Water Resources of Allen County, Indiana by Jane R
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WAT-11 Water Resources of Allen County, Indiana By Jane R. Frankenberger, Extension Agricultural Engineer Introduction information were used in preparing this publication. All sources, Water is a vital resource for all citizens of Allen County. Water along with dates for the statistics and numbers presented, are is essential for agriculture and industry, as well as for recreation listed on page 12, under “Sources of Information.” Refer to these and drinking. A healthy environment and economy requires clean sources for further information. water and healthy watersheds. Allen County, with an area of 671 square miles or 429,440 acres, is the largest county in Indiana. Allen County Streams and Watersheds Its population is approximately 332,000. A watershed is a region of land that drains into a lake, stream, or river. Watersheds are important because everything that is done This publication gives basic information about surface and ground on the land within a watershed can affect the lake or river into water resources of Allen County and discusses human activities which it drains. The quality of our water is affected not only by that may be affecting those water resources. Many sources of what might be dumped in the lake or river, but by everything we do on the land in the watershed. GREAT LAKES WATERSHED Chicago Allen County lies in two major watersheds of North America. The western part of the county is in the Mississippi River Upper watershed, which flows west and south to the Gulf of Mexico. MISSISSIPPI RIVER Maumee WATERSHED The rest of the county is in the Great Lakes watershed, which Auglaize flows east to the Atlantic Ocean. The division between these two watersheds, shown in bold in Figure 1, can be considered a “Continental Divide,” separating water headed for the Atlantic Ocean from water that will flow to the Gulf of Mexico. Those large watersheds are divided into Allen County’s six Upper Great watersheds, which are shown in Figure 2 on the next page. Vermillion Miami • The Eel River, which drains the northwestern part of the county, flows west and drains into the Wabash River Low Great at Logansport. The Wabash River, the largest river in Miami Indiana, flows west and south to the Ohio before flowing into the Mississippi River. Busseronc • The Upper Wabash Watershed is drained in Allen County by the Little River, which flows into the Wabash River near Huntington. • The St. Joseph River flows south from Michigan and Ohio, through Steuben and DeKalb counties, before flowing into the Maumee River at Fort Wayne. Silver- Little Kentucky • The St. Mary’s River originates in Ohio and flows northwest through Adams and Allen Counties before joining the St. Joseph River to form the Maumee River. Allen County In major flood events, Junk Ditch (normally a tributary of the St. Mary’s River) has historically flowed into the Wabash. Figure 1: Major watersheds of Indiana. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Figure 2: Major watersheds of Allen County. • The Auglaize River watershed is drained by Flatrock Creek and its tributaries in Allen County and flows east into Ohio. • The Maumee River is formed where the St. Joseph and St. Mary’s Rivers join in Fort Wayne. The Maumee River flows east into Ohio and eventually into Lake Erie. Discharge for a stream or river is the amount of water flowing per unit of time. A typical unit for measuring discharge is cubic feet per second (cfs). Five gauging stations, where discharge is measured continuously in a stream or river, are run by the U.S. Geological Survey in Allen County. These stations are located in the St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, in the Maumee River at New Haven, in Cedar Creek at Cedarville, and in the St. Mary’s River and Spy Run Creek near Fort Wayne. These gauges are a component of a system used to notify the public of floods. The monthly average discharge for two of these streams is shown in Figure 3. Highest flows generally occur in February through April Figure 3: Average monthly discharge for two Allen while low flows usually occur in August through October, a County rivers. pattern that is typical for most streams in Indiana. 2 Maximum daily flows during floods can be much higher, and Allen County Lakes and Wetlands low flows during droughts can be much lower than these monthly There are two major reservoirs in Allen County: Cedarville averages. Peak flows, which are instantaneous measures, can Reservoir and Hurshtown Reservoir. Both store water from the be much higher than maximum daily flows. For example, the St. Joseph River and provide water supply for the city of Fort peak flow on record for St. Mary’s River at Fort Wayne was Wayne. The western part of the county is dotted with a few small 13,600 cubic feet per second in 1959, while the peak flow on lakes. Many of the lakes and ponds in Allen County were record for the St. Joseph River near Fort Wayne was 16,500 cubic originally built as detention ponds to contain runoff from feet per second in 1913. development activities. Floodplains are low areas adjacent to river or stream channels. Allen County has about 12,262 acres of wetlands, which is about Floodplains exist because river channels are rarely large enough 2.9 percent of the total area in the county. Approximately 85 to contain major floods. These areas have flooded in the past percent of Indiana wetlands have been lost since the 1700s, and will flood again in the future. The special flood hazard area including many in Allen County. The conversion of those is the area flooded by the 100-year storm, or a storm that has a wetlands has facilitated the growth and development of Allen 1% chance of occurring in any year. Figure 4 shows the floodway County communities. The remaining wetlands help maintain the and floodway fringe components of a special flood hazard area. quality of surface and ground water by removing potential pollutants such as sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from the water. Wetlands have many other benefits including providing habitat for wetland flora and fauna, providing services to humans such as aesthetics, hunting, fishing, and recreation opportunities, and reducing peak flood flows. Allen County Precipitation The average yearly precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) in Allen County is approximately 35 inches. Figure 6 shows average monthly precipitation, which is relatively constant throughout the year. The bars show the average, while the lines show the wettest year and driest year expected once in 5 years. Figure 4: Diagram of a floodplain (Source: Indiana Department of Natural Resources). Flood plains have been delineated for Allen County by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. A very general map of floodplains is shown in Figure 5. Check with the Department of Planning Services for maps that show detailed boundaries of floodplains, which should be viewed before purchasing land or planning any development that may coincide with a floodplain. The Allen County Surveyor’s Office also has the maps, and the Maumee River Basin Commission distributes the maps to the public free of charge. Figure 6: Average monthly precipitation in Allen County. Individual storms can cause flooding, so precipitation records over many years have been analyzed to assess the probability of storms of a certain size occurring. Precipitation probability for a single storm is generally expressed in terms of a return period, which means the expected number of years between storms of a given size. A “5-year storm” has a 20% chance of occurring in any one year, so it is likely to occur about every 5 years on the average. However, it is possible for a 5-year storm to occur many years in a row or even several times in a single year. A 100-year storm has a 1% chance of occurring in any year. (The 100-year storm is particularly important, because the area that is expected to be flooded by the 100-year storm is the special flood hazard area mapped in Figure 5.) Expected 24 hour precipitation for Allen County for various return periods is shown in Figure 7. Figure 5: Floodplains of Allen County. 3 Although the highlighted blue regions have the highest number of sensitive areas, smaller areas with a high potential for contamination can be located in any part of the county. Refer to The Hydrogeology of Allen County, Indiana. A Geologic and Ground Water Atlas for a detailed description of the geology and ground water resources of Allen County. It is available at the Department of Planning Services or the public library, or can be purchased from the Indiana Geological Survey (see “Sources of Information”). Allen County Water Use Figure 7: Precipitation expected in 24 hours for various Allen County citizens and industry use water for many purposes. The largest water use in Allen County is for domestic purposes, storm events. which include water in homes for drinking, washing, flushing Allen County Ground Water toilets, and watering gardens. Industry is the second largest water user. Water use in Allen County is shown in Figure 9. Ground water includes all water below the surface of the earth. In Allen County, economically significant amounts of this resource are produced from aquifers that consist of limestone bedrock and various sand and gravel bodies in the glacial deposits. Nearly all of these aquifers are confined by a variable thickness of clay that acts to retard recharge and slow the movement of potential contaminants into these water sources. Aquifers are commonly interconnected with one another and, at places, with surface water, to form aquifer systems.