EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 14, 7217-7221 (2020)

Parasitoid and host range of xylostella L. (: Plutellidae) in Bali

Ketut Ayu Yuliadhi 1* 1 Integrated Pest Management Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Bali, INDONESIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract This study aims to identify the parasitoid and the host range of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera- Plutellidae) in Bali, Indonesia. Survey was conducted between May and October 2016 and the observation was conducted in four regencies, namely Buleleng, Tabanan, Gianyar, and Bangli in the province of Bali. Cabbage and caisin plants were found in the four regencies. Cauliflower and brocolli plants were found in Tabanan, whereas collards were found in Tabanan and Buleleng. The highest average population of P. xylostella was recorded at 134.25 larvae inhabiting cabbage plants, whereas the lowest was recorded at 32.5 larvae inhabiting the collards. Two of parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum Hellen and Cotesia plutellae were discovered in the observation. The average population of D. semiclausum was recorded at 29.25, 13.75, 9.2, 5.5 individuals inhabiting cabbage, caisin, brocolli, and collard plants respectively. D. semiclausum was not found inhabiting cauliflowers. C. plutellae were found in cabbage, caisin, cauliflower, brocolli, and collard plants. The highest average population of C. plutellae was recorded at 21.5, 11.5, 10.75, 6.5, 3.75 individuals inhabiting cauliflower, cabbage, caisin, brocolli, and collard plants respectively.

Keywords: Plutella xylostella, Cotesia plutellae, Diadegma semiclausum, parasitoid

Yuliadhi KA (2020) Parasitoid and host range of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Bali. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 7217-7221.

© 2020 Yuliadhi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

INTRODUCTION Natural enemies (parasitoids) play an important role in suppressing P. xylostella populations. Herlinda (2004) Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) suggests that there are 5 species of natural enemies generally known as Diamond Back (DBM) are the (parasitoids) associated with P. xylostella (L.). The five main pest that attack cabbages or Crucifera (Talekar species are Trichogrammatoidea cojuangcoi Nagaraja dan Shelton, 1993). In addition to cabbage, P. xylostella (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Cotesia also eat broccolli, pea, caisin, collard and various wild (Apanteles) plutellae (Kurdj.) (Hymenoptera: cabbages (Kalshoven, 1981). The larvae of P. xylostella Braconidae), Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: attack cabbages that are less than 1 month old during Ichneumonidae), and Oomyzus sokoluskii sp. seeding to cabbages that are ready to harvest (Yuliadhi, (Hymenoptera: Eulopidae). The species of D. 2015). semiclausum is only found in the highlands with a P. xylostella attack on cabbage could cause high parasitization rate of 79.2%. On the other hand, C. losses. Information obtained directly from farmers plutellae can be found in the lowlands to the highlands, indicates that it is difficult to control P. xylostella pests with a parasitization rate of 64.0%. on cabbage when the population is high. Losses due to During a survey in 2012 at a cabbage plantation in crop failure caused by P. xylostella attacks on cabbage Pancasari Village, Buleleng Regency, Bali, one species can reach 100% without insecticide application (Permadi of P. xylostella larvae parasitoid was found, namely D. and Sastrosiswojo, 1993). semiclausum (Yuliadhi, 2012). D. semiclausum is a Cabbage farmers usually use synthetic insecticides solitary endoparasitoid larvae, where the parasitoid to control P. xylostella pests. The synthetic insecticide is parent inserts its ovipositor to lay eggs into the host’s applied 5-6 times in one growing season of cabbage body (Untung, 2006), in this case into the body of P. vegetables. Excessive use of insecticides can cause xylostella larvae. many new problems, such as the death of non-target organisms, environmental pollution (soil, water and air), residues in crop yields (Sudewa et al, 2009), and the death of natural enemies of these pests. Received: October 2019 Accepted: March 2020

Printed: December 2020

7217

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7217-7221 (2020) Yuliadhi et al.

Knowing the diversity of P. xylostella host plants is Observation of P. xylostella Natural Enemies an important component in efforts to control the pest The P. xylostella parasitoid survey was carried out in population. Information about the diversity of parasitoid the same location as the host plant survey. Parasitoid species obtained in this study could be used in samples were taken using purposive sampling method management. Understanding the presence of natural by choosing host plants of cabbages, which were enemies in a habitat is a priority because the host plant attacked by P. xylostella. Parasitoid samples taken from and its habitat could affect the diversity of natural each host plant consisted of 10 egg groups, 100 larvae enemies species. and 100 pupae of P. xylostella. Each sample obtained Host plants also influence the interaction between was inserted into a plastic jar with a diameter of 9 cm natural enemies, in this case the parasitoid and P. and a height of 11 cm separately based on the host plant xylostella. This study aims to determine the diversity of and location. Each jar was labeled with the sample host plant species and the diversity of parasitoid species location and time and type of plant. All parasitoid associated with P. xylostella in various kinds of cabbage samples (eggs, larvae and pupae) were taken to the plants cultivated in Bali. The information obtained will laboratory for maintenance, observation and enrich the knowledge and information regarding the identification. diversity of host plant species P. xylostella and its The P. xylostella eggs samples in the laboratory parasitoid. were kept in the jar until the parasitoids and larvae came out. P. xylostella larvae were fed according to the type RESEARCH METHODS of plant. The larvae are kept to develop into pupae, until Research Location and Period adult of the parasitoids or P. xylostella adult of appeared. The research was conducted between May 2016 and Pupae of P. xylostella samples were kept until adult of October 2016. The study consists of 2 stages, namely parasitoid or P. xylostella appeared. All adukt of field research and laboratory research. The field parasitoids and P. xylostella that appeared were research was carried out in four regencies, namely counted. Buleleng, Tabanan, Gianyar, and Bangli. The 4 regencies are located at an altitude of 640 - 1400 meters RESULT AND DISCUSSION above sea level. Laboratory research was carried out at The survey results showed that there were five the Integrated Pest and Disease Control Laboratory, species of P. xylostella host plants in four vegetable Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of production centers in Bali. The five plant species are Agriculture, Udayana University. broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, caisin and collard. Equipment and Materials Cabbage and caisin plants were found in four regencies The equipment used in this study include plastic jars of Buleleng, Tabanan, Gianyar, and Bangli. The with a diameter of 9 cm and a height of 11 cm, test tubes, cauliflower and broccoli plants were found in Tabanan cameras, microscope slide set needles, microscopes, as Regency. Collard plants were found in Tabanan well as books, journals and articles to identify parasitoid Regency and in Buleleng Regency. species and P. xylostella host species. The The survey results indicated that the host plant materials used include eggs, larvae and pupae of P. species affected the number of P. xylostella larvae xylostella, plants that host P. xylostella, 70% alcohol and found. The highest population of P. xylostella larvae was 96% alcohol. found in cabbage. There were 134.25 larvae recorded in cabbage, while the lowest population recorded was 32.5 Observation of P. xylostella Host Range larvae attacking collard (Fig. 1, Table 1). The field survey was conducted for two months in Based on laboratory observations of the parasitoid four regencies which are centers of vegetable emerging from P. xylostella eggs samples, no adult of production. The four regencies are Buleleng Regency parasitoid was found. Meanwhile, from larvae and with an altitude of 1400 masl, Tabanan Regency with an pupae/cocoon samples, the identification results show altitude of 640-1400 masl, Gianyar regency with an that there are 2 species of parasitoids that parasitize P. altitude of 900 masl and Bangli regency with an altitude xylostella larvae. The two species are Diadegma of 900 masl. The survey was conducted to obtain host semiclausum Hellen (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) plants of P. xylostella. The host plants of P. xylostella and Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumorf (Hymenoptera: that were surveyed were determined based on Braconidae). information contained in a book on plant pests in The characteristics of adult of D. semiclausum are Indonesia written by Kalshoven (1981). Plants that were having black complexion, about 5 mm in length, yellow found with and showed symptoms of being attacked by abdomen and legs. Parasitoid larvae of C. plutellae are P. xylostella were recorded as the host plant for P. members of the Braconidae family of the order xylostella. Hymenoptera. The results of studies in several countries suggest that the parasitoid C. plutellae can disrupt the

7218

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7217-7221 (2020) Yuliadhi et al.

Fig. 1. P. xylostella population on various host plants

Table 1. Sum of P. xylostella population on various host plants Sum of P. xylostella population Host Plants Larvae Pupae Cabbage 134,25 99,75 Caisin 123,25 92 Cauliflower 59,25 31,5 Brocolli 33,5 21,5 Collard 32,75 19,25

Table 2. The Population Sum of Parasitoid D. semiclausum and C. plutellae on various plants Sum of Parasitoid Population Host Plants C. plutellae D. semiclausum Cabbage 11,5 29,25 Caisin 10,75 13,75 Cauliflower 21,5 0 Broccoli 6,5 9,2 Collard 3,75 5,5

P. xylostella population in the field (Lim, 1982). C. 6.5, and 3.75 which parasitized P. xylostella in plutellae is found in both subtropical and tropical cauliflower, cabbage, caisin, broccoli, and collard (Fig. countries. C.plutellae was already found in India in 1970 4) (Talekar & Shelton, 1993). C. plutellae is found in both The level of parasitizing of D. semiclausum is the lowlands and highlands (Herlinda, 2005), and 27,78% in cabbages in Buleleng. The level of Hamid, (2003) states that altitude also affects parasitoid parasitizing of C. plutellae is 26,63% in cauliflower in diversity. Tabanan (Table 3). The results showed that the type of host plant could affect the level of parasitization of parasitoids. The CONCLUSION average population of D. semiclausum was recorded, There are 5 species of P. xylostella host plants in four respectively, 29.25, 13.75, 9.2, and 5.5 parasitizing P. vegetable production centers in Bali. The five plant xylostella in cabbage, caisin, broccoli and collard. species are cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, caisin, and Meanwhile, no D. semiclausum parasitizing P. xylostella collard. Cabbage and caisin plants are found in four was found in cauliflower (Table 2). regencies, namely Buleleng, Tabanan, Gianyar, and Similar to D.semiclausum, C. plutellae parasitoid is a Bangli. Cauliflower and broccoli are found in Tabanan solitary parasitoid larvae, there is only one parasitoid in Regency, while cabbage plants are found in Tabanan one host body. The body size of adult of C. plutellae is Regency and in Buleleng Regency. Two species of very small, namely 2-3 mm with a shiny black color (Fig. parasitoids are found, namely the parasitoid Diadegma 2). C. plutellae cocoons are pure white in color and very semiclausum Hellen and Cotesia plutellae Kurdj. The hard (Fig. 3). C. plutellae was found to parasitize P. parasitization rate of D. semiclausum is 27.78% in xylostella larvae in cabbage, caisin, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage in Buleleng, while the parasitization rate of C. and collard. The highest average population of C. plutellae is 26.63% in cauliflower in Tabanan. plutellae was recorded, respectively 21.5, 11.5, 10.75,

7219

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7217-7221 (2020) Yuliadhi et al.

Fig. 2. C. plutellae : A. Larvae of P. xylostella parasitized by C. plutellae; B. Larvae of C. plutella; C. Coccon C. plutellae and D. Adult C. plutellae

Table 3. The level of parasitizing of parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum and Cotesia plutellae on host plants and location altitude Parasitoid larvae parasitizing percentage (%) Regency Plant Diadegma semiclausum Cotesia Plutellae Cabbage 27,78 0 Buleleng Caisin 17,95 0 Collard 26,15 0 Cabbage 20,10 21,60 Cauliflower 0 26,63 Tabanan Broccoli 21,64 16,25 Caisin 19,89 22,40 Collard 15,31 20,95 Cabbage 22,89 0 Gianyar Caisin 17,78 0 Cabbage 0 0 Bangli Caisin 0 0

REFERENCES Hamid H, Buchori D, Triwidodo H. 2003. Keanekaragaman parasitoid dan parasitisasinya pada pertanaman padi di Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun. Hayati 10:85-90 Herlinda, S. 2003. of , Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on Mustard (Brassica juncea Coss) in Lowland Area of South Sumatera. P. 100-105, In: Prospectives of Lowland

7220

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 7217-7221 (2020) Yuliadhi et al.

Development in Indonesia towards on Integrated and Multidisciplinary Approach. Proceedings of International Seminar & Exhibition, Palembang December 8-9, 2003 Herlinda, S. 2005. Parasitoid dan Parasitisasi Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Yponomeutidae) di Sumatera Selatan. Hayati 12 (4): 151-156 Kalshoven LGE. 1981. The Pests of Crops in Indonesia. van der Laan PA, penerjemah. Jakarta: PT Ichtiar Baru-van Hoeve. Lim, G . S . 1982. The biology and effects of parasites on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 317 p. Permadi, HA dan Sastrosiswojo, S. 1993. Kubis Edisi Pertama. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Hortikultura Lembang. Sudewa, A K, Suprapta D N dan Mahendra M S. Residu Pestisida Pada Sayuran Kubis (Brassica oleracea L.) Dan Kacang Panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) Yang Dipasarkan Di Pasar Badung Denpasar. ECOTROPHIC: 4 (2): 125‐ 130 Talekar, N.S. & Shelton, A.M. 1993. Biology, Ecology and Management of the Diamondback Moth. Annual Review Entomol 1993.38:275-301. Untung, K. 2006.Pengantar Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu. Gajah Mada University Press, 348 hal. Yuliadhi, K.A. dan Sudiarta, P. 2012. Struktur komunitas hama pemakan daun kubis dan investigasi musuh alaminya. Agritrop Vol. 2, No. 2. Yuliadhi, K.A., IW Supartha dan TA Phabiola. 2016. Parasitism level of larval parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae kurdjumov (hymenoptera: braconidae) on Plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) at cauliflower. Yuliadhi. K.A. 2015. Pemanfaatan Sycanus aurantiacus Ishikawa et Okajima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) sebagai Predator Hama Pemakan Daun Kubis Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) dan Crocidolomia pavonana Fab. (Lepidoptera: ). Disertasi. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana.

www.ejobios.org

7221