Psychi- Utah: Real People Press Keel, P. K., Dorer, D. J., Franko, D. L., Jackson, atric Research, 19, 493–508. Batty, M., Bonnington, S., Tang, B-K., Hawken, B, S. C., & Herzog, D. B. (2005). Post remission Treasure, J., Ward, A. (1997) A Practical Guide to M., Gruzelier H, J. (2006) Relaxation strategies predictors of relapse in women with eating the and enhancement of hypnotic susceptibility: disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, Use of Motivational Interviewing in Anorexia EEG neurofeedback, progressive muscle relaxa- 2263−2268. Nervosa European Eating Disorder Rev. 5: tion and self-hypnosis Brain Research Bulletin Kennedy, S. H., McVey, G., & Katz, R. (1990). Person- 102±114, 1997 71 83–90 ality disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia Wegner, M, D. (2004) Précis of The illusion of Bedi, N., Chivlers, C., Churchill, R. Dewey, M., nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research. conscious will Behavioural and brain sciences. Duggan, C., Fielding, K., Gretton, V., Miller, Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Costantini- 27, 649–692 P., Harrison, G. Lee, A., & Williams, I. (2000). Ferrando, M. F., Alpert, N. M., & Spiegel, D. Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., First, M. B., & Spitzer, R. Assessing effectiveness of treatment of depres- (2000). Hypnotic visual illusion alters color L (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for sion in primary care: partially randomised pref- processing in the brain. American Journal of DSM-III-R (SCID): II Multisided test reliability. erence trial. British journal of psychiatry, 1777, Psychiatry, 157, 1279–1284. Archives of General Psychiatry. 312- 318. Kramer et al. (2002) Remission, Recovery, Relapse, Wolinsky, S. (2007) Trances People Live Brambles Crowther, J. H., & Sherwood, N. E. (1997). Assess- and Recurrence book. ment. In D. M. Garner & P. E. Garfinkel (Eds.), in Eating Disorders: Conceptualization and Illustra- Zanadin, M., Bergh, C., Sodersten, P. (2006) Under- Handbook of treatment for eating disorders tion of a Validation Strategy Journal of Clinical standing eating disorders. Hormones and (pp. 34-49). New York: Guilford Psychology, Vol. 58(7), 833–846 behaviour 50 (2006) 572-578 Clausen, L. (2004). Review of studies evaluating Lynn, S., Fassler, O., Knox. J. (2005) Hypnosis and psychotherapy in bulimia nervosa: The influ- the altered state debate: something more or ence of research methods. Scandinavian Jour- nothing more? Contemporary Hypnosis. Vol. nal of Psychology 22, No. 1, 2005 pp. 39–45 Crowther, J. H., Lilly, R. S., Crawford, P. A., & Shep- Mcintosh, Jordan et Carter. Three Psychotherapies herd, K. L. (1992). The stability of the Eating for Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized, Control- Disorder Inventory. International Journal of led Trial (Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:741–747) Eating Disorders, Pertschuck,M. J, Edwards, N., et Pomerleau, O,F. Ferguseon, C. P et Pigott, T., A. (2001) Anorexia and 2000 A Multiple-Baseline Approach to Behav- Bulimia Nervosa: Neurobiology and Pharmaco- ioural Intervention in Anorexia Nervosa Behav- therapy behaviour Therapy 31, 232%263 iour Therapy 9, 368--376 (1978) Felten, D. (1993). The brain and the immune system. Russell, J., Meares, R. 1997. Paradox, persecu- In B. Moyers (ed.) Healing and the mind. New tion and the double game: Psychotherapy in York: Doubleday. anorexia nervosa. Australian and New Zealand Garfinkle P. E. & Garner, D. M. (1982). Anorexia Journal of Psychiatry, 31:5, 691 — 699 QUOTE-NOTES Nervosa: a Multi-Dimensional Perspective. New Russell, G. Szmukler, G. I., Dare, C. &Eisler , I. York: Brunner/Mazel. An evaluation of family therapy in anorexia Garfinkle P. E., Moldofsky, H. & Garner D. M. (1980). nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Archives of The identity of one changes The heterogeneity of anorexia nervosa. Archives general psychiatry, 44, 1047-1056 (1979) “with how one perceives reality. of General Psychiatry, 37(9), 1036–1040. Sapp, M. (2006) The Strength-Based Model for Herrman, Saxena & Moodie 2004b Promoting Counselling At-Risk Youths The Counselling Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Psychologist 34; 108. Practice. WHO. ” Sharp, C. W., and Freeman, C.P.L (1993). The Medi- Vithu Jeyaloganathan Hoskins, M., Stoltz, J. (2005) Fear of offending: cal Complications of Anorexia Nervosa. British disclosing researcher discomfort when engag- Journal of Psychiatry 162, 452”462 ing in analysis Qualitative Research; 5; 95. Schork, E. J., Eckert, E. D. & Halmi, K. A. (1994). Hilgard ER (1973) The domain of hypnosis: with The relationship between psychopathology, some comments on alternate paradigms. Amer- eating disorder diagnosis, and clinical outcome ican Psychologist 28: 972–82. at 10-year follow-up in anorexia nervosa. James, T., Wyatt. W. (1989) Time Line Therapy and Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 113–123.

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 17 -

The National Council for Hypnotherapy presents a Hypnotherapy Extravaganza 20th June 2009 The Royal Society of Medicine 1 Wimpole Street, London, W1G 0AE

This is not just an opportunity to meet with colleagues and to be entertained, educated and informed; this is also an opportunity to learn how the most successful people in business achieve their success. Of course you can be the best therapist in the world, but if nobody knows about you, your talents are wasted. For this reason we want to help to maximise your client base. Put simply, if you don’t get at least 1 extra client per week we would have to ask you if you were paying attention during the day.

Each topic will be presented by internationally renowned experts in their field, some of the ideas you will find challenging and some of the practical demonstrations fascinating.

Subjects covered will include Consciousness Hypno-surgery and Pain Control Marketing CBT Voluntary Self-Regulation Speakers Professor Susan Blackmore BA MSc PhD Dr John Butler PhD (Lond.), MBSH, CHT, MA, BA(Hons.), BSc(Hons.), FNRHP Dr David Kato PhD. DCH. DHP. C.ht Gary May & Steve Mills - SAQQARA Maggy Wallace, coChair, CNHC (Complementary Natural Healthcare Council) -

Professor Sue Blackmore is a psychologist and writer researching consciousness, memes, and anomalous experiences, and a Visiting Professor at the University of Plymouth. She has a regular blog in the Guardian, and often appears on radio and television. Her book The Meme Machine (1999) has been translated into 13 other languages and more recent books include a textbook Consciousness: An Introduction (2003) and Conversations on Consciousness (2005). Ten Zen Questions was published in March 2009. She is a thought provoking and controversial speaker.

Dr John Butler is a highly regarded hypnotherapist with over 28 years and over 30,000 hours of practice as a successful clinical practitioner. He is an instructor in hypnosurgery, teaching clinical hypnosis applications to surgeons and anaesthetists in a course accredited by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. He has made more than 20 television appearances as an expert in hypnotherapy with several programmes focussing on his use of hypnotherapy as an anaesthetic for chronic pain and in invasive surgeries.

Dr. David Kato is internationally known and is the renowned UK expert on depressive disorders. He provides lectures seminars and workshops to medical departments in universities, hospitals and to varied clinicians and physicians in the UK & USA. He has been using CBT in his own practice for 15 years with great success.

Founders of The Business Acceleration Company, SAQQARA, Steve Mills & Gary May are sharing their knowledge and experience with NCH members, inspiring change and delivering results. Having been consulted by and worked with business leaders, top telecoms companies to business start ups, their successes are not only proved but sustainable. With their strategies companies have gone on to receive accolades and successes such as: Sunday Times/Virgin Fast Track 100 and National Business Awards.

Maggy Wallace, CoChair CNHC, has a substantial background in professional education, the health service and professional regulation in the UK and internationally. CNHC's mission is to support the use of complementary and natural healthcare as a uniquely positive, safe and effective experience. CNHC key purpose is to protect the public by means of regulating practitioners on a voluntary register for complementary and natural healthcare practitioners.

We are holding a members dinner in the evening to finish off this Prices incredible day. It is only open to NCH members. The numbers for the Delegate - NCH member ...... £50 dinner are strictly limited so book early to avoid disappointment. Delegate - Non NCH member ...... £100 Evening member dinner ...... £36 All prices exclude VAT Don’t delay Originally this was only open to NCH members. Attendees are However it is now open to non-members. So make sure you get in quick, as space is now very limited. awarded with a To book go to 7 hour CPD www.hypnotherapists.org.uk/event certificate. 0844 736 5806 found it surprisingly difficult. Neuryp- Interview with Donald nology, without any notes or section headings, is difficult to follow, and it was a pain in the neck trying to track Robertson, NCH Research down his other writings. I soon realised that although Braid’s writings are Director very old-fashioned, he was way ahead of his time in adopting a vigorously scientific and “common sense” attitude to hypnotism. In fact, Braid was By Rob Woodgate aggressively empirical in his approach. I thought, “Thank God, at least the guy who invented hypnotism had his “I beg farther to remark, if my theory and pretensions, as to the nature, head screwed on the right way!” Over cause, and extent of the phenomena of nervous sleep [hypnotism] have the years, as a trainer, I realised that none of the fascinations of the transcendental to captivate the lovers of even experienced hypnotherapists the marvellous, the credulous and enthusiastic, which the pretensions attending advanced trainings were and alleged occult agency of the mesmerists have, still I hope my views woefully ignorant of the basis of their will not be the less acceptable to honest and sober-minded men, because subject; hence, the book. they are all level to our comprehension, and reconcilable with well-known physiological and psychological principles.” RW: What, in your opinion, is the significance of Braid’s contribution – Braid, Hypnotic Therapeutics, 1853 to the profession?

Rob Woodgate: Donald, you’ve just neurotic man in history) than I did DR: As I read more of Braid, and got finished compiling and editing the about James Braid because Freud’s used to the anachronisms, I realised NCH’s first book, The Discovery of writings are more widely available. that his original idea of hypnotism Hypnosis: The Complete Writings of had become corrupted and its values James Braid the Father of Hypno- betrayed. Who murdered hypnotism? therapy. Why did you decide to bring Somewhere around the end of the the writings of James Braid back to Victorian era hypnotism lost its way, life? though, and became confused with wacky ideas from Mesmerism, just in Donald Robertson: It’s time for a time to be swamped by the black tide return to Braid! Jacques Lacan (no, of Freudian speculation that engulfed I’m not a fan!) championed his famous Western psychotherapy throughout “return to Freud” in psychoanalysis. the first half of the 20th century. When I first trained in hypnotherapy, (The Russians, sensibly, wouldn’t in 1996, I was introduced briefly to touch Freud with a bargepole and the work of Braid. With the excep- Donald Roberston did Pavlovian rational hypnotherapy tion of his first and least satisfactory instead.) book, Neurypnology (1843), Braid’s The first book I read about hypno- works have largely been out of print therapy was Hans Eysenck’s Sense & Braid speaks more to a modern hypno- since his death, almost 150 years ago. Nonsense in Psychology (1956) which tist than he did in the past. His ideas That should be unthinkable, though. presents a scientific appraisal of the are based largely upon the dominant Can you imagine a psychoanalyst subject. Years later, when I began school of academic (philosophical) never having read a word of Freud? training in hypnotherapy I naively psychology of his day, called Scottish Hypnotherapists seldom read Braid, expected the whole field to adopt a “Common Sense” realism. He attrib- their founder, and that has fostered similarly empirical attitude. I got a uted the effect of hypnotism to the misconception and confusion about bit of a shock. Most of the books, inter-action of ordinary psychologi- what hypnosis is and is not. One courses, etc., on hypnotherapy that I cal and physiological factors such as of my specialisms is the history of turned to seemed to be pretty specu- focused attention, expectation, social psychotherapy but, despite being a lative or pseudoscientific. imitation, mental association, etc. hypnotherapist, I originally ended up He never said that it was due to a knowing more about Freud (the most When I did get a chance to read Braid I “hypnotic trance”. In fact, he reserved

20 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk the word “trance” for the exception- and nostrum (quack) therapies. When even drew a little diagram showing ally rare cases where people entered a people say, “Isn’t hypnosis all a load how he thought the nervous system state allegedly resembling a medical of hocus pocus?” we can at least say, processed the ideo-motor reflex. coma. He never posited an “uncon- “No, it actually originated out of a scious mind”. He thought hypnotism sceptical approach to psychological Half a century later, Freud complained, was the result of conscious attention therapy that attempted to dispense “Suggestion which explains every- upon a dominant, expectant idea. with hocus pocus.” I’m tempted to thing is itself explained by nothing.” He was, in a word, a (very) early and say that Braid’s hypnotism turned Well he was wrong about that as prototypical cognitive-behavioural Mesmer’s hocus pocus into ordinary well, and this simple Victorian theory therapist. At a time when psycho- mental focus. of hypnotic suggestion fits in nicely therapy is becoming more scien- with modern psychology. tific -at long last, hoorah!- it’s time Braid also documents many observa- hypnotherapists considered a “back tions and techniques that seem to Braid also introduced the concept to basics” approach and, ironically, a have been forgotten - a “lost arma- of “muscular suggestion” which return to the original values of scien- mentarium” of hypnotherapy, if you preceded the influential James- tific hypnotism as championed by like. He astutely observed that heart Lange theory of emotion. Braid’s Braid. I think advocates of the cogni- rate increases more easily than it ideo-dynamic reflex model says that tive-behavioural theory of hypno- decreases, and used doubling in heart mental images, memories, sensa- tism could even speak of endorsing a rate as one of his main hypnotic tions, sounds, ideas, etc., can evoke qualified “NeoBraidism”. demonstrations. (Everyone since has physical responses such as relaxation been doing the opposite.) People say or salivation. Thoughts cause bodily RW: What relevance does Braid’s work Braid didn’t use suggestion. That’s responses. He worked backward as have to the modern hypnotherapist, poppycock frankly. Braid had a multi- well, though. Braid would manipulate other than historical interest? factorial theory of suggestion which the facial expressions, body postures, blended association, social imita- and gestures of hypnotic subjects, DR: Lots! First of all, Braid is our tion, and mental focus. The icing e.g., pinching their foreheads into best weapon against the charge of on the cake came a few years later a frown and raising their hands to voodoo, if I can put it that way. His when he assimilated the great ideo- make a fist. In hypnosis, he found this is the “down-to-earth” hypnosis and motor reflex theory of his comrade- evoked surprisingly powerful subjec- he was the crystal-toting Mesmerist’s in-arms the eminent scientist Prof. tive feelings. Body posture causes worst nightmare. (Contrary to popu- William Benjamin Carpenter. This thoughts and feelings. Eventually he lar misconception, John Elliotson, is, albeit in very primitive form, the recognised that the mind and body who, incidentally, was a pretty horri- original “neuro-psychological” theory inter-act both ways and coined the ble man, despised Braid and attacked of hypnotic suggestion. (And it’s term “psycho-physiology” (=mind- hypnotism repeatedly.) Braid was the not just another name for finger- body interaction) to describe his James Randi of his day; he was equally waggling, as many hypnotherapists mature clinical theory. There’s a lot of famous as a debunker of spiritualism seem to have been taught!) Carpenter untapped potential in that idea and it overlaps with a lot of other stuff, from Stanislavski’s Method of Physi- cal Action in acting to role-rehearsal in behaviour therapy. I could go on… but I really think NCH members should read the book, so I won’t spoil any more surprises!

RW: What do you think the reader will gain by reading the works direct, rather than reading modern summa- ries of his work?

DR: They’ll learn some interesting new words. Like “nostrum”. More seriously, though, we already had a (highly) condensed version of some of Braid’s writings published by A.E. Carpenter’s Diagram hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 21 Waite, famous for the Rider-Waite speak. It’s a bad joke. We’ll have the ourselves to be trampled pretty badly tarot cards. (Braid would have been last laugh, though, because hypno- into the ground as a profession over spinning in his grave.) That was therapy staked its claim early on the previous decades, in my view, and rubbish because it was edited beyond basic principles that every sane person that’s shameful because it’s to the recognition and missed out a lot of knows are central to psychotherapy: disadvantage of many thousands of good stuff. Nobody really knows what expectation, suggestion, imagination, clients and other ordinary people. will make people think, years from focused attention, etc. We need to We need to have the heart for a fight now, “Wow! That’s way ahead of its fight our corner a bit harder, though, back. The original hypnotherapy was time.” We need to let the rather than lying down based on the basic assumption that people decide for them- and rolling over when focused attention and expectation selves. We’ve made it easy We’re right back the psychotherapists mediated the physical and psycho- to read Braid by carefully in the game, tell us to play dead. A logical effect of dominant ideas and reformatting things and historically renaissance of interest images. That’s a no-brainer frankly. adding section headings speaking, as in Braid’s work would Nobody in their right mind is going and extensive notes. help give us something to dispute it. Then we spoiled it all long as we don’t to clobber them over the by mixing the pure concept up with People will get a vivid drop the ball. head with until it sinks a load of claptrap. So along comes sense of the times and the in that hypnotherapy is CBT and “borrows” some of our best tortured birth of hypnotism, fighting not “Just what Paul McKenna does bits. If we can stop navel-gazing long to create a credible scientific-clini- on television” and not “not a proper enough to shake off the cloak of cal practice, rising out of the ashes therapy” as one of the self-important mysticism that surrounds us and get of Mesmerism. “Don’t let anyone “empty suits” chairing these organi- back to basics then we can capitalise pull the wool over your eyes again”, sations told me. Hypnotherapy is on the fact that what we do actually is what I would say. Go straight to alive and kicking. It’s got a healthy works and quite possibly accounts the horse’s mouth and read Braid evidence-base that they’re not for the lion’s share of the psychother- in his own words describing what going to be able to ignore for much apy effect size. Kirsch’s notion that hypnotism was originally meant to be longer now the culture has shifted hypnosis is a “non-deceptive mega- about. There’s so much hyperbole and towards research-based practice and placebo” opens the door for a potent chicanery in our field. People can say the tables have turned. Braid’s our line of debate. Everyone knows most anything they like about hypnosis and founder and it’s his original empiri- psychotherapies work largely because get away with talking the most arrant cal agenda that’s returned to the fore of common (non-specific) factors, rubbish. Read Braid first for a healthy once again. We’re right back in the such as expectation. Hypnotherapy dose of common sense realism and an game, historically speaking, as long takes those factors and squeezes more immunisation against the swathes of as we don’t drop the ball. juice out of them. While others piddle gobbledygook that followed. around the periphery, we’re working RW: How can people order the on the essence of what makes psycho- RW: Do you think his work proves book? logical therapy work. We need to cut Hypnotherapy is the cradle of modern the crap, though, and start talking psychotherapy? DR: Call NCH free on 0800 756 6375 common sense about what we do. and ask nicely. Alternatively you can DR: That’s the point at stake. We order it from Amazon UK by search- RW: If you had carte blanche to hypnotherapists invented psychother- ing under its title “The Discovery of research a particular area in hypno- apy. The word was popularised by the Hypnosis”. The full title is The Discov- therapy, what would it be? French hypnotists of the Nancy school. ery of Hypnosis: The Complete Writ- The first English book on psycho- ings of James Braid, the Father of DR: I do have carte blanche, just not therapy was Charles Lloyd Tuckey’s Hypnotherapy. ISBN 0956057004. enough hours in the day. I constantly Psychotherapeutics (1889) describing change my mind, though. I think the Nancy approach to hypnotherapy. RW: As research director, what do you the big problem for hypnotherapy is Then the Freudians came and stole the think is the future for the practice of that all the theories have muddied concept from under our noses. Now hypnotherapy? the water so badly that it’s not clear we’re on the verge of being banned what we actually do with people, from calling ourselves “psychothera- DR: Well, looking into my proverbial and what’s being measured. The best pists.” That’s a scandal. Committees crystal ball, I see dark clouds gathering research for us would be a study of of ignoramuses versed in Freud are but a glimmer of light ahead. There’s process which pins down exactly what effectively rewriting history as we a lot at stake right now. We’ve allowed the factors are that all the scripts

22 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk and techniques tap into. If we could should read those core textbooks. Approach (2005).) settle that debate conclusively, e.g., if I’d like to say everyone should read we found mental focus on imagery Spinoza’s Ethics and Pierre Hadot’s Controversially, Robert Baker’s book to be a key component, we could books on philosophy as a way of life They Call it Hypnosis (1990) is a have more sensible discussions about before they die but it’s not everyone’s scathing plain English assault on the the best way to make people more cup of tea. special state (“trance”) theory which focused, and that would allow us to will give most hypnotherapists night- measure the outcome of treatment Historically, I think everyone should mares and shake their world-view to more accurately. I think we’re close to read Charles Baudouin’s Suggestion the core - in a good way! that point now, though. It does seem & Autosuggestion (1920) because likely that heightened expectation, it shows that hypnotherapists pre- Finally, having lost count, I’d recom- focus on imagery, and related factors empted schema psychology and the mend that everyone subscribe to the are what we’re really working with Benson Method; it was once a pretty International Journal of Clinical & rather than “talking to the subcon- well-known book. Experimental Hypnosis (IJCEH), the scious mind”, whatever that means - main research journal in our field, all of which would prove Braid right! Evidentially, Dr. Assen Alladin’s recent because our clients have a moral right Cognitive Hypnotherapy (2007) to expect that we know roughly what RW: What 3 books would you recom- because it provides protocols for we’re talking about. mend every hypnotherapist should evidence-based cognitive hypno- read (apart from the Braid book!), therapy for a range of common disor- Conclusively, if you’re going to read and why? ders which are necessary to construct James Braid, and you should, then I manualised research studies meet- suggest reading Hypnotic Therapeu- DR: This is my favourite question, ing current criteria for empirically- tics (1853) or On Hypnotism (1860) Rob. The boring answer would be supported treatments. We should all the “lost manuscript”, rather than Michael Heap’s fourth edition of Hart- be testing these procedures to build Neurypnology (1843), as these provide land’s and Hammond’s Handbook of the evidence-base we need. (And a far better account of his views, and Hypnotic Suggestions & Metaphors. Lynn & Kirsch’s recent Essentials of the origins of real hypnotherapy. It goes without saying that everyone Clinical Hypnosis: An Evidence-Based

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 23 and little is known about them. They Entrainment, Meditation, are carried on the very slow moving Epsilon waves (< 0.5 Hz)” [4]. In “non-sleep” states hyper-Gamma and Hypnosis waves (100 Hz and above) can be characterized as generating states that are “Hyper-aware. Extreme By Patrick Jemmer PhD FRSPH concentration. Above 100 Hz, higher- level awareness of unity; higher mental activity, including perception and consciousness. Cortex synchro- nize themselves together in a more holographic manner during extraor- aving previously discussed tive sport. These are states that can dinary states of consciousness associ- the basis, philosophy take a long time and a lot of physi- ated with ‘Shamanic’ and ‘Mystical’ and outcomes of mantra cal effort to attain. It is an appeal- experience” [6]. We next meet Gamma meditation practice, and ing idea that all that hard work and waves which are present in trance Hintroduced the background to the application could be bypassed and states, and encompass frequencies phenomenon of trance in this context the perfect mental state produced from 38 – 90 Hz. These are “Impor- [1], I now wish to turn to the mod- through rapid artificial means” [4]. tant in harmonizing and unifying ern “scientific” viewpoint on both of The “pseudo-drug” effects of various thoughts processed in different parts these. First we should be mindful that brainwaves, as taken from [5] is de- of the brain. Combine different “The brain is an electrochemical or- tailed in Table 1. We can then go on perceptions. Suppressed totally by gan; researchers have speculated that to present a summary of the range anaesthetic. Found in all parts of the a fully functioning brain can gener- of brainwaves (arranged in order of brain.” They are crucial for “Self ate as much as 10 watts of electrical decreasing frequency), which can be awareness and insight” [4]. At the power. Other more conservative inves- measured in a living human brain lower end of Gamma waves 40 Hz is tigators calculate that if all 10 billion with the technology described above. “The core frequency. Important in interconnected nerve cells discharged These are normally labelled with let- cognition, especially coordinating at one time that a single electrode ters of the Greek Alphabet, and here simultaneous processing in all parts placed on the human scalp would these have been transliterated into of the brain. Deficiencies exhibit record something like five millionths English for convenience. In order to learning difficulties. Produced during to 50 millionths of a volt. If you had distinguish the special hypnotic states” [4]. enough scalps hooked up you might use of this terminol- We next observe the be able to light a flashlight bulb. Even ogy in this context, the The Alpha Gamma-Theta transi- though this electrical power is very Greek words have been brainwave forms a tion. We can under- limited, it does occur in very specific editorially capitalized stand this by trying to ways that are characteristic of the in English throughout, bridge between the answer the question human brain” [2]. This is measurable without further an- conscious (Beta) “Has your perception through “Electroencephalography notation. These brain- and unconscious of time ever slowed (EEG) [which] is a study of chang- wave ranges are to be (Theta) mind down during an emer- ing electrical potential of the brain. correlated with ex- gency? Have you ever The apparatus used to measure this periences reported in had minutes or hours electric potential of the brain is called “meditative” and “trance” states of worth of experiences in a moment? electroencephalograph, and the trac- consciousness, either in a waking or That’s your mind cycling between the ing or the printout of the measured in a sleeping subject. Theta and Gamma brainwaves. The brainwave forms is electroencepha- Theta-Gamma state is most condu- logram” [3]. Now, this is linked to We start with Lambda waves, with a cive to instant healings” [7]. We will thought and emotion in the follow- frequency of about 200 Hz. At these return to this question of brainwave- ing way, for “If you are in a particular frequencies we are said to attain “Self induced healing later. Next down the state, for example, very anxious, then awareness, higher levels of insight ladder of frequencies come Beta you will produce a unique ‘signature’ and information. Tibetan monks that waves ranging in frequency from 14 of brainwaves. This applies equally to walk barely clothed for days through Hz – 30 Hz and representing a normal, other states, such as learning and the the snow have exhibited high levels waking state, where one is “Wide focused concentration of competi- of these. They are difficult to measure awake, alert, focused, analyses and

24 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk assimilates new information rapidly, state individuals show “Mental coor- subconscious” [4]. We are now in the complex mental processing, peak dination and resourcefulness, relaxa- Theta wave state ranging in frequency physical and mental performance, tion, alert but not mentally process- from 4 Hz – 7.5 Hz. In its trance cannot be sustained indefinitely ing anything, inward focus, calmness, manifestation we find Theta state otherwise exhaustion, anxiety, and at ease, deep breathing and closed engenders “Original, creative inspira- tension result” [4]. In this range of eyes can amplify Alpha production, tion, problem solving and visualiza- brainwaves we show “High levels of peak around 10 Hz” [4]. We make a tion. Out-of-body or astral meditative concentration and focus” [6] charac- link here with the meditation prac- forms; great spiritual insights associ- terized by “Externally-directed linear tices described above in observing ated with visions and sounds. Classic thinking and mental activity” [6]. that “A person who takes time out to ‘Shamanic Journeying’” [6] – and in They are “Generally associated with reflect or meditate is usually in an sleep mode we have “Dreaming sleep, left-brain thinking activity – conscious Alpha state. A person who takes a emotional elements and experience. mind” [3]. We find that “Beta waves break from a conference and walks in We now recognize REM [Rapid Eye are characteristics of a strongly the garden is often in an Alpha state Movement] as the dreaming sleep engaged mind. A person in active … [It has been] Suggested that it is a conversation would be in Beta. A light state of hypnosis” [2]. In terms teacher, or an engineer would all be of hypnotherapy we in Beta when they are engaged in can conjure up a useful mimics effect Delta Theta Alpha Beta their work” [2]. This range can be metaphor here since further partitioned into midrange- “The Alpha brainwave adaptogenic X Beta waves from 15 Hz – 18 Hz meas- forms a bridge between analgesic X X X ured in “Neurofeedback training that the conscious (Beta) anaphrodisiac X X X produced alert behaviour, useful in and unconscious anaesthetic X X depression cases” [4]; and low-Beta (Theta) mind. It is asso- waves from 12 Hz – 15 Hz which are ciated with creativity antianxiety X X “Also known as Sensory Motor and rapid learning. For antidepressant X Rhythm (SMR) – [evidenced by] vigi- this reason, energy antispasmodic X lance, reduced mobility, shallow healing techniques, antipsychotic X breathing, less blinking, fixed atten- such as Reiki, use this aphrodisiac X tion and eye focus, enhancing through frequency. And guided neurofeedback reduces epileptic meditations bring bittertasting X symptoms and has a calming effect participants into Alpha cardiotonic X (ADHD [Attention Deficit Hyperactiv- to promote relaxation circulostimu- X ity Disorder] sufferers)” [4]. These and healing. The Alpha lant actually have the lowest amplitude of state is especially effec- depressant X X Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta waves [2]. tive for relieving pain. diaphoretic X Next we observe the Beta – Alpha Those who don’t func- transition at about 12 Hz. Alpha tion well at this hallucinogenic X waves at frequencies from 8 Hz – 13 frequency find it diffi- hypertensive X Hz characterise the trance state and cult to remember hypnotic X X X REM sleep. Alpha waves have larger details of even power- hypotensive X X X amplitude than Beta waves [2]. In ful dreams, guided general, Alpha state is “Hyper-effi- visualizations, and mydriatic X X cient in processing single tasks as it meditations. In short, narcotic X X X can focus on the details as well as the that bridge between nervine X X X overall task at the same time” [4]; in conscious and uncon- photosensitive X trance this equates to “Inner mental scious mind is weak” pondering. Typical meditative state” [7]. Next comes the rubefacient X [6] – and in sleep, to “Internally- Alpha – Theta transi- sedative X X directed non-linear mental activity” tion measured at 7.48 spasmolytic X X X [6]. Alpha state can be represented as Hz which is the “Primary stimulant X “Relaxed, Daydreaming. Generally ionospheric resonance associated with right-brain thinking (Schumann) frequency. vasoconstrictor X activity – subconscious mind – a key Stimulates retrieval of vasodilator X state for ‘relaxation’” [3]. In Alpha memories from the Table 1: Pseudo-drug effects of various brainwaves

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 25 state, somewhere in deep Alpha to where tasks become so automatic attention, extrovert personality, low light Theta” [6]. Theta waves are that you can mentally disengage from anxiety” [4]. At lower frequencies higher in amplitude than Alpha waves them. During this awakening cycle it around 4.5 Hz Theta we find that [2]. In Theta state we are “Deeply is possible for individuals to stay in “Shamanic trances, Tibetan mantras, Relaxed, Dreaming. Generally associ- the Theta state for an extended period Buddhist chants all use this frequency ated with right-brain thinking activ- of say, five to 15 minutes – which to access altered states” [4], and ity – deeper subconscious to super- would allow them to have a free flow slightly lower still at about 4 Hz Theta conscious. Access to insights, bursts of ideas about yesterday’s events or we have “Object naming” [4]. In terms of creative ideas – a key state for to contemplate the activities of the of hypnotherapeutic healing it is ‘reality creation’ through vivid forthcoming day. A person in a conjectured that “Through the Theta imagery” [3] – this is very useful for hypnotherapy session experiences a brainwave we gain access to our “Memory access, learning, deep medi- Theta state of relaxation and allow- unconscious mind, namely, our deep- tation, sensations, emotions, the ing the mind to disengage from tasks, est beliefs, traumas, and childhood threshold of the subconscious, dream- just following the voice of the thera- learning. Even if long-forgotten, they ing” [4]. It is useful to characterize pist inducing positive suggestions. influence our decisions daily. Theta- Theta state by the fact that “A person This time can be an extremely produc- Healing aids us in discovering the who has taken time off from a task tive and can be a period of very fears and beliefs that drive us and in and begins to daydream is often in a meaningful and creative mental activ- changing them into life-affirming Theta brainwave state. A person who ity. The ideation that can take place ways of being. Theta is also the state is driving on a highway, and discovers during the Theta state is often free of deep spiritual connection. Have that they can’t recall the last five flow and occurs without censorship you ever experienced the sublime? miles, is often in a Theta state – or guilt. It is typically a very positive For instance, have you stood on a induced by the monotonous process mental state” [2]. Indeed in terms of mountain top, feeling at one with of freeway driving. Individuals who therapy “This is the state of medium your surroundings, and absolutely do a lot of driving, jogging, commut- state of hypnosis” [2]. Further subdi- known that you are connected to ing often get ideas during those peri- visions of Theta state are possible and everyone and every thing – past, ods when they are in Theta. This can frontal-midline-Theta from 6.2 Hz – present, and future? Known that God, also occur while you are in the shower 6.7 Hz is important in “Cognitive the Creative Life Force, is? That’s the or brushing your hair. It is a state activity, maths problems, sustained NCH Specialist Advisors

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26 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk kind of knowing the Theta brainwave been a change in our understanding within you, with your unconscious, or engenders” [7]. The Theta-Delta tran- of the psycho-biological nature of if you prefer, with that part of you sition occurs at about 3.5 Hz, allow- “trance,” since, “For a long while it that is greater than you (your body)” ing “Long term memory access” [4]. was thought that Alpha wave patterns [3]. So, “Generally in Beta state, your The Delta state ranges in frequency were characteristic of hypnotic states. attention is focused outward. In from 0.5 Hz – 3 Hz. In its trance It is now understood that it is Theta Alpha it begins to turn inward, and in manifestation we have “Deep physi- and to some extent Delta waves Theta and Delta it goes further and cal relaxation. Meditative states asso- and 40 Hz Gamma waves that are further inward. The deeper you go, ciated with being in the ‘void’ or predominant. Other the more effectively ‘white-light.’ Deep-level Yogic adepts wave patterns occur, Through the Theta are you able to enter can slow respiration and heartbeat to even active Beta waves, your subconscious. virtually undetectable” and “This is but these are due to the brainwave we You can imagine the very deep level of trance, of content of the sugges- gain access to our that at the border- hypnosis” [2] – whilst as a sleep state tions and the images unconscious mind, line between Beta Delta is the “Deepest and most physi- created by them” [4]. namely, our deepest and Alpha States is cally restorative sleep” [6], being Now following on a doorway to your “Dreamless. Generally associated with from this, we note that beliefs, traumas, and subconscious mind, no thinking – unconscious / super- the sequence of brain childhood learning. and the doorway conscious. Access to non-physical states attained as a consists of what is states of existence – a key state for subject is hypnotized hypnosis referred to healing, ‘regeneration’ and ‘rejuvena- may be described thus – “As you relax as your ‘critical faculty’” [3]. tion’” [3]. Both of these manifesta- and then close your eyes there is a tions are characterized by “ … human brief build up of Alpha waves – As Let us now move from mystical growth hormone release, low blood the induction … develops there is meditation, through hypnothera- pressure, low respiration, low body an increase in Theta and to a lesser peutic trance, to pure technology, temperature. No muscle movement – extent Delta activity and the Alpha whereby “Brainwave synchronization Reticular Activating System (RAS) activity drops away – This continues … provides a shortcut to experiencing shuts this down” [4]. Delta is state of until the end of the hypnotic deepen- deeper states of mind giving you an greatest amplitude [2]. The Epsilon ing – During the therapeutic sugges- opportunity to access higher states trance state occurs for frequencies tions the brain wave activity can vary of consciousness and extraordinary below 0.5 Hz and is characterized by depending upon the nature of these abilities in very short time through “Extraordinary states of conscious- suggestions and the effect they are brainwave entrainment. This way you ness. Very high states of meditation, having. Generally during this period can experience almost immediately ecstatic states of consciousness, high- the Delta and Theta wave activity the effects that took someone years level inspiration, spiritual insight and begins to slowly subside – Through of meditation to achieve … Entrain- out-of-body experiences” [6]. This is the whole hypnotic process there is ment is the process of synchroniza- “The state Yogis go into when they a gradual increase in 40 Hz Gamma tion, where vibrations of one object achieve ‘suspended animation’ where wave activity – During termination will cause the vibrations of another no heart beat, respiration or pulse are the Alpha activity and finally the object to oscillate at the same rate. noticeable” [4]. If we survey across normal Beta activity returns” [4]. External rhythms have a direct effect the various brainwaves we find that In terms of the sequence of states on the psychology and physiology of in general, “Lower brainwaves (Delta, described above we find that “Some the individual” [8]. The mechanism by Theta, and low Alpha) may cause research has been done associated which this is perceived to work is that stupor and sleepiness. They tend to with the activities and benefits of “If slightly different audible tones are release serotonin while higher other brainwave frequencies, such as played to each ear through stereo frequencies (Beta and Gamma) release Super Beta, Gamma, etc. The lower headphones then as the brain puts more dopamine. Beta frequencies your brainwave cps [frequency, cycles these two sounds together it creates organize thoughts, helping you to per second], the more is your aware- brain waves of a frequency equal to remember things and concentrate. ness turned toward your subjective the difference of the two tones. For Withdrawal from Alpha Waves makes experience, toward your inner world example, if the left ear was played you remember childhood memories. and the more effectively are you able a 200 Hz tone and the right ear a Alpha waves relax the body and help to use the power of your mind to 210 Hz tone the brain will respond blood flow to extremities” [5]. create changes in your body. With with a 10 Hz brain wave (termed a each lower state you become more frequency following response)” [4]. In terms of hypnotherapy there has fully aligned with the source of power This frequency-following response is

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 27 a general physical phenomenon: the this could be both therapeutically and that in fact “I am also coming to technological breakthrough is that for self improvement” [4]. We now the conclusion that it is not only the now “ … this process has gone digital see that it is possible to integrate the actual frequencies that are important through the use of binaural beats. ideas of brainwave entrainment with but the sequence and timing that is This is accomplished by sending two “traditional” hypnotherapy and medi- most significant. Very little is known different sounds (tones) to each ear tation by using a sequence of frequen- about this …” [4]. through stereo headphones. The two cies – “A period of Alpha waves at the hemispheres of the brain then work start behind the pre talk, at say 10 And despite very little being known in unison to ‘hear’ the third signal, Hz, a frequency known to stimulate about the exact nature of brainwave which is not played, but rather seratonin and produce relaxation – A entrainment processes they are still produced as a result of difference in gradual build up of Theta which will employed frequently today, without frequency between two beats that remain the dominant wave pattern, at supervision and foresight, and it has are heard. Sending specific frequen- perhaps a frequency of 4.5 Hz. This been reported that this can lead to cies to each ear entrains the brain to is the frequency used by Shamanic side-effects such as dilated pupils enter effortlessly a specific state of drummers to induce trance states and vivid dreams; as well as eye pains mind. If the left ear is presented with – A gradual build up of Delta waves and seeing (purple) spots from a few a steady tone of 400 Hz and the right – Towards and during the reinforce- days to weeks after using entrain- ear a steady tone of 407 Hz, these ment phase and termination intro- ment [5]. Potentially more serious two tones combine in the brain. The duce a ‘learning’ Theta frequency at effects reported are “eye explosions” difference, 7 Hz, is perceived by the around 4 Hz – You can try a short (sudden pains in the eye), which may brain and is a very effective stimulus period of Alpha during termination be due to aneurism and seeing “swirls for brainwave entrainment. This 7 Hz – If the final aim is to feel refreshed of colours” or “psychedelic colours” is formed entirely by the brain. When and revitalised then end with a Beta [5]; sudden explosive head pains, using stereo headphones, the left and wave wide awake frequency depend- headaches, migraines; “cloudy mind,” right sounds do not mix together ing upon the nature of the therapy, confusion, disorientation, emotional until in your brain. The frequency for example around 13.8 Hz (calming instability, irritability, lowered inhi- difference, when perceived by brain for ADHD) or 17 Hz (alert for depres- bition, manic depression, paranoia, this way, is called a binaural beat” sion)” [4]. In terms of the usefulness disturbed sleep, nightmares, night [8]. So, this is the scientific basis of and efficacy of such entrainment terrors; convulsions; and addiction to the entrainment process – but what protocols we find that “These are entrainment [5]. Furthermore, with does it actually do? Well, “The signif- quite powerful products and have entrainment processes it is possible icance of this is that with a careful the ability to cause quite significant to “overload” the brain with waves choice of frequencies, you can rapidly changes in personality and behavior, of a particular frequency and there alter your state. For example, you over time. Please follow the instruc- is some indication of the problems can reproduce the patterns of brain- tions provided. I have noticed a worry- which can occur with overload of waves associated to falling asleep as ing trend on a number of brainwave each type of brain state. Delta over- the activity descends entrainment message load is characterized as bringing rapidly through Alpha boards where individu- about a soporific state from which into Theta and Delta it is possible to als have been experi- it is very difficult to awaken, and waves. Many other menting randomly, for in which it is hard to concentrate. states have been “overload” the example, by hooking However it is reported that exposure induced by the method brain with waves themselves up to … [an to a few minutes of Alpha waves (12 such as learning, medi- of a particular entrainment computer Hz) can help to come up out of this tation and creativity. frequency programme] all night overload state [5]. Theta overload is You can stack and over- at some inappropri- described as a “dreamlike state,” in lap different binaural ate frequencies. This is which one has difficulty concentrat- tones to produce quite neurologically on par ing and shortened attention span, complex states. Where somebody with shooting up heroin … It seems and where people often see “swirls” shows abnormal brainwave patterns, that due to the complex nature of of colour. Generally Theta-overloaded such as ADHD (Attention Deficit) wave interaction in the brain, simple individuals return to normal sponta- or psychotic episodes, it is possible frequency overlaying is a pretty neously after a few hours; once again to train the brain back into a more random exercise. Best to emulate a few minutes’ Alpha-wave therapy normal pattern. The possibilities are an already existing pattern rather can help [5]. Alpha overload has the enormous, and though research is still than go wild with the impressionists widest complex of symptoms, many in its infancy, you can see how useful brush” [4]. One commentator notes occurring one to two weeks after

28 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk beginning entrainment. Some people ing that state. 2. relate the rhythms ing a “mascirelgic” framework for the report disturbed vision, with 30 – 45 of your playing to the rhythm of the reunification of scientific therapy, minute periods where they experience bio-signal being used. 3. generate magic and religious practice [15]. seeing psychedelic colours. In this your own rules” [9]. It is suggested References eventuality the individual is advised that the bio-musician be constantly [1] Jemmer, P (2008) A Mystical Tour through not to worry, but to stop using aware of images and events, espe- Magical Man-tra-nce. Fidelity: The Journal for entrainment for a while, and that cially those “thrown almost randomly the NCP. Winter 2008, Edition 34, pp 21 – 28. [2] Author Unknown (2006) New York Aware- their vision should return to normal. together” [9] and select ness Center: How Does Your Other people report disturbed sleeping “patterns in the rela- Brain Operate? What Happens patterns and feelings of exhaustion, tionships of images via in Hypnosis? What is the Func- tion of the Various Brainwaves? but once again the circadian rhythm form, content, seman- This is wapURL: 9L0OTW2. should return to normal if brainwave tic juxtaposition, etc” [3] De Giorgio, L (2004) School neurologically on for Wizards: Hypnosis for Kids: entrainment is stopped for two weeks. [9]. This will lead the What are Brainwaves? wapURL: Paranoia, sudden stabbing pains in practitioner to “Develop par with shooting MCLRPE9. the back of the head, and sensitivity … integrating systems [4] Author Unknown (2006) up heroin Global Health Products Limited: to light and sound are also common of thought and action Brain Wave Entrainment and [5]. One commentator reports that on processes and their Health: High Quality Hypno- Alpha overload he recalled childhood dynamic interrelation- sis CDs and Health Products. wapURL: CU79MJP. memories and began to notice “simi- ship” as appropriate [9]. The motiva- [5] Greene, J (2007) Why Brainwave Synchroniza- larities in people’s faces with people tion and rationale for this approach is tion Can Be Bad. wapURL: CSA3D1C. [6] Hawkins, M (2007) Old Soul or New? Our Logi- that I know or used to know” [5], that “In a sense the task is to expli- cal Self is Only One Tenth of Who We Are: and states that this is very common, cate these interior processes and to New to Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis? wapURL: but suggests that one should stop demonstrate inner/outer correspond- SRWC271. [7] Sowell, J (2007) Energy Healing for Body, using entrainment if any of these ence leading to an understanding of Mind, and Spirit: ThetaHealing: Consciously side-effects occur. Very rarely, people the identity of nature – of the nature Using Brainwaves to Bring Change. wapURL: are said to develop a “photographic of identity … “ [9] – in itself a form of XEJR783. [8] De Giorgio, L (2004) School for Wizards: Hypno- memory” from about a few days to almost-magical action [10],[11],[12]. sis for Kids: What is Brainwave Synchroniza- a week after Alpha overload [5]. With We have previously elaborated the tion? wapURL: MQEIV13. [9] Jones, S (2007) The Brain Project: Notes on the Beta overload one can experience mechanism of hypnotic change in the Cybernetics of Language and Video (paper- focused attention, agitation, mania, context of “Psycho-chaotic Semiot- copy self-published: Sydney AUS 1979). vivid dreams, rapid, pounding heart- ics” and shown how the language wapURL: ZNEAIJT. [10] Jemmer, P (2009) Mythophilia and the Sophol- beat, moodswings, paranoia, insom- used could be thought of metaphori- ogy of Language. Fidelity: The Journal for the nia and obsessive-compulsive behav- cally as exercising “magical” effects NCP. Spring 2009, Edition 35, pp 18 – 24 (in iour [5]. In this case a few minutes’ 8 due to the intertwined nature of the press). [11] Jemmer, P (2008) ‘Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin’ – 10 Hz Alpha-entrainment is recom- mind’s neural nets, and our linguis- – The Psycho(a)logical Mythosophy of the Writ- mended to “help you calm down” tic meaning-making processes [13]. ten Word. Fidelity: The Journal for the NCP. Autumn 2008, Edition 33, pp 18 – 27. [5]. The exact mode of operation of this [12] Jemmer, P (2008) Linguisticalize the Thera- mechanism is the Neuro-linguistic- pon: Meta-Magic in Therapeutic Transforma- One final application of brainwave hypnotic phenomenon of “Trans- tion. Fidelity: The Journal for the NCP. Summer 2008, Edition 32, pp 24 – 28. technology is demonstrated in its derivational Search” and having made [13] Jemmer, P (2007) ‘De Tractatu Magicarum coupling with artistic expression in these first links between mantra and Linguarum’ – On Dealing with the Magical the form of “Bio-music” [9]. Here, trance, further work is in progress to Spells (of Psycho-chaotic Semiotics). European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. Issue 3, Volume the practitioner is advocated to use a elaborate in detail the nature of the 7, pp 22 – 33. “bio-signal pre-amplifier” to “listen to relationships in terms of language [14] Jemmer, P (2006) Beliefs, Values and the Vacuum of Choice. European Journal of Clini- and learn the rhythms of your system” and brain function. We will thus be cal Hypnosis. Issue 4, Volume 6, pp 16 – 21. [9] – Alpha waves are recommended able to use our hypnotic Psycho- [15] Jemmer, P W (2007) ‘Mascirelgic’ – A Logo- since they engender a “contempla- chaotic, and Neuro-linguistic, tools, myth for a New Millennium. Bifrons Creativity Number 2, October 2007, pp. 1 – 62. wapURL: tive state” where the “body system is to change core beliefs and values from HL7QLMF. quiescent” [9]. A keyboard system can those indoctrinated by the prevail- For brevity, all websites are referenced with unique be coupled with, and used to manip- ing religious or scientific ideologies 7-Alphaneumeric “wapURL” addresses gener- ated at http://wapurl.co.uk/index.cfm. These ulate, the basic brainwave pattern, of our society, and fill the resulting were all checked and found to be available and used in improvization accord- “vacuum of choice” with empowering as of 0000H 28 January 2009, and wapURL: ZNEAIJT, for example, can be accessed via ing to recursive rules such as “1. play personal logo-myths which lead to http://wapurl.co.uk/?ZNEAIJT only while in Alpha; as you drift out true psychic freedom and power [14]. of Alpha devote yourself to regain- We are then well on our way to build-

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 29 built with those words and phrases in Secrets Your Web Designer mind.

For example, if you are a hypno- Isn’t Telling You therapist in Trumpton, you should have logical search phrases such as “hypnosis”, “hypnotherapist trump- By Paul Howard ton”, “hypnosis trumpton” and even target search terms such as “trumpton weight loss”, “smoking hypnotherapy” etc integrated in your title and meta tags, as well as in the visible text of your site. Better still, build f I were to ask you right now ible with search engines. Another is and optimise a page for each product “Are you positive that your web that they like to build high-priced, or service that you offer. That way, site is optimised for search en- flashy sites and so convince their if anyone types in those phrases in gines?”, what would you say? clients that a nice-looking web site a search engine, your site is more I doesn’t use a lot of text. likely to appear higher in the search What if I asked, “What position in results. the top search engines does your site So your web designer may have appear in for your target keywords?” included target keywords and phrases Can you honestly say your web Or how about “Does every page of in your Title tags and META tags. designer has built your site with your your site have tailored Title and META They may have explained to you that target search terms in mind? If not, it Tags?” these are critical fields that search might be time to make an appoint- engines use when ranking web sites ment with them and ask them why. If you would answer “No” or “I don’t for search relevancy. I’ve met plenty If they didn’t ask you what keywords know” to any of these questions, you of web designers who believe that you want to target for each page that would be amongst the 70% of web site this was all it took to optimise a web will give you a clue as to whether its owners whose web sites are missing site. been done. out on potential clients because they are not designed for search engine But did you know that you need to So why wasn’t your site optimised compatibility. Has your web designer tailor your Titles and META tags for for search engines when it was built? optimised YOUR site for keywords every page of your site? Did you know Depending on who developed your that you wish to target? Have they that optimising your site META tags site and how it was built, you’ll find made sure it is visible in Google and is only a tiny fraction of the job? Did a million different reasons for this. the other major search engines? More you know that search engines actually Many web developers believe it is the than likely, you don’t need to find target site marketer’s job to ensure the site know because they keywords within the is found in search engines and vice haven’t told you. Ask visible body text on versa. Most don’t bother checking them today! Your site could be your site pages in that your site is found in the impor- as effective as a order to find it a rele- tant search engines, assuming you will But what exactly is billboard at the end vant match for related do it. Or perhaps it wasn’t discussed search engine optimisa- search queries? Did in your quotation for the work. tion? Simply explained, of a dead end street you know that they it is the method of also need to find Not many web design firms know attaining a high rank- those same keywords how or have time to optimise a site ing in search engines by and phrases used successfully, no matter what they tell making changes to your site’s struc- within the text links that help people you. They might feel it is outside their ture to make it more search engine navigate your pages? core business, or they might believe compatible. it is not part of the “design proc- It’s true. For search engines to rank ess”. Consequently, your site can be In my experience, web designers keep your site highly for particular words launched for many months without a lot of secrets. One of the biggest or phrases that you would expect the search engines having any idea it secrets is that they don’t have a clue potential visitors to type in, each exists. about what makes a web site compat- individual page of your site MUST be

30 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 31 I have seen many web development will work either directly with you or firms churn out a site that doesn’t with your web site designer to ensure CPD Diary, include even the most basic META your site gets the exposure it deserves tags in the site code when building it. in the most popular search engines Or those that do include META tags and directories. My suggestion is to Noticeboard without close consultation with you, pay a little more for a specialist with resulting in the wrong search terms a good track record and reap the and used and poor performance. This is rewards. quite typical! Remember that search engine optimisation requires both Remember, search engine users Classified client interaction and constant moni- generally only explore the first 10 toring to be successful. or 20 search results. If you site isn’t in the top 20, you won’t be found, The bottom line? If your designer it’s as simple as that. Always include can’t show you substantial search search engine optimisation into your Official NCH CPD engine traffic they’ve achieved for marketing budget or your site could other clients, chances are they won’t be as effective as a billboard at the be able to optimise your site properly. end of a dead end street. NCH CPD courses cost £60. Contact Search engine optimisation (SEO) Brenda/Margaret on 0844 736 5806 specialists have sprung up to fill the for more information and bookings. need for these services. Many SEO’s 2009 CPD programme TBA Congratulations to our latest HPD qualifiers!

Gill ARNUM Tracy GARNHAM Melanie PALMER Lucy ASTOR Alison GATENBY Josephine PELLE Karen BANNISTER Andrew GILLESPIE Anne PERKINS Sharon BARDEN Avril HARVEY Sarah PERRETT Peter BARKER Anthony HILLING Louise PREVOST Gill BELL Nadine HOBRO Karen RICHARDSON Samantha BENNETT Ian HOGAN Joanne RITCHIE Mathew BEVAN Judith HOLROYDE Helen ROGERS Leonie BIRKS Christian HUEZ Caroline SALVIN Anna BLACKMORE Tim JEFFERIES Helen SANDERSON David BOTTOMLEY Joanne JOHNSON David SILBERSTEIN Colette BOYDEN Amelia KNIGHT Sophie SKORUPA Paul BROWN Yvette LOWERY Amanda-Jayne SMITH Sean CLARKE Charles MACDONALD Jacquelyn TEMPLEMAN Caroline CLARKE Marta MARSLAND Maeve TOMBLIN Julieanne COOPER Michelle MAXWELL Gerrard TOMLINSON Joanna CORFIELD Susanne McMAHON Karl TOUHEY Andrew CRISP Helen MITTON Margaret TURNER Chris DACKOMBE Karen MOORE Krishna VELLASAMY Rachel DOE Frances MOSS Tim WOOD Cherry EMERY Wendy NICHOLAS Jonathan YOUNG Aileen FERGUSON Elizabeth NIHAN-BOWEN Christine FRIEND Karen OEHME

32 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk Metaphor Corner Other CPD Courses

If you would like to add a CPD course to the diary, please contact the Editor for pricing & availability.

18-20th September, 2009, Walsall: Hypnotherapy Association Annual Convention. 01257 262124 thehypnotherapyassociation.co.uk It was at this time that the man who Loss lived at the foot of the mountain was visiting the royal kingdom to buy a Classified new pair of shoes. A long time ago there was an old man, a wise old man who lived by He asked why every one was going Hypnoke MkII, complete with flight himself at the bottom of a mountain to the castle and when he was told case. Excellent “as new” condition. in a very beautiful land. of the reward he smiled and went on £200(+postage). Contact Rob. his way. [email protected] Every one in that kingdom was happy and walked around with a smile on When he went to buy his shoes he their face. found that he did not have enough Recession buster - put a classified ad money and so left the cobbler and FREE in any 2009 edition of the jour- One day the King summoned all the started his long walk back home. The nal. Contact the Editor for info: wise men to his castle because his son cobbler could not understand why he [email protected] was upset and was crying. was disappointed and said come back when you have some money and just The boy was asked why he was so dismissed him eager to earn some Noticeboard upset. more money himself.

“I can’t find my favourite book “ cried It was as he left the city gates that Anyone interested in networking the boy. a member of the royal household about hypnosis being used in demen- stopped and questioned him. “Are tia, learning difficulties, and neuro- Every one wanted to help the prince you not the wise man who lives by feedback? [email protected] but even the wisest man in court himself at the foot of the wise moun- could not see why he was really sad, tain”. it’s just a book they said, you can get Want to start or join a peer support another one. “Yes” the man replied quietly. or networking group? Need help with research? Put up to 20 words free on None of this impressed the prince who Quickly word got back to the King and the noticeboard, subject to space just became more and more upset. the man was summoned to court. [email protected] The king realizing that this was not The King looked at the man in his having any beneficial effect dismissed old worn out cloths and asked, “why the wise sages and said that if any have you not come to help, have you IMPORTANT: Publication of a clas- one in the land could help his son not heard of the reward”? sified ad, notice or CPD course does he would give him a reward of 3000 not imply endorsement by the NCH. crowns of silver. The man replied that he had said that Next booking and copy deadline is he did not need to come as everything 31st July 2009 Word got out and everyone was trying would get better very soon when the to help the boy, but no one managed prince became aware of three things. to stop him from being sad.

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 33 The king now interested and wanting you have been really close to that Do you remember when you first got to learn more asked the wise man to book for a long time, and it feels a that special book?., do you remember sit down. part of you doesn’t it? And now you how much fun you had with it?” no longer have it, you realize how The wise man asked the boy to come much you miss it don’t you?” The prince nodded his head again to the court. The prince gently nodded his head “And do you remember all the times He came and sat before the wise man and sat silently listening to what the when you felt bored or restless and who looked deep into his eyes. man had to say. that book took you into another world”?.. He told the boy to close his eyes and I know that many people will tell you said he would tell him a story in which that it’s just a book but I know that Again the boy nodded in agreement. he would realize many things. you had a huge attachment to that particular book and you loved it in “And I also bet that you can remember The boy closed his eyes and the man your own way, did you not? so many times when that book made started. you happy as well can you not?” I also know many other things which The whole room fell silent you might be forgetting to remem- The boy now starting to smile nodded ber. again. He said “you’re really sad aren’t you?

Below are a list of members who have successfully completed the NCH accredited Supervisors course or have been granted the designation AccHypSup through accredited prior learning.

Peter Adamson Warrington & NW 01942 677 426 Martin Armstrong-Prior Leicester 0116 276 4911 Fiona Biddle Loughborough & London 0150 988 1411 Dawn Biggs Bexhill-on-Sea 0870 787 5218 Catherine Bremner S Alton, Hampshire 07762 799737 Shaun Brookhouse Manchester & London 0161 881 1677 Michael Cameron U London 0208 445 1369 Nick Cooke Birmingham 0121 444 1110 Tom Cottrell Edinburgh and Biggar 0131 2254437 Julian Davidson P Nottingham and Beeston 0115 9135104 Josephine Goss Scotland 01343 835705 Joy Gower Norwich 01603 700578 Kate Harvey E Nottingham 0115 948 0815 Val Hird York 01904 629 347 Pat Hoare Exeter, Devon 01392 410090 Christine Hyde R Clevelys 01253 864419 Christine Key Surrey 01932 560725 Simon Kilner Leeds 0113 278 8673 Stephanie Kirke V Thatcham 01635 869444 John Lawrence Linlithgow 01506 830190 Mary Llewellyn Doncaster 01302 743113 Theresa Long I Wimbledon 0208 241 7930 Lynn Martin Honiton, Devon 0208 457 2643 Gloria May London 0207 486 4553 Joe McAnelly S Newcastle upon Tyne 0191 286 1161 Maureen McCabe Salthill (Eire) 00 353 877730401 Susan McIntyre Burnham on Sea 01278 784490 Hilary Norris-Evans I Wiltshire 01249 740506 Paul Peace Sheffield 0114 235 1985 Su Ricks-McPherson Daventry 01327 263355 Lynnzie Stirling O Edinburgh 0131 66 77 199 Josephine Teague Cambridge 01223 235127 Graham Thomas N London 0207 286 0887 Joanne Waine Bedford 01234 852930 Carole Wan S.Yorks & London 01246 416 544 Patrick Waterson Ballymena (NI) 028 25631415

34 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk “You see all those times have never The king said, “You must take the to be very rich,’ said Ali. ‘I am tired left you, they are all in YOU not that money, after all look at all the time of this hard life.’ Ali left his family in book”, said the man as he pointed to you have taken to tell this story.” the care of a friend and went on his the princes heart. travels, looking for diamonds. The wise man said, “Just pay for my “They have never been in that book, shoes. Sharing a simple truth with He went from country to country, you made all of those feelings your- another soul is enough for any one.” looking for those precious diamonds self.” but his search was fruitless and soon The wise man sat at home with he had used up all the money he had The prince then realized that even the the shoes on a shelf for years as a made from the sale of his farm. In sadness was coming from himself as reminder to himself that even a pair despair he threw himself into the sea the book, wherever it was now, could of shoes can be important to some- and was never seen again. not feel the feelings. one, and it’s just a matter of feeling what someone else feels at their time Meanwhile the man who had bought At that moment he realized that he of need and acknowledging it. Ali’s farm was one day watering his could concentrate on all the fun and animals in the stream that ran through good feelings he had ever felt as a Peter Salisbury the farm, when he saw a flash of light result of the stories in that book, and in the water. He pulled out a black he could use those memories to feel stone that had a bright eye which good now.. caught the light. He took the stone into his house and put it on a table The wise man said, “All feelings allow then forgot all about it until one day you to recognize that you are not just The Koh-i-noor Diamond the same monk who had visited Ali one identity. you can’t have happi- came by again. When he entered the ness without sadness and visa versa. house, he noticed the black stone and Several hundred years ago there was saw it flash in the light. As soon as you begin to realize this a farmer called Ali who worked very simple fact you can then choose hard for not much more than enough Excitedly he shouted. ‘A diamond! A to enjoy those feelings which you to keep him and his family alive. One diamond! Has Ali returned from his prefer by thinking those kinds of day a monk came to his door, begging travels?’ The farm’s new owner said Ali thoughts.” for food. Ali invited the monk to join has disappeared but that there were his family for their evening meal and many more such stones in the stream. The wise man said, “it’s fine, in fact afterwards the monk told Ali stories And that was how the Golconda it’s a necessity to feel sad at the right about the outside world and about Diamond Mine was discovered, possi- times just as it is important to cele- the fabulously rich people who lived bly the richest mine of its time and brate and feel happy at other times.” in cities. They dressed in fine clothes the source of the magnificent Koh-i- and covered themselves in gold and noor Diamond, which is now part of The prince looked up and opened his diamonds. Ali said he did not know the British Crown Jewels. eyes and looked deep into the wise what diamonds were or why they man’s eyes. made their owners so rich. If Ali had looked in his own yard instead of searching the world, he He said, “You are wise, you have seen The monk looked at Ali for a long would have found greater riches than a lot, I can tell from your face. I will moment, then replied, ‘A diamond he could ever have imagined! follow your wise words.” is a drop of sunlight that has been trapped underground, where it has Peter Barker The king now smiling with the rest of solidified. When it is dug up from the court having seen his son trans- the ground and polished, it outshines formed, asked the wise man how he everything around it. It is hard to find was going to spend his money. but when you have it, others will pay you a lot of money for it.’ “Oh, I don’t want the money” he said, “I just wanted to help some small boy Ali said he wanted one and asked who need to realize one simple truth: the monk where he could look for time changes everything and is the such a diamond. ‘Why do you want greatest healer on earth.” diamonds?’ asked the monk. ‘I want

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal 35 Book Reviews The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat By Oliver Sacks

Reviewed by David Crees

This book is absolutely first class.

Written by a practising neurologist about selected case histories. They A fabulous book. will make you laugh, leave you bewil- How Your Mind Can Heal dered and some might even scare the Your Body ISBN: 1848500238 .... out of you (or at least they did for By David Hamilton RRP: £9.99 me!) Published by Hay House UK. Reviewed by Jane Hodgkin Next time you’re going past a book shop, go in and have a peek; you won’t regret it - a right riveting read!

It’s FANTASTIC, and set out beau- Why Love Matters: How ISBN: 0330294911 tifully, useful chapter after useful Affection Shapes a RRP: £7.99 chapter. Baby’s Brain Published by Picador By Sue Gerhardt David details the results of scientific studies - I particularly liked the one Reviewed by Jodie Bell about the cleaners in a large hotel who considered themselves to be unfit despite the large amount of physical This book is fascinating and goes exercise they were taking. against the current trend of leaving tiny babies to cry themselves to When it was pointed out to them that sleep. they were doing more than enough in a day’s work to be fit, and some It’s not a book that parents who leave weeks had elapsed, their measure- their babies to cry would be comfort- Calling All ments were repeated and they were able reading, as it highlights research found to have decreased their waist on the physiological effects of not Bookworms! to hip ratio, BMI, body fat percent- responding to your distressed child, age and to have a 10% reduction in amongst other negative effects to the blood pressure - while still doing the child. same work. If there is a book or hypno- This book confirmed for me much therapy related product you There are also lots of case studies, as of what I thought about responsive have used recently, why not well as suggestions for how to elabo- parenting. Really recommend it for send in a review? rate a healing story/visualisation and anyone pregnant or with a baby! a whole chapter with sections for Or maybe you’ve got a great different diseases and stories of how ISBN: 1583918175 metaphor you’d like to share. people used their mind to heal them- RRP: £9.99 selves, often alongside medical help Published by Routledge. Email your contributions to: too. [email protected] An appendix contains his Quantum Field Healing.

36 The Hypnotherapy Journal - Issue 2 Vol 9 - hypnotherapists.org.uk The Hypnotherapy journal Address: PO Box 149, Gravesend, DA11 8XL Phone / Fax: 01474 740724 / 0870 7627329 Email: [email protected] Editor: Rob Woodgate MNCH(Reg), HPD, NLP(Master Prac) Proofreader: Lisa Langhorn, 01932 860107 Printer: Meridian Printers, 51-53 West Street, Long Sutton, Spalding, Lincs. PE12 9BN

THE HYPNOTHERAPY JOURNAL is published quarterly by The National Council for Hypnotherapy and is free for members. Because of potential copyright implications, no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the Editor, but where possible this is usually given, so please ask. CONTRIBUTIONS are welcomed, but we can accept no liability for any loss or damage, however caused. The preferred method for receiving contributions is by email in MS Word, Rich Text, or PDF format via email. Artwork can be sent as a Photoshop file (PSD), PDF, Encapsulated Postscript (EPS), TIFF or JPG (Max Quality Only). Snail mail contributions should be provided on a CD or typed (14pt Arial please) on single sided paper. Include postage and packing if you wish your work to be returned, and a stamped addressed postcard if you wish an acknowledgement of receipt. By submitting a contribution you grant the NCH an irrevocable worldwide non-exclusive royalty free licence to publish in The Hypnotherapy Journal or any other NCH publication, in any format capable of existence. You also warrant that the article is original, does not infringe any existing copyright, and that you have authority to grant us these rights to publish. Copyright remains with the author unless otherwise specified. DEADLINES are the last week of January, April, July and October, or by arrangement. VIEWS expressed in The Hypnotherapy Journal are those of the contributors and the Editor and are not neces- sarily shared by the Committee and members of the NCH. The appearance of an advertisement should in no way be taken as an endorsement by the NCH. If you would like to advertise in The Hypnotherapy Journal, please contact the Editor by email for a Media Pack. ISSN 1476-7570

hypnotherapists.org.uk - Issue 2 Vol 9 - The Hypnotherapy Journal Preferential Rates on your Professional Indemnity insurance as a member of the NCH

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