Monitoring of Environmental Contaminants in Freshwater Ecosystems Occurrence and Biomagnification
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MILJØOVERVÅKNING M-1106 | 2018 Monitoring of environmental contaminants in freshwater ecosystems Occurrence and biomagnification Miljøgifter i ferskvann 2017 | M-1106 KOLOFON Utførende institusjon NIVA – Norsk institutt for vannforskning og NMBU - Norges Miljø og Biovitenskaplige Universitet Oppdragstakers prosjektansvarlig Kontaktperson i Miljødirektoratet Eirik Fjeld/Morten Jartun og Jan Ludvig Lyche Eivind Farmen M-nummer År Sidetall Miljødirektoratets kontraktnummer 1106 2018 136 17078053 og 17078122 Utgiver Prosjektet er finansiert av Miljødirektoratet Miljødirektoratet Forfatter(e) Morten Jartun, Eirik Fjeld, Kine Bæk, Katharina B. Løken, Thomas Rundberget, Merete Grung (NIVA), Martin Schlabach, Nicholas A. Warner (NILU), Ingar Johansen (IFE), Jan Ludvig Lyche, Vidar Berg (NMBU), Ole Jakob Nøstbakken (NIFES) Tittel – norsk og engelsk Monitoring of environmental contaminants in freshwater ecosystems Overvåking av miljøgifter i ferskvann Sammendrag – summary Denne rapporten består av to deler, der del I omhandler forekomsten av en rekke nye miljøgifter i den pelagiske næringskjeden i Mjøsa. Del to av denne rapporten beskriver nivåene av vannforskriftens prioriterte stoffer målt i fisk fra 13 sjøer i Norge. Resultatene viser trofisk magnifisering av siloksan (D5), Hg og BDE-47, mens langkjedede PFASer dominerer i leverprøver fra fisk. Nivåene av PBDE, kvikksølv og oktylfenol overstiger vannforskriftens miljøkvalitetsstandarder (EQS) i fisk fra alle 13 innsjøer som inngår i dette overvåkingsprogrammet, og PCB overskrider EQS i 12 av de 13 innsjøene. This report consists of two parts, where part I reports the main findings of the annual monitoring program focusing on emerging contaminants in the pelagic food web of Lake Mjøsa. Part II of the report presents concentrations of EU priority contaminants in fish from 13 Norwegian lakes. cVMS D5, Hg, and BDE-47 tend to show trophic biomagnification in Lake Mjøsa, and Long-chained PFASs are dominating the PFAS pattern in fish liver. The levels of PBDEs, mercury and octylphenol exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) limits in the EU Water Framework Directive’s (WFD) in all 13 lakes and PCBs exceeded EQS in 12 of 13 lakes. 4 emneord 4 subject words Innsjøer, næringsnett, siloksaner, miljøgifter Lakes, food web, siloxanes, contaminants Forsidefoto Mjøsa, view from Minnesund below the E6 highway bridge. Photo: Morten Jartun. Miljøgifter i ferskvann 2017 | M-1106 Contents 1. Part I – contaminants in freshwater food webs ...................................................... 5 2. Abstract .................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Norsk sammendrag ................................................................................. 5 2.2 English summary .................................................................................... 7 3. Introduction ............................................................................................... 9 4. Methods ................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Studied lakes – a short description ............................................................. 10 4.2 Sampling of fish and zooplankton .............................................................. 13 4.3 Analytical methods ................................................................................ 15 15 13 34 4.3.1 Stable isotopes of N (δ N), C (δ C), and S (δ S) .................................... 15 4.3.2 Mercury, Hg ................................................................................ 15 4.3.3 Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) ................................................ 15 4.3.4 Brominated flame retardants (BFR) .................................................... 16 4.3.5 Phosphorous flame retardants (PFR) ................................................... 16 4.3.6 Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) ........................................... 16 4.3.7 Alkylphenols and bisphenols ............................................................. 16 4.3.8 UV-chemicals ............................................................................... 17 4.4 Calculating trophic magnification factors ..................................................... 17 4.5 Introduction to the contaminants .............................................................. 18 4.5.1 Mercury, Hg ................................................................................ 18 4.5.2 Cyclic volatile methylated siloxanes (cVMS) .......................................... 18 4.5.3 Brominated flame retardants (BFR) .................................................... 19 4.5.4 Phosphorous flame retardants (PFR) ................................................... 19 4.5.5 Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) ........................................... 19 4.5.6 Alkylphenols and bisphenols ............................................................. 19 4.5.7 UV-chemicals ............................................................................... 20 5. Results and discussion .................................................................................. 20 5.1 Fish size, trophic level, lipid content .......................................................... 20 5.2 Environmental quality standards (EQS) ........................................................ 22 5.2.1 Results compared to EQS ................................................................. 22 5.3 Mercury, Hg ........................................................................................ 23 5.3.1 Trophic magnification of Hg and trends ............................................... 24 5.4 Cyclic volatile methylated siloxanes, cVMS ................................................... 26 5.4.1 Levels of cVMS in 2017 .................................................................... 26 5.4.2 Trends and annual variation of cVMS in Lake Mjøsa ................................. 29 Miljøgifter i ferskvann 2017 | M-1106 5.4.3 Trophic magnification of D5 in Lake Mjøsa ............................................ 32 5.5 Brominated flame retardants (BFR) ............................................................ 33 5.5.1 Concentrations of PBDE in 2017 ......................................................... 33 5.5.2 Time trends for PBDEs in Lake Mjøsa ................................................... 37 5.6 Correlations between cVMS, Hg, BDE-47 and relative trophic level ...................... 40 5.7 Phosphorus flame retardants (PFR) ............................................................ 42 5.8 Per- and polyfluorinated substances, PFAS ................................................... 43 5.9 Alkylphenols and bisphenols ..................................................................... 46 5.10 UV-chemicals....................................................................................... 47 6. Analyses of abiotic samples – water and sediment ................................................. 48 6.1 Sampling of water and sediments .............................................................. 48 6.2 Results .............................................................................................. 48 7. Extra chemical analyses ................................................................................ 49 7.1 Dechloranes ........................................................................................ 49 7.2 Quaternary ammonium compounds ............................................................ 51 8. References ................................................................................................ 52 9. Part II - EU priority contaminants in Norwegian freshwater fish................................. 56 9.1 Results and discussion ............................................................................ 57 9.1.1 Fish species, tissue, weight, length and fat percentage and stabile isotopes 58 9.1.2 Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) .................................................... 59 9.1.3 PCBs and Brominated Flame Retardants (PBDEs and HBCDD) .................. 61 9.1.4 Dioxins ................................................................................... 63 9.1.5 Polyaromantic Hydrocarbons (PAH) .................................................. 65 9.1.6 Perfluorinated Compounds (PFAS) ..................................................... 67 9.1.7 Phenols and Organotin Compounds .................................................. 70 9.1.8 Siloxane, Triclosan, Dicofol and Short-Chain (SCCPs) and Medium-Chain (MCCPs) Chlorinated Paraffins ........................................................................... 72 9.1.9 Hexachlorobutadien (HCBD), Trichlorobenzene (TCBs), Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and TCEP (tris(2-kloretyl)fosfat) ............................................................... 73 9.1.10Bis (2-etylheksyl) phthalate wet weight (DEHP) ..................................... 75 9.1.11Metals ....................................................................................... 77 9.1.12Levels of environmental contaminants in fish compared to environmental quality standards (EQS) .......................................................................... 81 9.2 Discussion ........................................................................................... 93 9.3 References ......................................................................................... 94 9.4 Materials and Methods ..........................................................................