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Centro Interuniversitario Di Studi Ungheresi E Sull'europa Centro INCROCI FRA ITALIA E UNGHERIA: STORIA, LETTERATURA, CULTURA, IDEE 3. Centro Interuniversitario di Studi Ungheresi e sull’Europa Centro-Orientale (Roma) Istituto di Filosofia del Centro ricerche di Scienze umanistiche (Budapest) Volume pubblicato con il contributo dell’Accademia ungherese delle Scienze Il Convegno è stato promosso, organizzato e finanziato dal Centro Interuniversitario di Studi Ungheresi e sull’Europa Centro-Orientale (CISUECO), in collaborazione con il Centro ricerche di Scienze umanistiche dell’Accademia ungherese delle Scienze, nell’ambito dell’Accordo fra il CISUECO (Roma) e l’Istituto di Filosofia F( I) del MTA BTK (Budapest). All’organizzazione del convegno ha collaborato l’Istituto italiano di cultura di Budapest. Italia e Ungheria tra pace e guerra fredda (1945-1955) a cura di Francesco Guida e Zoltán Turgonyi Centro ricerche di Scienze umanistiche BUDAPEST 2020 In copertina: La ricostruzione del Ponte della Libertà a Budapest nel 1946 (denominato fino ad allora Ponte Francesco Giuseppe, fatto saltare dai tedeschi nel 1945) Fortepan, MMKM TFGY 2017.1.1104. © Authors, 2020 © Editors, 2020 © Research Centre for the Humanities, 2020 È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, non autorizzata, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata. ISBN 978-963-416-216-2 ISSN 2560-0478 Sommario 5 Sommario Prefazione (Francesco Guida, Zoltán Turgonyi) ...................................... 9 STORIA, POLITICA, ECONOMIA Francesco Guida L’esperimento della democrazia popolare in Ungheria e i diplomatici italiani ............................................................................ 21 Simona Nicolosi Il 1947: l’occasione perduta ..................................................................... 41 Katalin Somlai Cuscinetti a sfera al posto dei limoni! Scambi commerciali italo-ungheresi nell’era staliniana del regime comunista ungherese ......... 51 Emanuela Costantini La quiete prima della tempesta. La società ungherese nella prima metà degli anni Cinquanta (negli occhi degli osservatori italiani) .................... 63 Giulia Lami L’Ungheria nel “Corriere della Sera”. 1946-1955 ...................................... 77 Gianluca Volpi Honvéd elvtárs. La trasformazione delle Forze Armate ungheresi 1944-1945 .............................................................................. 89 6 Sommario SCIENZA E ARTE Alessandro Gallo La geografia ungherese dal secondo dopoguerra agli anni Sessanta: rottura o continuità con il passato? ...................................................... 113 Ferenc Hörcher The Italian Inspiration in Historic Architectural Preservation in Hungary: the Case of Professor Frigyes Pogány ................................ 133 Zsuzsanna Ordasi Palazzi pubblici a Budapest nei primi anni del secondo dopoguerra (1945-1951) ....................................................................... 151 Tamara Török Intersezioni e divergenze tra il teatro italiano e il teatro ungherese dopo la seconda guerra mondiale (1945-1955) ....................................... 167 LA ChIESA CAttOLICA E IL REGIME COMUNIstA Antal Molnár La “Scuola Ungherese di Roma”. Storici Gesuiti emigrati ungheresi nella Città Eterna dopo il 1945 ............................................................. 185 Zoltán Turgonyi Fra integralismo e “proto-aggiornamento”. Il rapporto tra la Chiesa e il mondo moderno nella stampa cattolica ungherese dell’epoca di Rákosi e nei documenti vaticani contemporanei ............... 201 Lorenzo Venuti Propaganda filo- e anti-comunista nell’Italia della Guerra Fredda: l’eco del processo Mindszenty (1949-1953) ............................................ 215 Sommario 7 LEttERAtuRA, pubbLICIstICA Imre Madarász János Pilinszky a Roma ....................................................................... 229 Roberto Ruspanti A Roma prima che scendesse la notte stalinista. Intellettuali ungheresi a Roma tra il 1945 e il 1950 e i ricordi dello scrittore Balázs Lengyel ...... 235 Cinzia Franchi “Nei caffè, altra gente; altro il modo di starvi seduti, altro il sapore del caffè e delle bevande; e soprattutto, altra la lingua”. Paesaggi e passaggi nell’opera e nella biografia di Paolo Santarcangeli ........ 259 Vito Paoletić Noi siam piccoli pionieri! La costruzione dell’identità socialista nei primi numeri di giornalini per l’infanzia di comunità etniche minoritarie: italiani in Jugoslavia e ungheresi in Romania a confronto .... 275 Elenco degli autori .............................................................................. 287 Prefazione 9 Prefazione Il volume che il lettore ha in mano contiene gli atti del Convegno Internazio- nale di studi Incroci fra Italia e Ungheria tra pace e guerra fredda: storia, lette- ratura, cultura, mondo delle idee (1945-1955), [Olasz-magyar találkozások béke és hidegháború között: történelem, irodalom, kultúra, eszmevilág (1945-1955)], promosso e organizzato dal Centro Interuniversitario di Studi Ungheresi e sull’Europa Centro-Orientale (CISUECO) e dall’Istituto di Filosofia del Cen- tro ricerche di Scienze umanistiche dell’Accademia ungherese delle Scienze (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Fi- lozófiai Intézet, in sigla MTA BTK FI), e svoltosi a Budapest il 13 e il 14 giugno 2019. Il Convegno è stato reso possibile grazie all’Accordo stipulato fra le due istituzioni che prevede, fra l’altro, lo svolgimento di un convegno scientifico ogni due anni alternativamente in Ungheria e in Italia. La pubblicazione del presente volume è stata resa possibile grazie all’impegno finanziario dell’Ac- cademia ungherese delle Scienze.1 Il tema del volume è il primo decennio del secondo dopoguerra, analizzato in modo pluridisciplinare e interdisciplinare. I partecipanti al convegno han- no esaminato da diversi punti di vista (storico, politico, letterario, culturale, artistico) quell’epoca, concentrando la loro attenzione in particolare sugli in- croci fra Italia e Ungheria. 1 Il curatore ungherese vuole esprimere i suoi più sinceri ringraziamenti ai professori Francesco Guida e Lorenzo Venuti per il controllo linguistico dei saggi degli autori ungheresi. 10 Prefazione Storia, politica, economia Il lavoro collettivo dei diciassette autori si apre con un quadro storico-politico dell’Ungheria nei primissimi anni successivi al conflitto generale che non po- che ferite inflisse proprio al Paese magiaro. Per delinearlo, oltre a utilizzare le fonti storiografiche, Francesco Guida si serve della documentazione diplo- matica italiana del tempo, in parte inedita. L’incrocio italo-ungherese non è solo in questa particolare fonte, poiché nel saggio vi è posto anche per illu- strare l’interruzione e la ripresa delle relazioni tra i due Stati. Tuttavia esso è dedicato in primo luogo a descrivere e a riflettere in chiave interpretativa sul percorso che condusse alla creazione del regime comunista in Ungheria, per capire fino a che punto tale esito fosse irrevocabile, se il nuovo regime potesse avere caratteristiche più proprie e meno esemplate sul modello sovietico, se, insomma, vi fosse qualche speranza che si applicasse il modello teorizzato da Georgi Dimitrov della “democrazia popolare”, non più liberal-democratica all’occidentale, ma neppure socialista totalitaria. Alla stessa epoca, quella immediatamente successiva agli eventi bellici, si riferisce il saggio di Simona Nicolosi Il 1947: l’occasione perduta. Vi si parla di un particolare incrocio tra storia italiana e storia ungherese: la visita a caratte- re politico-diplomatico di Mihály Károlyi a Roma a cavallo tra aprile e maggio del 1947. Realizzata dopo una lunga preparazione diplomatica e caratterizzata da incontri con i massimi esponenti politici italiani, essa si risolse con un fallimento e con la dimostrazione che a Paesi sconfitti come Italia e Ungheria non era dato di avviare un’azione internazionale del tutto indipendente nel momento in cui si erano di fatto già costituiti i due campi opposti, uno facen- te capo a Mosca e l’altro a Washington, e l’atmosfera della Guerra fredda si faceva progressivamente sempre più pesante. Il governo italiano lasciò cadere le timide proposte del fondatore (nel novembre 1918) della prima Repubblica democratica ungherese, riguardo a una collaborazione tra Stati dell’Europa danubiana e l’Italia. Inevitabilmente pesò il contenzioso di quest’ultima con la Jugoslavia titina cui invece Budapest guardava con interesse. La sorte per- sonale di Károlyi, per la seconda volta esule dal 1949, essendo rimasto deluso dall’indirizzo politico affermatosi in Ungheria, sembra confermare il volatiz- zarsi delle speranze nutrite in quel 1947. Dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale l’Ungheria gradualmente divenne dun- que uno Stato socialista, con una vita economica pianificata e – per un omag- gio eccessivo all’ideologia – subordinata a una direzione spesso irrazionale. La fondazione del Consiglio di mutua assistenza economica (Comecon) fa- Prefazione 11 voriva l’integrazione economica del blocco sovietico e la sua separazione dal resto del mondo. Però lo Stato ungherese, prendendo in considerazione la sua situazione reale e le sue possibilità, non poteva permettersi di restare comple- tamente isolato dall’economia occidentale. Così il governo provò a rinnovare e mantenere i rapporti commerciali con i suoi vecchi partner, tra i quali si tro- vava anche l’Italia. Anche quest’ultima era interessata allo scambio di merci fra i due Paesi, in parte a causa di certe rassomiglianze fra i suoi problemi e quelli dell’Ungheria. Il saggio di Katalin Somlai intitolato Cuscinetti a sfera al posto dei limoni!
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