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Breaking Down the “Cosine Fourth Power Law”
Breaking Down The “Cosine Fourth Power Law” By Ronian Siew, inopticalsolutions.com Why are the corners of the field of view in the image captured by a camera lens usually darker than the center? For one thing, camera lenses by design often introduce “vignetting” into the image, which is the deliberate clipping of rays at the corners of the field of view in order to cut away excessive lens aberrations. But, it is also known that corner areas in an image can get dark even without vignetting, due in part to the so-called “cosine fourth power law.” 1 According to this “law,” when a lens projects the image of a uniform source onto a screen, in the absence of vignetting, the illumination flux density (i.e., the optical power per unit area) across the screen from the center to the edge varies according to the fourth power of the cosine of the angle between the optic axis and the oblique ray striking the screen. Actually, optical designers know this “law” does not apply generally to all lens conditions.2 – 10 Fundamental principles of optical radiative flux transfer in lens systems allow one to tune the illumination distribution across the image by varying lens design characteristics. In this article, we take a tour into the fascinating physics governing the illumination of images in lens systems. Relative Illumination In Lens Systems In lens design, one characterizes the illumination distribution across the screen where the image resides in terms of a quantity known as the lens’ relative illumination — the ratio of the irradiance (i.e., the power per unit area) at any off-axis position of the image to the irradiance at the center of the image. -
Whitepprlow.Qxd (Page 1)
Print Permanence An Epson White Paper Overview How long will a photographic print last? There is no simple It is also clear that most photographic prints will have greater answer. But it is important for anyone who cares about their longevity than a computer hard drive or magnetic media. Not photos to have a base understanding of the factors that affect only can digital storage devices be damaged by magnetic fields, the longevity of prints to make informed decisions and insure viruses and equipment malfunction, but rapid changes in those photographic prints will last an expected time. technology tend to make the devices and their file formats obsolete. In addition, many back-up digital storage systems such This white paper deals with the complex subject of print as CDs and DVDs incorporate materials that may fade or change permanence and how knowledge of industry-accepted in ways that could make their contents unreadable in the future. comparative print permanence testing can lead to the best decisions about buying or specifying imaging products. Every From the beginning of the 20th century until the 1950s most bit as important, this document will help the reader detect photographic prints were in black and white. If properly potentially misleading marketing claims about photographic processed, these fiber based black and white prints had and still image quality, print permanence and the limitations of universal have great resistance to fading from light or gas and to water compatibility. damage. Because of the high inherent stability of fiber based black and white prints, many of these early photographs remain We at Epson want to help consumers and professionals learn in excellent condition and even now reside in family collections, more about how prints are made and how different inks and commercial collections and museums. -
The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ART HISTORY WOLFGANG TILLMANS: WORLD-MAKING YIZHOU ZHANG SPRING 2020 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Art History with honors in Art History Reviewed and approved* by the following: Sarah K. Rich Associate Professor of Art History Thesis Supervisor Sarah K. Rich Associate Professor of Art History Honors Adviser Nancy E. Locke Associate Professor of Art History Faculty Reader * Electronic approvals are on file. i ABSTRACT This thesis looks into the body of art works created by Wolfgang Tillmans from the early 1980s to the present, with a focus on the transforming quality of the photographic medium. The essay first investigates the early clashing of mediums in the artist’s work: the photo printer, digital camera, and film in the photograph surface. Then, the essay delves into a longer history of abstract photography that relates to modernist notions of medium specificity. The third chapter deals with the issue of body in a double fold: the body of the art work, and the body of the artist. The fourth chapter introduces a systematic view on Tillmans’ thirty-years-long oeuvre, connecting the motif of astronomy with a distinct world view hidden behind Tillmans photographs. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures.............................................................................................................................. -
Sample Manuscript Showing Specifications and Style
Information capacity: a measure of potential image quality of a digital camera Frédéric Cao 1, Frédéric Guichard, Hervé Hornung DxO Labs, 3 rue Nationale, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, FRANCE ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to define an objective measurement for evaluating the performance of a digital camera. The challenge is to mix different flaws involving geometry (as distortion or lateral chromatic aberrations), light (as luminance and color shading), or statistical phenomena (as noise). We introduce the concept of information capacity that accounts for all the main defects than can be observed in digital images, and that can be due either to the optics or to the sensor. The information capacity describes the potential of the camera to produce good images. In particular, digital processing can correct some flaws (like distortion). Our definition of information takes possible correction into account and the fact that processing can neither retrieve lost information nor create some. This paper extends some of our previous work where the information capacity was only defined for RAW sensors. The concept is extended for cameras with optical defects as distortion, lateral and longitudinal chromatic aberration or lens shading. Keywords: digital photography, image quality evaluation, optical aberration, information capacity, camera performance database 1. INTRODUCTION The evaluation of a digital camera is a key factor for customers, whether they are vendors or final customers. It relies on many different factors as the presence or not of some functionalities, ergonomic, price, or image quality. Each separate criterion is itself quite complex to evaluate, and depends on many different factors. The case of image quality is a good illustration of this topic. -
Section 10 Vignetting Vignetting the Stop Determines Determines the Stop the Size of the Bundle of Rays That Propagates On-Axis an the System for Through Object
10-1 I and Instrumentation Design Optical OPTI-502 © Copyright 2019 John E. Greivenkamp E. John 2019 © Copyright Section 10 Vignetting 10-2 I and Instrumentation Design Optical OPTI-502 Vignetting Greivenkamp E. John 2019 © Copyright On-Axis The stop determines the size of Ray Aperture the bundle of rays that propagates Bundle through the system for an on-axis object. As the object height increases, z one of the other apertures in the system (such as a lens clear aperture) may limit part or all of Stop the bundle of rays. This is known as vignetting. Vignetted Off-Axis Ray Rays Bundle z Stop Aperture 10-3 I and Instrumentation Design Optical OPTI-502 Ray Bundle – On-Axis Greivenkamp E. John 2018 © Copyright The ray bundle for an on-axis object is a rotationally-symmetric spindle made up of sections of right circular cones. Each cone section is defined by the pupil and the object or image point in that optical space. The individual cone sections match up at the surfaces and elements. Stop Pupil y y y z y = 0 At any z, the cross section of the bundle is circular, and the radius of the bundle is the marginal ray value. The ray bundle is centered on the optical axis. 10-4 I and Instrumentation Design Optical OPTI-502 Ray Bundle – Off Axis Greivenkamp E. John 2019 © Copyright For an off-axis object point, the ray bundle skews, and is comprised of sections of skew circular cones which are still defined by the pupil and object or image point in that optical space. -
Photograpmc MATERIALS CONSERVATION CATALOG
PHOTOGRAPmC MATERIALS CONSERVATION CATALOG The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Photographic Materials Group FIRST EDmON November 1994 INPAINTING OUTLINE The Pbotographlc MaterIals CODServatioD Catalog is a publication of the Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for CODBervation of Historic and Artistic Works. The Photographic MaterIals CoDServatioD Catalog is published as a convemence for the members of the Photographic Materials Group. Publication in DO way endorses or recommends any of the treatments, methods, or techniques described herein. First Edition copyright 1994. The Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for CODBervation of Historic and Artistic Works. Inpa........ 0utIIDe. Copies of outline chapters of the Pbotograpble MaterIals CoaservatloD Catalog may be purchased from the American Institute for CODBervation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1717 K Street, NW., Suite 301, Washington, DC 20006 for $15.00 each edition (members, $17.50 non-members), plus postage. PHOTOGRAPIDC MATERIALS CONSERVATION CATALOG STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The purpose of the Photograpbic Materials Conservation Catalog is to compile a catalog of coDSe1'Vation treatment procedures and information pertinent to the preservation and exhibition of photographic materials. Although the catalog will inventory techniques used by photographic conservators through the process of compiling outlines, the catalog is not intended to establish definitive procedures nor to provide step-by-step recipes for the untrained. Inclusion of information in the catalog does not constitute an endorsement or approval of the procedure described. The catalog is written by conservators for CODSe1'Vators, as an aid to decision making. Individual conservators are solely responsible for determining the safety, adequacy, and appropriateness of a treatment for a given project and must understand the possible effects of the treatment on the photographic material treated. -
Inkjet Photo Prints: Here to Stay
Inkjet Photo Prints: Here to Stay Dr. Nils Miller, Hewlett-Packard Company June 2004 Executive Summary A recent report from the Photo Marketing Association states, “2003 was a pivotal year for the industry, with digital cameras outselling traditional cameras for the first time ever… This gap will widen in 20041”… As more customers move to digital cameras, more are also choosing inkjet photo printers thanks to significant advances in image quality and convenience. The increasing numbers of customers who are using digital photography would indicate that they are very satisfied with digital cameras and inkjet photo printing and have indeed answered yes to the question: “Do inkjet photo prints have image quality equal to (or better than) traditional silver-halide photo prints?” One question remains, however, for customers who currently use inkjet or are considering inkjet in the future to print their valuable photos: “Will inkjet photo prints last as long as traditional silver-halide photo prints?” Estimates of the life of photo prints are based on whether the prints will be displayed or stored. In all likelihood, only a small portion of photo prints are actually displayed and subjected to regular illumination. Displayed prints are among the most treasured, and customers need to feel confident that they can enjoy these images for a lifetime. This paper will address the display permanence of inkjet photo prints including relevant results of HP internal tests and HP’s current line of photo print media and inks. Inherited Silver-Halide Permanence Standards The science of predicting the display permanence of silver-halide photo prints is quite mature. -
KODAK Advantix Films
TECHNICAL DATA / ADVANCED PHOTO SYSTEM February 2002 • E-7003 KODAK ADVANTiX Films Welcome to the innovative world of the Advanced Photo Kodak offers three color negative films for the Advanced System and KODAK ADVANTiX Films! Photo System. These films share the following features: At the heart of the Advanced Photo System, KODAK ADVANTiX Films are truly hybrid products. They use Features Benefits breakthrough photographic emulsion and coating • KODAK Film Safe • Worry-free, drop-in loading technologies to deliver excellent image quality in the smaller Cassette • Automatic film threading and rewinding film format. • Safe storage of negatives At the same time, Kodak’s magnetics technology enables • Index print of all exposures coating the entire surface of the film with a transparent • Choice of picture • “Classic,” similar to 35 mm prints magnetic layer. This layer records digital information that formats on the same • “Group,” for slightly wider shots links all Advanced Photo System components through roll • “Pan,” for panoramic scenes information exchange (IX). IX permits communication • Film Status Indicator • Easy identification of status of between you, the camera, the film, and the photofinishing (FSI) on cassette film inside the cassette— unexposed, partially exposed, equipment in the lab that processes and prints your film. exposed, or processed ADVANTiX Films come in a unique elliptical film • Choice of film speed • Selection of 100-, 200-, or cassette called a KODAK Film Safe Cassette. A code 400-speed film number is assigned to each cassette and the film inside. The • Information Exchange • Exposure and print format data number enables automatic rematching of the cassette and (IX) recorded on the film to optimize film in photofinishing operations. -
Multi-Agent Recognition System Based on Object Based Image Analysis Using Worldview-2
intervals, between −3 and +3, for a total of 19 different EVs To mimic airborne imagery collection from a terrestrial captured (see Table 1). WB variable images were captured location, we attempted to approximate an equivalent path utilizing the camera presets listed in Table 1 at the EVs of 0, radiance to match a range of altitudes (750 to 1500 m) above −1 and +1, for a total of 27 images. Variable light metering ground level (AGL), that we commonly use as platform alti- tests were conducted using the “center weighted” light meter tudes for our simulated damage assessment research. Optical setting, at the EVs listed in Table 1, for a total of seven images. depth increases horizontally along with the zenith angle, from The variable ISO tests were carried out at the EVs of −1, 0, and a factor of one at zenith angle 0°, to around 40° at zenith angle +1, using the ISO values listed in Table 1, for a total of 18 im- 90° (Allen, 1973), and vertically, with a zenith angle of 0°, the ages. The variable aperture tests were conducted using 19 dif- magnitude of an object at the top of the atmosphere decreases ferent apertures ranging from f/2 to f/16, utilizing a different by 0.28 at sea level, 0.24 at 500 m, and 0.21 at 1,000 m above camera system from all the other tests, with ISO = 50, f = 105 sea level, to 0 at around 100 km (Green, 1992). With 25 mm, four different degrees of onboard vignetting control, and percent of atmospheric scattering due to atmosphere located EVs of −⅓, ⅔, 0, and +⅔, for a total of 228 images. -
Cameraless & Alternative Photographic Workshops
Cameraless & Alternative photographic workshops All workshops listed below are tailored for your requirements, suitable for a range of ages and do no require any previous experience. Hannah Fletcher @hfletch www.hannahfletcher.com [email protected] Member of London Alternative Photography Collective @londnaltphoto Cyanotypes Lumen prints Workshops can range from drop-in 30 min sessions to 1 or 2 day classes and will result in finished prints to be taken away. The Cyanotype is a cameraless photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Absorbent materials -including papers, fabrics, woods and cardboards, are coated with a light sensitive solution and dried in a darkened space. Once dry, the material is layered with Workshops can range from drop-in 40 min sessions to full day classes objects or large format negatives and and will result in finished prints to be taken away. exposed to a source of ultraviolet light (either the sun or a UV exposure unit). Lumen printing is a cameraless photographic printing process that works Exposure time will vary depending on particularly well with organic materials. It can be done with any old, out of the strength of the UV light and can be date or fogged photographic paper or film. anywhere from 2 minutes to a few hours. Once thoughrouly washed in water, areas Materials and specimens are collected and picked for the workshop. These of the material that have been touched by are then placed onto the photographic paper or photographic film and light, remain blue, while any areas that weighted down inside a frame and exposed to a source of ultraviolet light were hidden from UV light source will (either the sun or a UV exposure unit). -
Photographic Reproduction Processes by P.C
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Photographic Reproduction Processes by P.C. Duchochois This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.guten- berg.org/license Title: Photographic Reproduction Processes Author: P.C. Duchochois Release Date: December 24, 2007 [Ebook 24016] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION PROCESSES*** Photographic Reproduction Processes A Practical Treatise of the Photo-Impressions Without Silver Salts By P.C. Duchochois New York The Scovill & Adams Company 423 Broome Street. 1891 Contents INTRODUCTION. 1 THE DESIGNS. 17 THE CYANOTYPE OR BLUE PROCESS. 23 THE CYANOFER. (Pellet's Process.) . 31 THE BLACK OR INK PROCESS. (Ferro-tannate Process.) 37 THE CUPROTYPE. (Burnett's Process.) . 41 THE ANILINE PROCESS. 43 THE PRIMULINE OR DIAZOTYPE PROCESS. 49 TRACING PROCESS ON METAL. 59 GRAPHOTYPY. 63 THE URANOTYPE. 67 THE PLATINOTYPE. 73 ARTIGUES' PROCESS . 85 THE CARBON PROCESS. 91 APPENDIX. 117 Illustrations A Tournette . 60 Chardon's method of coating . 94 Preparer's Note Please remember that this book was published over a century ago, long before today's chemical safety standards. Please get expert advice before attempting to perform any of the procedures described in this book. Authors Quoted Artigues. Bevan, E.J. Bingham Borlinetto Brasseur, Chs. Buckle. Burnett, C. J. Chardon Cheysson Colas. Cooper, H. Cross, C. F. De la Blanchère, H. De St. Florent Draper, Dr. John Ducos du Hauron Dumoulin, E. -
FILM FORMATS ------8 Mm Film Is a Motion Picture Film Format in Which the Filmstrip Is Eight Millimeters Wide
FILM FORMATS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the filmstrip is eight millimeters wide. It exists in two main versions: regular or standard 8 mm and Super 8. There are also two other varieties of Super 8 which require different cameras but which produce a final film with the same dimensions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Standard 8 The standard 8 mm film format was developed by the Eastman Kodak company during the Great Depression and released on the market in 1932 to create a home movie format less expensive than 16 mm. The film spools actually contain a 16 mm film with twice as many perforations along each edge than normal 16 mm film, which is only exposed along half of its width. When the film reaches its end in the takeup spool, the camera is opened and the spools in the camera are flipped and swapped (the design of the spool hole ensures that this happens properly) and the same film is exposed along the side of the film left unexposed on the first loading. During processing, the film is split down the middle, resulting in two lengths of 8 mm film, each with a single row of perforations along one edge, so fitting four times as many frames in the same amount of 16 mm film. Because the spool was reversed after filming on one side to allow filming on the other side the format was sometime called Double 8. The framesize of 8 mm is 4,8 x 3,5 mm and 1 m film contains 264 pictures.