STYLE” Recommendations on Church Architecture

REPORT | RAPPORT

“CORRECT” STYLE” Recommendations on Church Architecture, Furnishings, and Worship in the Anglican Diocese of Toronto, 1849-1850 PAUL CHRISTIANSON is an emeritus professor of > Paul Christianson history at Queen’s University who has shifted his research interests from the political, social, and religious history of sixteenth- and seventeenth- century Britain to nineteenth-century Canadian architecture. He has published several articles ANGLICAN CHURCHES IN on Gothic Revival churches built in the Kingston CANADA WEST IN THE 1840S area from 1843 to 1851, and on later additions uring his first decade as bishop of to several of those churches. DToronto from 1839-1849, the Right Reverend John Strachan witnessed the building of many wooden, brick, and stone Anglican churches throughout his extensive diocese, which included all of what would become the province of Ontario. Often, he travelled to different parts of Upper Canada and Canada West to lay the cornerstones of new churches, especially for those impres- sive structures built of stone or brick. Either Bishop Strachan or one of his arch- deacons—the Venerable George Okill Stuart of Kingston (from 1827 onward, first under the bishop of Quebec and then under the bishop of Toronto) or the Venerable Alexander Neil Bethune (from 1847 onward)—returned to consecrate these buildings after the congregations had paid the debts incurred during their construction.1

A growing number of new Anglican churches were designed by architects who had received their training in Great Britain (especially England) or who had worked their way up from builder to designer and builder. During the 1840s, Anglicans in British North America, much like their English counterparts, increasingly fashioned their new churches in historically based Gothic Revival styles and built them from stone or brick. On May 24, 1846, Bishop Strachan replied to a letter from the young Scottish architect William Hay, before the latter took up his position of clerk-of-the-works for the construction of the Anglican cathedral FIG. 1. B ARRIEFIELD, ST. MARK’S ANGLICAN (1843) FROM THE NORTHWEST. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2008.

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FIG. 2. FREDERICTON, ST. ANNE’S ANGLICAN (1846-1847). | COFFMAN, NEWFOUNDLAND GOTHIC, FIG. 3. BARTON, ST. PETER’S ANGLICAN (1852). ANONYMOUS PAINTING NOW IN THE HALL P. 56, FIG. 3.2. OF ST. PAUL’S ANGLICAN CHURCH, GLANFORD. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2012.

of St. John in St. John’s, Newfoundland, a published letter by a writer identified make an impact on details of Anglican noting that several architects “of fair as “A.B.” praised the first three issues church design in Canada West and professional ability” then resided in of The New York Ecclesiologist and put other parts of British North America. Toronto.2 Bishop Strachan had witnessed forward an interpretation of “correct” Alfred Brunel, a recent immigrant from the worship in those churches change church architecture and furnishings.5 England, had a grasp of the historically from something very basic—a spoken based Gothic Revival designs supported liturgy and sermon—to celebrations The great debate over the “correct” style by the Church Building Commission in with choirs and congregational singing.3 of Christian ecclesiastical buildings had England and showed some understand- In early 1849, the high level of singing commenced in England with the pub- ing of Pugin in his design for St. Mark’s at two Anglican churches received the lication of Augustus Welby Northmore Anglican Church, Barriefield (1843-1844) praise of an English visitor to British Pugin’s Contrasts, in 1836, and the foun- (fig. 1).9 However, the full impact of a North America and an anonymous pro- dation of the Cambridge Camden Society more archeologically “correct” style of moter of singing the liturgy.4 and the Oxford Society for Promoting the Gothic Revival only became manifest in Study of Gothic Architecture, in 1839.6 British North America with the build- However, the debates that marked the It gained further momentum with the ing of St. Anne’s Chapel in Fredericton, shift from classical to Gothic Revival publication of a second edition of Pugin’s New Brunswick (1846-1847) (fig. 2). church design and the shift from a spo- Contrasts and his The True Principles of Commissioned by the Right Reverend ken to a chanted choral liturgy in Britain Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841).7 John Medley, bishop of Fredericton, it and her colonies left little record in the The Cambridge Camden Society pub- was designed by the English architect pages of The Church, the official publi- lished the first issue of The Ecclesiologist Frank Wills, in consultation with Bishop cation of the Diocese of Toronto, until and a number of inexpensive guides in Medley.10 near the end of the 1840s. Although 1841, and a host of publications followed churchmen had some knowledge of the in the subsequent years.8 Pugin and the Bishop Medley was founder of the changes in worship and church architec- Ecclesiologists not only attacked classic- Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society ture taking place in England, neither the ally derived designs for churches, they and Wills got his start as a “draughts- bishop, the Church Society (which often also disparaged Gothic Revival designs man” in the architectural office of subsidized the building of new churches), that did not follow their interpretations John Hayward in Exeter. Both had nor the editors of The Church saw fit to of the “correct” understanding of the considerable knowledge and under- discuss or draw up recommendations on legacy of the Middle Ages. standing of the Gothic cathedrals and the style of worship before the reprinting parish churches of England. While still of an article on “St. Mark’s College” in By the early 1840s, some of the ideas of in England, Reverend Medley had pub- January 1849. In February that same year, Pugin and the Ecclesiologists began to lished Elementary Remarks on Church

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Architecture and had designed the “on true and correct principles,” from Chapel at Oldridge, Devonshire, just out- the writings of the Ecclesiologists and side of Exeter, in 1841-1843.11 After his from an architect with strong ecclesio- start in New Brunswick, Wills moved his logical credentials, Frank Wills. Only in practice to New York City, became one churches constructed on these privileged of the founders and the official archi- principles could Anglican clergy carry out tect of the New Ecclesiological Society, “the correct administration of the rites and published a book on Gothic Revival and services of the Church.” churches: Ancient English Ecclesiastical Architecture.12 By the late 1840s, the The degree of change in architecture ideas associated with Pugin and the envisaged in this letter clearly emerged Ecclesiologists on church architecture in a long passage that praised the and furnishing had also started to gain acceptance among the Anglican clergy . . . plan, for a country Parish Church, which of both Canada West and Canada East. Mr. Wills has furnished for a friend of mine in Canada, and I do not know where I have REFLECTIONS ON “THE PROPER seen any thing equal to it in simplicity and BUILDING OF CHURCHES” perfect appropriateness in every part. The IN 1849 Chancel, that fine feature in Church architecture which we miss so much in Canada, In his letter in The Church in 1849, A.B. was admirably proportioned externally, weighed in firmly on one side of the whilst internally nothing was wanting, such FIG. 4. FREDERICTON, ST. ANNE’S, INTERIOR TO EAST. | debate by arguing that “in this Province as Rood Screen, Prothesis, and Piscina, COFFMAN, NEWFOUNDLAND GOTHIC, P. 57, FIG. 5.6. we have got every thing to learn in regard with the necessary Stalls for the Clergy to the proper building of Churches. From and Choristers, &c. Should my friend suc- the Cathedral [the classical St. James’, ceed in his purpose of getting this exquisite The letter most likely referred to the plans rebuilt in that style after a fire in 1839] Parish Church erected (at a cost to be not for the second of the three, St. Peter’s, downwards, so far as my knowledge more than £600), Mr. Wills’s name will be which had the requisite design and fur- goes, we have not a single Church edi- inseparably connected with the beginning nishings (fig. 3). These included the incor- fice that is constructed, either externally of a new and better era in the style of our poration of a substantial chancel, a rood or internally on true and correct prin- Churches.15 screen between the nave and the chancel, ciples.”13 By “true and correct” principles, a prothesis or credence table to hold the he meant those of the Ecclesiologists. The friend was probably the Reverend elements of communion in readiness for He praised the first three issues of the Robert Norris Merritt, Anglican missio- use, a piscina or perforated stone basin New York Ecclesiologist and noted that nary in the “Gore District” who had for carrying away the water used to “as its name imports,” the new perio- received a B.A. from King’s College, rinse the chalice and wash the hands of dical would “treat of the science of Fredericton—where, no doubt, he the priest officiating at communion, and Ecclesiology, or of those matters which became aware of the work of Wills— “Stalls for the Clergy and Choristers.”17 relate to Ecclesiastical architecture and and then had studied under Reverend This represented a less expensive ver- decoration, and to the correct adminis- Bethune at the Anglican Diocesan sion of the interior that Wills and Bishop tration of the rites and services of the Theological College in Cobourg, Ontario. Medley had designed for St. Anne’s, Church.”14 The stress upon architecture Reverend Merritt would build three Fredericton (fig. 4). In this anonymous let- and worship ran through this letter. churches in Canada West: St. Mary’s near ter to The Church, A.B. initiated a public Back in 1849, only the strongly commit- Brantford, Ontario (c. 1850), St. Peter’s, campaign that would pressure Anglicans ted used the expression “the science of Barton, now part of Hamilton, Ontario in the Diocese of Toronto who wished to Ecclesiology.” In effect, the letter argued (1852), and St. Paul’s, Glanford, Ontario build new churches to conform to some of that Anglicans in Canada West could (c. 1851), the latter two commissioned the key architectural and worship ideals learn how to construct their churches from Wills.16 of the Ecclesiologists.

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“CORRECT” WORSHIP and church musicians to use a choral ser- There is perhaps no institution of modern IN A CHORAL SERVICE vice in parish churches and chapels.20 times which has done so much for the choral music of the Church of England as During the 1840s, the transition from a In Upper Canada as early as 1829, Reverend St. Mark’s Training College; yet none prob- spoken to a sung liturgy, a choral ser- Bethune had advocated chanting parts of ably that has been so much the object of vice—identified by some of its advocates the liturgy, especially the psalms and ver- misrepresentation and abuse. Its history, as recreating the spirit of the medieval sicles. In reference to ending services with its objects, and its labours, need only to be mass into an English language service— Psalm 95, he noted that: honestly stated, however, to vindicate its began to gather increasing support in claim to the gratitude and respect of every England. This shift had complex origins It is directed in the Rubric that this Psalm sincere and earnest churchman; and to and drew upon the widespread desire to [95th] be “said or sung”—which means that these we now invite the reader’s attention.24 have music play a more important role in it shall be pronounced by the “Minister and the parish worship that started in the late people” . . . It denotes, however, more par- After some discussion on the creation eighteenth century and gained momen- ticularly that it may be either chanted or of the institution as a place for training tum in the early nineteenth century.18 read by the Minister and congregation; and “schoolmasters for the poor” under In part, it derived from earlier Anglican it would be a matter of congratulation were the auspices of the National Society for practice, such as the choral services that the former delightful method of reciting this Promoting the Education of the Poor in graced some English and Irish cathedrals and other elevating hymns more generally the Principles of the Established Church, and the much more widespread chanting practiced.21 the author explained how the mansion in of English translations of the psalms by which St. Mark’s College was located was choirs in cathedrals and in many parish Reverend James Beaven—a graduate of repurposed, dormitories for the students churches.19 In part, it also derived from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford—chanted the added, and a school built for “children of steps taken by members of the Oxford liturgy as the clergyman in charge of the neighbourhood” both to educate the Movement to work out the implications chapel services at King’s College, Toronto, children and to provide the upper voices of their positions on theology and church after his appointment as professor of divi- for the choir of the College chapel. The history for worship. Those who advocated nity there in 1843.22 From the time of the “design of teaching schoolmasters the art the universal adoption of a choral service opening of Holy Trinity Anglican Church, of singing, in order that they might be set off a great debate over “correct” wor- Toronto, in 1847, the choir led the sung enabled to conduct with greater skill the ship in the Church of England and Ireland. portions of worship from the eastern end sacred music of public worship,” was key of the nave and the incumbent, Reverend to the purpose of the College.25 The movement for a choral service in Henry Scadding, also chanted the liturgy, Anglican parish churches gained impe- including the prayers.23 A full choral ser- Against critics, the article boldly answe- tus with the publication and revival of vice was practiced there not long the- red that: “The pious propriety of such a the plainsong setting contained in John reafter. Many of the Anglican clergy in course can only be questioned by church- Merbecke’s Book of Common Prayer Canada West, especially those educated men under the grossest puritanical or sec- Noted, in the revival of Gregorian chants at Oxford, Cambridge, or Trinity College tarian prejudice. The Church of England and their application to English transla- (Dublin), may have had some awareness has prescribed the choral service with a tions of the psalms and canticles (Greek of the revival of a choral service and early degree of authority which no dutiful son and Latin hymns, such as Te Deum Gloria church music in England, but a forceful of the Church can reasonably dispute.” In and Nunc Dimittus, translated into English advocacy of this form of worship in The support, it appealed to the “able work” of in the Book of Common Prayer), and in Church in early 1849 brought it more “Mr. [John] Jebb” that proved that with the revival of the liturgical music of the forcefully to the notice of the public. “the rubrics” of the Book of Common sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Prayer (in successive editions), “taken in by the Society for Promoting Church Starting with the introductory paragraph, connection with the unbroken practice Music. The importance of a choral ser- the article on St. Mark’s College, reprin- of the Church of England,” a “positive vice emphasized by such advocates as ted from The Parish Choir, openly cham- injunction is conveyed to our choirs” to Reverend John Jebb combined with these pioned the programme of choral music perform a choral liturgical service. In the other developments to encourage clergy there against all its critics: western part of the chancel, raised four

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steps above the floor of the nave and tran- Introit.—The music to the Kyrie Eleison, to directed by the rubric to be ‘sung or said’; septs, the choir was “placed on the north the Commandments, and the Nicene Creed, and at St. Mark’s, having the ability, they and south sides,” under “rich stained invariably corresponds with the “Services” comply with the direction to sing them.”29 glass” windows depicting the highlights at matins. After the sermon, the prayer for This article also saw the choral service, the of the life of Christ.26 A different style the Church Militant is said before the gen- polity of archbishops and bishops, and of worship demanded the style of archi- eral congregation, which is then dismissed the ancient creeds as paths by which the tecture advocated by another group of with the benediction from the altar; except Roman missionary, St. Augustine, who reformers, the Ecclesiologists. on days when the Holy Communion is admin- came to convert the Anglo-Saxons “chan- istered, the second Sunday in every month, ting litanies,” linked the Church of England Within this setting, the highly trained all the great festivals, and on St. Mark’s Day, to the practices of the apostles. By 1849, choir performed with great skill the when non-communicants retire immediately the movement to revive a sung liturgy had services to the music recommended by after the sermon.27 begun to coalesce with the architectural The Parish Choir, as lyrically described at ideas of the Ecclesiologists to provide a length in the article: This description of the choral services programme for “correct” worship and performed at the chapel at St. Mark’s “correct” church architecture. In the performance of the divine service, not College showed how it fit into the style only is the rubric carefully followed, but the of worship advocated by the Society for BUILDING A NEW ST. JAMES’ practice of saying the prayers is pursued, Promoting Church Music, including music ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL which has prevailed from the most ancient that they had republished in order to IN TORONTO time in every portion of the Catholic Church, encourage Anglicans to draw upon their whether reformed or unreformed, and neglected heritage. On April 7, 1849, St. James’ Cathedral in which until modern times, was universal in Toronto burned again. This meant that all places within our own Reformed Church The article finished with an appeal that the issue of the “true and correct prin- where choral foundations have existed, and attempted to demonstrate that “There is ciples” of church architecture took on even in many parish churches where they nothing, assuredly, in this performance of even more pressing relevance. After the did not—that of monotone, or the sustain- the divine service, which can reasonably fire of 1839, John Howard had proposed ing of one note, the Amens being chanted be obnoxious to any sincere and devout turning the surviving fabric of the old by the choir and congregation. The Venite is churchman, but rather everything which St. James’ into a Gothic Revival structure of course chanted, and so are the Psalms: is deserving, not only of his full concur- by adding a new range of windows above they are generally Gregorian and other sin- rence, but his hearty commendation.”28 the galleries, but this was turned down at gle chants harmonized, except on Fast days Clearly a debate on this issue had started the time on the ground that it was too when Gregorians are sung in unison.—The already in England and The Parish Choir expensive.30 In its report of May 5, 1849, Te Deum and (usually) the Benedictus are used language very similar to that of the the committee appointed to build a new sung anthem-wise to what are technically Ecclesiologists and drew upon arguments St. James’ had recommended that “the called “Services,” mostly those of [Orlando] used for centuries by High Churchmen style of Architecture be Gothic” and a Gibbons, [Thomas] Tallis, Bird [William in the Church of England to support the second report from a month later initiated Byrd], [Richard] Farrant, [Benjamin] Rogers, revival of the choral service as the form of an architectural competition for the design [Adrian] Batten, and [Henry] Aldrich—on worship “prescribed by the Prayer Book of of this new building.31 At stake was the Fast-days the Ambrosian and another primi- the Reformation, and that which has ever type of historically derived Gothic Revival tive strain being substituted. The Apostles’ been Catholic usage.—No music is intro- church that would be built, something clo- Creed is recited on one note. The versicles duced in the service at St. Mark’s, which is ser to that of the English Commissioners’ and responses are sung with full harmonies. not ordered by the rubric. The monotone churches as already erected in Toronto The anthem, in its proper place, is com- in which the Prayers are said, is the ancient during the 1840s, or something more monly by the same composer as that of the Church tone, that which prevailed long firmly in the camp of the Ecclesiologists. “Services.” On Sundays the Litany is sung before any corruptions, or any fancies, or The result had many of the characteris- with Tallis’s full harmonies, on Wednesdays vagaries crept in.” In addition, it argued tics of a compromise, but not until after and Fridays, in unison. The Communion that: “The Versicles, the Canticles, the a campaign in The Church in favour of an Service is prefaced by the Sanctus, as an Psalms, the Litany, the Creed—all these are ecclesiological outcome. A long article on

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though now generally allowed to cha- racterize architecture possessing pointed arches. The name is said to have been first applied in ridicule by the celebrated Inigo Jones, in his love for Palladian (or Italianized-Grecian) architecture. The proper nomenclature is the ‘Pointed style.’”35 Pugin had substituted “pointed” and “Christian” for “Gothic.” Building upon this, the Ecclesiologists came to denote the “Early English” style as “First Pointed” and subsequent styles as “Second Pointed” and “Third Pointed.”36 However, other experts and learned amateurs such as Mathew Holbeche Bloxam and John Henry Parker continued to use the term “Gothic” in their books on medieval English architecture.37 As an anonymous reviewer of several books on architec- FIG. 5. FREDERIC CUMBERLAND’S COMPETITION DESIGN FOR ST. JAMES’ CATHEDRAL, TORONTO, 1849. | COOKE, THE PARISH ture in The Church would point out a AND CATHEDRAL OF ST. JAMES’, P. 197, FIG. 5.16. year and a quarter later: “Attempts have been made, especially by the Cambridge Camden Society, to set aside this nomen- the designs submitted by various archi- After mentioning Anglo-Saxon churches clature, and establish some other: but it tects for the new St. James’ appeared in as having “the rudest workmanship and has been found too convenient, and has the September 13, 1849, issue. coarsest material,” he characterized the been too widely received, to become per- Norman and Early English styles in more manently displaced.”38 The anonymous author of that article, neutral terms: in the former, “the arches who voiced criticisms similar to those of were semi-circular, often highly orna- The “Decorated” style of the late thir- the writer A.B., showed little sympathy mented with zig-zag and other moul- teenth and early fourteenth centuries with “the continuance of the painted dings; the windows narrow and deeply “exhibits windows divided into two or band-boxes that disfigure so many of splayed; piers massive cylindrical, square, more lights by mullions; mouldings rich in our hamlets, and towns too, under the and also polygonal,” while in the latter, figure and foliage, besides highly adorned name of churches,” and noted “that the the “windows were called ‘lancet-sha- crockets, niches, pinnacles, and crosses.” very humblest church of logs may readily ped’; mouldings numerous and deep, Later came “the Perpendicular or Florid possess—what nearly all want—propor- and often filled with a tooth ornament; style of the time of the Plantagenets tion; and secondly, that if the people have pillars formed of slender clustered shafts, and Tudors. The architecture became not a sound taste, the sooner we indoc- often banded at the middle.”33 These ope- overloaded and profuse.” Following the trinate them on the subject (as we might, ning remarks applied the widely accep- lead of the Ecclesiologists, the anony- for instance, in a week-day lecture) the ted nomenclature first worked out and mous author in The Church argued that: better.”32 His comments upon the plans published in 1817 in Thomas Rickman, “About 1346, the loss of the true prin- submitted for St. James’ Cathedral and An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles ciples of Church architecture led to the the brief history on the architecture of of English Architecture, and still used by adoption of a debased and incongruous churches in England began this indoc- some Ecclesiologists as late as 1843.34 style, referable to no fixed principle of trination at once. The history that came architectural propriety whatsoever.” near the end of the article provided a The interpretive commitments of the Despite this loss of authenticity, he took context for comments upon the designs author came out in the comment that an optimistic view of the present and the of particular architects. “The term ‘Gothic’ is a modern error, role that Anglicans in England had played

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and Anglicans in Canada could play in Receiving the longest and most favou- establishing a “correct” style: “Now-a- rable attention came “the very beauti- days, however, a purer taste is rapidly ful production of Mr. [Frederic William] developing itself, and evidently extending Cumberland” (fig. 5).41 It combined beauty even to the meeting-houses of Dissenters. with economy: “Perhaps indeed consi- Henceforth, we hope that the Church in dering the meagerness of the material Canada will be found following with proposed to be employed (brick finished active steps the move in the right direc- off at the cornices, &c. with stone) this tion, made by her Anglican mother.”39 would present the most suitable model Again, this sounded much like the writer of the whole . . . ” Despite the criticisms A.B. By 1849, the “right direction” for made of these drawings, such as the lack Pugin and the Ecclesiologists had become of medieval authority for “the triple lan- building Gothic Revival churches in either cet windows in the side aisles” in cathe- the “Early English” (“First Pointed”) or drals, it still received some justification by “Decorated” (“Second Pointed”) style. reference to precedents from “the Temple Church in London, and if we remember In judging the submissions received for right the Chapel of Lambeth Palace.” The the rebuilding of St. James’, the author author displayed a wide-ranging set of took as one of his central criteria that the examples to bolster his case, noting that: successful design must meet the require- “The effect of the masses of wall thrown FIG. 6. TORONTO, ST. JAMES’ ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL AS BUILT, WITH STEEPLE FINISHED IN 1875. | MULVANY, TORONTO PAST ments of a “Cathedral” rather than those into different projections (so well exem- AND PRESENT…, P. 153; COURTESY OF JENNIFER MCKENDRY. of a “Parish Church.” For him, this meant plified in the Church of St. Genevieve at that “massive grandeur (of course without Paris) is seen to great advantage in an heaviness) should be one of the leading angular sketch which the Architect has Mr. Hay’s cathedral is planned in the form of objects to be aimed at in its construction— given.” It came as no surprise that he a Latin cross (the western arm the longest), a quality which need by no means attach concluded: “On the whole, we should and consists of nave, choir, transepts, oct- to a mere parochial Church, where plain not wonder if the choice of the commit- agonal-shaped chancel, and north and south architectural correctness might be all that tee were to rest with Mr. Cumberland.”42 porches, with spire, not at the west end, was necessary.” On the basis that it lacked The committee charged with selecting the but springing with an amazing combination a clerestory, he dismissed the submission best plan agreed (fig. 6). of solidity and lightness from the intersec- of William Thomas (who had designed the tion of the arms of the cross, formed by the large St. Paul’s Anglican Church, London, Despite the acceptance of the proposal north and south transepts, nave, and choir. Canada West, in 1844, and the even lar- by Cumberland, a plan by William Hay The staircase turrets are carried up on the ger St. Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, for St. James’ Cathedral that arrived after outside with exquisite effect, harmoniously Toronto, in 1845), and those of several the deadline caught the eye of an ano- blending with the grand simplicity of the whole, other unnamed architects, who included nymous writer who analyzed it in a long which is in the severest manner of the “Early John Howard. That of Frank Wills, while article in The Church. At the time, Hay was English” or “Pointed style”; yet happily breaking raising great expectations, failed because employed as clerk-of-works by the English any monotony that might be supposed to have “The nave and chancel are on the whole architect George Gilbert Scott for the arisen from the otherwise perfect regularity of in a correct style, but very coldly correct,” construction of the Anglican Cathedral the design. The building is also provided with and the design followed too closely the of St. John the Baptist in St. John’s, side-aisles and clere-story. The arrangements lines of the cathedral he had designed Newfoundland.43 While both Wills and for the interior are likewise beyond all praise. for Fredericton. “Superior in massiveness Hay shared a strong commitment to the and general grandeur of effect we think, visions of ecclesiastical architecture arti- The pulpit is placed at the angle of the nave is the design by Mr. [Gervase] Wheeler culated by Pugin and the Ecclesiologists, and north transept; the organ far away of Hertford County U.S. Part of this buil- the anonymous critic much preferred the behind it and on the ground, at the north side ding is in the very best style of the ‘Early design of Hay, which he saw as approa- of the choir, where the arrangement of the English,’” but even this had its flaws.40 ching “nearly to perfection”: sedilia struck us as particularly beautiful.44

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Noting that Hay had provided “an interest- suggestions with strongly ideological pos- in conformity with the report on Church ing” design “for any lover of a pure style itions on design and sacred space. The Building adopted this day.”50 This second in Ecclesiastical architecture—(a taste for Canadian committee may well have drawn motion envisaged the drawing up, print- which we should so earnestly desire to see its inspiration from the “Suggestions and ing, and circulating to parishes standard cultivated in the Province)—to study,” he Instructions” of the “Incorporated Society models for smaller churches. The passage recommended “any gentleman interested for Promoting the Enlargement, Building, of the motion adopting the commit- in a correct style of architecture” go see and Repairing of Churches and Chapels” tee’s recommendations as official policy it at “Mr. Wyllie’s in Churchstreet [sic].” in England, as “amended, May 1842,” transformed the campaign to apply The article ended with a virtual invitation and printed shortly thereafter in The ecclesiological principles to the church to the architect to help in designing “our Ecclesiologist, and from the early publica- architecture of the Diocese of Toronto into ecclesiastical and other edifices.”45 tions of the Camden Ecclesiastical Society.48 the official policy of the Church Society. The English report contained twenty-one It is difficult to establish all the guiding Like the letter by A.B. on the first three “Suggestions and Instructions,” many minds behind this successful campaign, issues of the New York Ecclesiologist, offering practical advice. The Canadian but Reverend Henry Scadding—who sat these anonymous articles in The Church report contained twenty-five recom- on the “Standing Committee” of the on the plans for a new St. James’ Anglican mendations that included detailed pro- Church Society of the Diocese of Toronto Cathedral in Toronto clearly demonstrate posals. On the whole, the Canadian from 1845 onward—and Reverend William that the ideas about church architecture Recommendations of 1850 took an even Stewart Darling—who served on the put forth in the publications of Pugin and harder line on enforcing ecclesiological “Standing Committee” from 1847 onward the Ecclesiologists in the late 1830s and principles than the English Instructions and who became Scadding’s assistant min- the 1840s had not only reached the shores of 1842. Indeed, they aimed at enforcing ister at Holy Trinity in 1853—probably put of British North America, but also had ecclesiological positions on architecture together the recommendations on wor- attracted converts to the cause in Canada and worship throughout the Diocese of ship.51 No doubt they and others received West by 1849. Within slightly more than a Toronto, the only Anglican diocese in support from Reverend James Beaven, year, this advocacy would take the form Canada West. who moved that the recommendations of official policy. be adopted. Since the Church Society of At the general monthly meeting of the the Diocese of Toronto provided grants in THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE Church Society held on September 4, aid of the building of new churches and CHURCH SOCIETY OF 1850 1850, it was moved by “the Rev. Jas. “Parsonage Houses,” its recommendations Beaven, D.D., seconded by the Assistant would have a strong impact upon the style In 1850, the most systematic statement Secretary [Thomas Champion, Esquire],” and furnishing of new churches in years published in Canada West on the build- and carried: “That the Report as amended, to come. ing, expansion, and furnishing of Anglican of a Committee appointed by ‘The Church churches appeared in The Church under Society of the Diocese of Toronto, to The Recommendations as printed in April the title: “Recommendations by the prepare, under the sanction of the Lord 1850 contained twenty-five sections with Church Building Committee of the Church Bishop, suggestions and instructions to detailed advice on a variety of topics, Society, in Regard to Churches and their persons engaged in building or enlarging some practical and others that sought Precincts.”46 Sometime in 1849 or early Churches,’ be adopted.”49 In addition, a to accommodate ecclesiological ideas to 1850, a “Committee” was “appointed committee consisting of “the Hon’ble the the Canadian climate and setting. For by the Church Society of the Diocese of Chief Justice [Sir John Beverley Robinson], example, the first: “Site,” recommended Toronto, ‘To prepare, under the sanc- the Rev. H[enry] J[ames] Grasett, the that the location of a church “should be tion of the Lord Bishop, suggestions Rev. Dr. [Dominick] E[dward] Blake, central, but not so near to principal thor- and instructions to persons engaged in the Rev. H[enry] C[holwell] Cooper, oughfares, foundries, &c.” to cause “the building or enlarging Churches.’”47 At the A[lexander] Dixon, Esq., Capt. [John service of the Church, even on week days, general monthly meeting of the Church Henry] Lefroy and the mover and sec- to be disturbed by noise.”52 Even this prac- Society held in April 1850, it reported onder” was appointed “to report upon tical proposal contained the suggestion of back with a list of twenty-five detailed the best mode of obtaining plans and weekday services. The second recommen- recommendations that combined practical estimates for the building of Churches dation set the tone for many to follow by

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stating a High Church and ecclesiological position as normative: “2. Position.—The rule in England is to place the Church with the chancel end towards the east, except- ing in rare cases in crowded towns. In this, as in all similar cases, it is best to adhere to ancient custom unless there is a very strong reason to the contrary.”53

In Upper Canada, early churches had often been sited in relation to the settlement and very few contained a differentiated chancel, a practice that continued into the 1840s (when some churches were built with more extensive chancels to the geographical east). This seemingly simple point—underlined by the statement that “it is best to adhere to ancient custom,” that is, largely to medieval practice—con- FIG. 7. TORONTO, LITTLE TRINITY ANGLICAN (1843-1844). | FIG. 9. TORONTO, HOLY TRINITY ANGLICAN (1846-1847). | [HTTP://WWW.FLICKR.COM/PHOTOS/ETTML/2136656011/IN/SET-72157600457339777/], [HTTP://WWW.YORKU.CA/RSGC/HOLYTRINITY.HTML], ACCESSED JUNE 2010. 54 tained a programme for change. ACCESSED APRIL 2017.

The next recommendation carried forward this tone and underlined the High Church and ecclesiological nature of the document:

3. Construction.—A grave and substantial structure should be studied before ornament; and the beauty of the interior should be considered before that of the exterior; and the beautifying of those parts of the Church which are more especially employed for acts of divine worship should be considered before the adornment of those which are only for the accommodation of the congregation; and of all, that portion of the church should receive most attention, in which the Sacrament of the Lord’s supper is appointed to be celebrated. FIG. 8. TORONTO, ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR ANGLICAN (1844-1845), ENGRAVING BY F.C. LOWE. | SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY, 1846, SMITH’S CANADIAN GAZETTEER, H. AND W. ROWSELL, TORONTO, BETWEEN P. 192-193. By stressing the centrality of the celebration of “the Sacrament of the Lord’s supper” and by privileging the chancel as the A second paragraph noted that in “new No mention of brick appeared here, most important “portion of the church” settlements it is often better to build in despite the fact that this was the principal where “acts of divine worship” took place, wood, unless stone is actually as cheap,” material used in such substantial Toronto this language expressed the views of the but it also portrayed wooden churches as Anglican churches as “Little” Trinity Ecclesiologists. Noticeably absent was any “temporary erections” that still “should (fig. 7), St. George the Martyr (fig. 8), and mention of the pulpit. be substantial and good of their kind.” Holy Trinity (fig. 9)—all erected within

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the previous five years—and in St. James’ that the “subsequent recommendations whole should provide insights into the Cathedral, then under construction. This are framed in part with a view to the systematic manner in which the commit- reflected the view of the Ecclesiologists.55 attainment of these objects,” this long tee spelled out its vision: This recommendation ended with the recommendation laid the groundwork for

following admonition: “Care should be spelling out a solution—adoption of the 5. Ground plan.—A perfect Church con- taken in all Churches that their appear- recently devised archaeological Gothic sists of a chancel, nave, containing a Font of ance shall indicate the purpose for which Revival style of church architecture as an stone, vestry, tower or bellcote, and porch they are intended and if possible distin- Anglican style. or porches. If large it will have aisles, and in guish them from the places of worship some cases transepts. of other bodies of professed Christians. The next two recommendations expli- The subsequent recommendations are cated this vision of Anglican church archi- The chancel is the part in which the framed in part with a view to the attain- tecture in general terms, while those that Communion table58 is placed; the nave the ment of these objects.” With historical followed dealt—sometimes at consider- part in which the congregation assemble, Gothic Revival styles becoming more able length—with specific details. when there are no aisles, the aisles are the widely spread in new churches in Britain side portion added to the nave and some-

and in British North America, greater dif- 4. Style.—Some variety of the Gothic style times in the chancel, for the accommodation ferentiation seemed more pressing. The is suitable for ecclesiastical buildings, but of a larger congregation, and are separated “purpose” for which Anglican churches that is not secured merely by having the from the nave or chancel by pillars; tran- were “intended” by the authors of these arches of the windows and doors pointed. septs are (as it were) the arms of a cross; regulations centred on a choral worship Many other things are requisite to correct- supposing the nave and chancel to form the service with more frequent communion ness of style, which can be understood only upright portion of the cross. (at least monthly) rather than on a read by those persons who have bestowed much liturgy and a sermon; thus, their stress on study on the subject, and have a practical The whole length of the Church, according to the communion table, clergy, and choir acquaintance with it.57 the proportion observed in the best ancient in the chancel, and the font in the nave and modern English Churches, may be from rather than on the pulpit in the nave. In This suggested the priority of “Gothic three to three-and-a-half times the breadth the 1840s, Reverend Beaven had presided style” for “ecclesiastical buildings” and of the nave. This includes the tower. over this type of worship at the chapel of portrayed it as much more intricate than King’s College, Toronto. having pointed arches on doors and win- The chancel, in Churches which have aisles, dows. The stress upon the need for having is generally the same breadth as the nave In architectural terms, this entailed a shift expertise on Gothic Revival architecture— of the Church; in those which have not, it from what the Ecclesiologists portrayed the kind of knowledge displayed in the should be from eight to ten feet in breadth, as the classical “preaching boxes” built anonymous articles in The Church on The its length will depend upon the accommoda- by eighteenth-century Anglicans and New York Ecclesiologist and on the archi- tion it is intended to afford, but should be equated now with the style of “non- tects’ plans for the rebuilding of St. James’ never less than nine feet. conformist” chapels. It also marked an Anglican Cathedral discussed above—in attempt to deal with the growing com- effect privileged those architects, clergy, The vestry, according to the best and most petition that Anglicans faced from both and laymen who had “bestowed much frequent example is on the north side of the Roman Catholics and other denominations study on the subject.” It also privileged chancel, and opens into it by a door, but it of protestants in the period after 1829, this set of recommendations, which dis- must not be made to open within the alter when most restrictions were removed played such knowledge and those mem- [sic] rails. It should not be made by a mere regarding worship by Christians outside bers of the committee who had extensive partition within the Church, for then every of the Church of England and Ireland.56 knowledge of Gothic Revival architecture. thing is heard from it in the Church. This applied equally to Britain and to British North America. “Commanding,” This became even clearer in the next rec- The tower is most commonly at the west “solid,” and “substantial” buildings ommendation, which laid out at some end of the Church; but it may be at either appealed to the Victorian assumptions length a vision of what an Anglican extremity of the aisles, or over the north or of potential parishioners. By concluding church should look like. Quoting it in south porch, or stand separately, as may

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be most convenient, or present the best appearance. When at the west, as in most English Churches, it is of the same breadth externally as the nave of the Church; that is including buttresses, and where the expense of a massive tower cannot be afforded, it is generally dispensed with, and its place supplied by a Bell turret or a gable pierced for the reception of a bell; or a smaller tower is erected against one of the aisles, if any.

The principal entrance to English Parish Churches is on the south side, wherever the ground will admit of it; and the distance of one or two windows from the west. The entrance is almost invariably through a porch. The font is by prescription placed FIG. 10. WARMINGTON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, ENGLAND, ST. MARY THE VIRGIN ANGLICAN (13TH CENTURY). NOTE THE ENTRY THROUGH THE WEST TOWER AND THE LARGE CHANCEL. | BRANDON AND BRANDON, PARISH CHURCHES, AFTER P. 18. in the nave somewhat west of the south entrance, either near a pillar or in the middle passage. Toronto.59 Within the English-speaking The revival of medieval modes of design world, only followers of Pugin and the and construction advocated and practiced If another entrance for the congregation is Ecclesiologists made this assumption. by Pugin and by architects influenced by required it is placed, where practicable on the Ecclesiologists—the best “modern the north side, and sometimes has a porch. The “proportion” of length to width—the English Churches”—helped to create length extending “from three to three- contemporary models with the propor- An entrance by the west is much less and-a-half times the breadth of the tions recommended by the Church Society frequent; and is unadvisable in this country, nave”—came primarily from medieval of the Diocese of Toronto in 1850. For because the most frequent winds are from churches built with aisles or archaeolo- example, the English-trained architect the west during the colder part of the gically designed Gothic Revival churches Henry Bowyer Joseph Lane designed year. It is likewise customary to have an built in England. For example, all the in Toronto two Anglican churches with entrance for the clergy on the south side churches discussed and illustrated in similar proportions: St. George the Martyr of the chancel. Raphael and J. Arthur Brandon, Parish (1844-1845) and Holy Trinity (1846-1847). Churches, either reached or surpassed St. George the Martyr had pillars and The opening sentence briefly characte- a whole length that was “from three to arches that divided the floor space into rized a shape of a “perfect Church” that three-and-a-half times the breadth of an approximately 20-foot-wide nave differed substantially from the Anglican the nave” (fig. 10).60 Books of this sort and two approximately 15.5-foot-wide churches hitherto built in Upper Canada and measurements made by members aisles (fig. 11), with an internal length and Canada West. Very few existing of the Cambridge Camden Society (and of approximately 128 feet, including the churches there had large stone fonts its affiliates) and the Oxford Society tower and chancel.62 The overall length of and none had side entry porches as for Promoting the Study of Gothic the interior of St. George’s was over six their primary entrance. This recom- Architecture provided the dimensions times the width of the nave without the mendation assumed that the ground of what the members of the committee aisles. The length of Holy Trinity was three plan of medieval English churches and judged as the “best ancient” churches. times the width of the nave (fig. 12).63 modern churches based upon them— Medieval churches had relatively long and Both were built in brick with stone trim, “the best ancient and modern English narrow naves because they normally crea- St. George the Martyr in an Early English churches”—provided the basis for the ted increased worship space by adding style and Holy Trinity in a Perpendicular “correct” design of contemporary aisles separated from the nave by pillars style; however, both churches fell short of Anglican churches in the Diocese of rather than building a new, wider nave.61 the strictures of the Ecclesiologists.

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and divided the floor into a central nave with two side aisles.67 This structure was covered in plaster in the late nineteenth century, so the best notion we can get of how Hay designed it comes from a nineteenth-century engraving of the similar interior of St. Basil’s Roman Catholic Church, Toronto (1855-1856)—also designed by Hay (fig. 17).68 This meant that the nave at St. Paul’s, Kingston, now measured 30 feet wide by 75.5 feet long internally, with an additional 60.5 feet for the chancel and the tower adding up to an overall internal length of 136 feet, clearly more than four times the width of the new nave.

The recommendation on the minimum size of chancels, however, followed neither “the best” ancient nor modern practice. The medieval parish churches FIG. 11. TORONTO, ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, GROUND PLAN. FIG. 12. TORONTO, HOLY TRINITY ANGLICAN, GROUND PLAN. discussed in the Brandons’ book on parish | HARMAN AND UPSHALL, ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, P. 28. | ARTHUR, TORONTO NO MEAN CITY, FIG. 119, P. 84. churches had proportionately larger chancels, as had many of the churches built in England by Pugin and by architects The interior measurements of most the eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- favoured by the Ecclesiologists. Although Anglican churches built in Canada West turies than the new ones built by archi- Reverend Neale saw the “comparative size during the 1840s, including the tower tects who privileged the proportions of of the Chancel and Nave” as a matter of and the original chancel, however, medieval parish churches. “taste,” he argued that “the Chancel were proportionally wider and shorter. should not be less than a third or more For example, in Toronto, Little Trinity The recommendation on proportions than a half, of the whole length of the (1844-1845) was approximately 45 by could also be constructed within the shell church.”69 For St. George the Martyr, that 70 feet. In greater Kingston, St. Mark’s, of an existing church that had different would have meant a chancel between 33 Barriefield (1843-1844), was 32 by 78 feet, proportions. The architect, William Hay, to 50 feet deep, instead of 20 feet wide St. James’(1844-1845), 45 by 107 feet, and did this in rebuilding St. Paul’s Anglican by 11 feet deep.70 The recommendation the original St. Paul’s (1845-1846), 50 by Church, Kingston (originally 1846-1847), on the size of chancels allowed a consi- 110.5 feet (figs. 13-14).64 The Anglican after a fire destroyed all but the walls derably smaller space, the same width churches designed by John George and tower of the original church in early as the nave for churches with aisles and Howard during that decade, including November 1854.66 In 1855-1856, Hay “eight to ten feet” for those without St. James’, Dundas (1841), Christ Church, added a new chancel of 19.5 feet by aisles, and “never less than nine feet” Tyendinaga (1843) (fig. 15), St. John’s, 38.5 feet, slightly less than the proportion deep. This space was both narrower and York Mills (1843-1844), and Christ Church, recommended by Reverend John Mason shallower than the chancels built in the Holland Landing (1843-1844), appear to Neal, but the most substantial at that 1840s at St. Mark’s, Barriefield, St. James’, have had similar proportions.65 Although time in Kingston (fig. 16). The space origi- Kingston (fig. 18), and St. George the historically derived Gothic Revival nally occupied by the nave was reconfigu- Martyr, Toronto (fig. 11). churches, their dimensions more nearly red by adding two sets of “four wooden

reflected the proportions of the Anglican pillars carrying five wooden pointed The last three topics under “Ground churches built in Britain and its colonies in arches” that both supported a new roof Plan” in the Recommendations of 1850,

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FIG. 13. KINGSTON, ST. JAMES’ ANGLICAN (1844). PHOTOGRAPH FROM FIG. 14. KINGSTON, ST. PAUL’S ANGLICAN (1845-1846, REBUILT AND RECONFIGURED 1855-1856) C. 1850 FROM THE NORTHWEST, BY PERMISSION OF THE ANGLICAN FROM THE SOUTHWEST. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2005. DIOCESE OF ONTARIO ARCHIVES. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2008.

FIG. 15. TYENDINAGA, CHRIST CHURCH ANGLICAN (1843) FROM THE SOUTHWEST. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON 2006. FIG. 16. KINGSTON, ST. PAUL’S ANGLICAN, INTERIOR OF CHANCEL. THE WOODEN PILLARS AND BEAMS WERE COVERED WITH PLASTER IN 1878. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2009.

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even suggested the alternative of “a Bell turret or a gable pierced for the reception of a bell.”72 The use of bell cotes and towers at the side of naves or chancels by Pugin and architects influenced by the Ecclesiologists represented a major innovation in post-Reformation church architecture. The only existing examples of Anglican Gothic Revival churches with a bell cote and south entry porch in British North America in early 1850 were St. Anne’s Chapel, Fredericton, and the wooden St. Andrew’s Anglican, Newcastle, New Brunswick, also probably by Wills.73 All the substantial Anglican churches in Canada West had towers on the “west” façade. FIG. 17. TORONTO, ST. BASIL’S ROMAN CATHOLIC (1855- FIG. 19. PORTSMOUTH, ST. JOHN’S ANGLICAN (1850-1851) 1856), ENGRAVING OF INTERIOR. | ROBERTSON, LANDMARKS FROM THE SOUTHWEST. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2007. OF TORONTO, VOL. 5, P. 455. A year after the publication of the Recommendations of 1850, however, the Kingston architect William Coverdale would build a bell cote and an entrance through a south porch at St. John’s Anglican, Portsmouth—now a part of Kingston—(1850-1851) (fig. 19), and design a church for Gananoque, Ontario— just east of Kingston, with an entrance through a tower on a south porch in 1852 (fig. 20).74 A Methodist and an architect open to trends in England, Coverdale may well have seen the recommendations as an opportunity for widening his design port- folio. Furthermore, when Wills designed a south porch entrance, externally differentiated substantial chancel, and cross-beam rafters for St. Paul’s Anglican Church, Glanford (1852) (fig. 21), and when Hay designed the stone All Saints Anglican

FIG. 18. KINGSTON, ST. JAMES’ ANGLICAN, INTERIOR PHOTOGRAPH FROM 1884. | LYON, DAVID, 1995, LIVING STONES: ST. JAMES CHURCH, Church, Niagara Falls (1856), with its ori- KINGSTON 1856-1995, FROM STUARTVILLE TO QUEEN’S CAMPUS, KINGSTON, QUARRY PRESS, P. 61. ginal north porch entrance, externally differentiated substantial chancel, with a tower on the north side of the chancel however, returned to medieval prece- opening into the chancel, but not inside (fig. 22), they brought an ecclesiological dents—“the best and most frequent the altar rails.71 While recognizing that commitment to their work.75 example”—as setting the pattern for towers “most commonly” stood “at the nineteenth-century Anglican churches. west end of the Church,” it put forth a Neale had accurately noted the pre- The “vestry” was to be located on “the wide range of other possibilities (largely valence of towers in the middle of the north side of the chancel” with a door based upon medieval precedents) and west end of a church, argued that “the

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FIG. 20. GANANOQUE, ST. ANDREW’S PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, DETAIL OF WEST FAÇADE FIG. 21. GLANFORD, ST PAUL’S ANGLICAN CHURCH (C. 1851), INTERIOR TOWARD THE FROM DRAWING OF ORIGINAL PROPOSAL BY WILLIAM COVERDALE (C. 1852). | MCKENDRY, DIFFERENTIATED CHANCEL. | MALCOLM THURLBY, 2007. JENNIFER, 1995, WITH OUR PAST BEFORE US, TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS, P. 78.

FIG. 22. NIAGARA FALLS, ALL SAINTS ANGLICAN CHURCH (1856) FROM THE NORTH. | MALCOLM THURLBY, 2010. FIG. 23. TRUNCH, NORFOLK, UK, ST. BOTOLF’S CHURCH, HAMMER BEAM ROOF (LATE 14TH TO EARLY 15TH CENTURY). | BRANDON AND BRANDON, TIMBER ROOFS, PLATE 9.

following positions are equally good” churches in Brandon and Brandon’s side, and two free-standing towers.77 The at “the intersection of a cross church, Parish Churches had towers on the wes- statement that a western tower “is of the or between the Chancel and Nave,” and tern façade, but it also illustrated five same breadth externally as the nave of listed examples of sixteen specific medie- examples of towers over transepts just to the Church” made sense only in a church val churches using other positions.76 The the west of the chancel, seven examples with aisles, as were most of the examples vast majority (71%) of the medieval of bell cotes, three towers on the south discussed by the Brandons, but not in the

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should at all events not be made of wood. In some cases the support of the pulpit should be fixed before the floor is laid.” Brick walls “should be never less than fourteen inches. When covered externally with stone, or constructed entirely of stone, the walls should never be less than eighteen inches thick.”80 The statement that “buttresses” provided “greater strength” to walls “without a proportio- nate increase of expense, but they should not be employed merely for ornament,” drew upon the stress by Pugin and many Ecclesiologists that the ornament of buildings should come from a true expression of structure.

This applied as well to the structure of roofs, an important recommendation that summed up succinctly many of the arguments made previously by Pugin and the FIG. 24. BARRIEFIELD, ST. MARK’S, INTERIOR FROM WESTERN FIG. 25. TORONTO, ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, INTERIOR. | Ecclesiologists and worth quoting in full: GALLERY. | PAUL CHRISTIANSON, 2007. ROBERSTON, LANDMARKS OF TORONTO, VOL. 4, P. 9.

10. Roof.—In the construction of the roof strength and durability should be most Gothic Revival Anglican churches built in The next portion of the Recommendations regarded. If there are not horizontal tie Canada West during the 1840s, which of 1850 dealt with the foundation, base- beams at the foot of the principal rafters, had considerably wider naves than towers ment, floor, and walls and consisted lar- great care should be taken that the cross (figs. 1, 8, 13, 14, 15). gely of practical suggestions to make tie beams, collar beams, braces, kingposts, church buildings better withstand the &c. (according to the style adopted) shall Again drawing upon medieval prece- weather.78 “Care should be taken that be substantial, and well braced together; dents, the recommendations stated that the foundation may be fully adequate otherwise the trusses will have a ten- the “principal entrance to English Parish to the height and size of the structure, dency to spread and thrust out the walls. Churches is on the south side” and that and that it should be well drained. A According to English practice the distance an “entrance by the west is much less foundation should likewise be laid for of the trusses never exceeds ten feet; and frequent; and is unadvisable in this the Font, and a drain carried from it to neither joists nor rafters are placed more country [Canada]” because of cold west the main drain.” The latter presupposed than twelve inches apart in the clear. winds. Brandon and Brandon supported a large, stone baptismal font. They also the first of these statements (89% of applied English practices to the Canadian The timbers of the roof may to a great the churches discussed had south entry context: “All passages and open spaces extent be permitted to appear internally; porches), but also made clear that wes- within the Church are in England paved and with proper management may be made tern entrances (57% of the churches with square tiles or with stone; and it highly ornamental. Iron is not suitable for discussed had them, overwhelmingly would be safer in respect to fire, if such the external covering of the roof, as it is through a western tower) were also com- a plan could be adopted in this country; liable to rust partially, lead is likewise liable mon. Clearly, this recommendation was and at all events in the areas, where the to blister with the heat and consequently to attempting to introduce another major stoves are intended to stand, should be admit the wet. Slate is frequently employed change in Anglican church architecture paved.”79 They included many imperative in England, and can now be procured in this under the guise of precedent. statements: “The space under the Font country. Battlements have not as yet been

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adopted with success in this country; as they retain the snow, and cause it when melting to sink into the walls.

It is advisable that the roof should be of a high pitch, in order both to carry off the snow and rain more speedily, and to pre- vent the wind from driving snow or rain under the shingles or tiles or other covering. A height equal to three-fourths of the external breadth will be sufficient; but many churches have been recently built by the most esteemed English architects, on which the sides of the roof form an equilateral triangle with the breadth.81

This started off with practical recommendations about the structures supporting roofs, which may have drawn upon either Brandon and Brandon’s Parish Churches, or the much more extensive and systematic coverage in their book The Open Timber FIG. 26. FREDERICTON, ST. ANNE’S. | COFFMAN, NEWFOUNDLAND FIG. 27. TORONTO, ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, MARBLE FONT Roofs of the Middle Ages (fig. 23).82 It GOTHIC, P. 57, FIG. 3.3. FROM 1850. | MALCOLM THURLBY, 2016. went on to open the prospect of permit- ting “the timbers of the roof” to “appear internally,” as done in many medieval or hammer beams was often practiced by glare of the snow in winter. For similar roofs and as revived recently in England Pugin and received early and lasting sup- reasons they should be altogether over the by Pugin and other architects, who used port from the Ecclesiologists.84 It marked heads of the congregation; as well as to pre- “proper management,” so that the con- a significant part of their campaign of vent the attention of the congregation from struction was “made highly ornamental.”83 privileging Early English and Decorated being distracted by external objects. Their Several examples of this style of construc- styles of Gothic ecclesiastical architecture form will depend on the style of architecture tion already existed among the recently over the “debased” Perpendicular and the adopted.85 built Anglican churches in Canada West, “pagan” classical ecclesiastical architec- including the hammer beam rafters of ture of the fifteenth, sixteenth, seven- The recommendation on “Chimneys” St. Mark’s, Barriefield (1843-1844) (fig. 24), teenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth warned against concealing them “in pin- and St. George’s, Trenton (1845), and the centuries. The former had sharply pointed nacles or crosses or other ornaments,” beams and rafters of St. George the Martyr arches and high-pitched roofs, the true and noted that “they may with proper (1844-1845), Toronto (fig. 25). marks of “Christian” architecture, while care be rendered ornamental without the latter had flatter arches or rounded disguising their actual character.”86 This The call for roofs with a “high pitch” to arches and lower pitched roofs. reflected the design ideal articulated by handle the local weather sounded prac- Pugin that ornament should reflect the tical enough, but—in reality—the only In the Recommendations of 1850, that on structure and materials of a building. Anglican church then existing in British “Windows” had a practical tone, noting North America with a roof as steep as an that they A long section on the “Chancel” in the “equilateral triangle,” that is sixty degrees Recommendations of 1850 spelled out the at each angle, was St. Anne’s, Fredericton should be fewer and smaller than is usually structure and furnishing of this import- (fig. 26). The revival of high-pitched roofs the case, to exclude the glare and heat of ant part of churches in lavish and specific supported by internally visible cross beams the sun in summer, and the cold and the detail.

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13. Chancel.—Every Church should have a This recommendation also referred with the altar rails on the highest of chancel separated from the nave by an arch; to “the almost invariable practice in these, and “a raised platform within the and except where the Church is very small it England” and used that phrase to priv- rails” for the “Communion Table.”91 In should be narrower and lower than the rest ilege English churches built during the effect this would have emphasized the of the Church. This is the almost invariable Middle Ages above those built after the importance of communion by elevating practice in England, and is recommended Reformation. Ironically, the minimum size the clergy above the lay worshippers in by various reasons; the principal of which recommended for chancels fell far short the nave and the elements of bread and is that it is more conducive to reverence in of both medieval proportions and those wine even above the seated clergy and regard to the Holy Sacrament of the Lord’s advocated by Reverend Neale: “as a gen- choir seated in the chancel. It would have Supper. The chancel should never be less eral rule, the Chancel should not be less produced a similar visual effect to the than twelve feet in internal width nor less than the third, or more than the half, of arrangements advocated in somewhat than nine feet in length. the whole length of the church.”88 Even different language by the Ecclesiologists. large Anglican churches built in British In 1850, few if any Anglican churches in The perfect chancel consists, 1st of the North America in the late eighteenth and Canada West had choirs sitting in the sanctuary or presbytery, in which the early nineteenth centuries had relatively chancel. Lord’s Table stands, and which is generally small chancels.89 Larger chancels arrived enclosed with a low rail; 2nd of a space for in Canada West in the 1840s, includ- The furnishing of the Chancel received the accommodation of the clergy upon public ing a number of substantial churches further elaboration in an additional rec- occasions, and in which any clergyman may with chancels that either matched or ommendation that spelled out in detail take his place who is not officiating at the exceeded the minimum size spelled out the design, size, and placement of fur- altar or in the pulpit, and in some cases in the Recommendations of 1850.90 For niture in the “Sanctuary.” It started off affording room for the choir; and 3rd of an many Anglicans, this aspect of the rec- by stipulating that: “The Lord’s Table open space of at least five feet between both ommendation on chancels hardly marked should never be of smaller dimensions for the ready access of the communicants a radical innovation. than four feet by two and a half feet; in the Lord’s Table, for the approach of can- and it should not be less than three feet, didates for confirmation, and for other pur- The second paragraph envisaged three nor more than three feet three inches in poses. When so arranged the chancel may spaces in the chancel: (1) a space for the height. If more than seven feet in length, have one step at its entrance, and another “Lord’s Table” or “Communion Table”— the breadth must be increased propor- at the end of the space for the Clergy and terms used by most Anglicans in Canada tionally. It should be of solid and good Choir; and in all cases there should be at West for what Ecclesiologists called the materials, and not like a common table.”92 least two steps at the commencement of “Altar”—at the east end and “enclosed In addition, it stipulated that: “The table the Sanctuary, the alter [sic] rails standing with a low rail,” (2) a space for seating should be furnished with a kneeling stool upon the highest. The Communion Table may the clergy and “in some cases a choir,” at each end,” specifying the exact size for likewise stand on a raised platform within and (3) a space of at least five feet for these stools, and noting that the “altar the rails. In a succession of steps, each “communicants,” “candidates for con- rails should be solid and substantial, most should be fully one foot in width.87 firmation, and for other purposes.” With commonly with a gate in the centre, and over five feet for the “Sanctuary,” five not higher than two feet six inches above By “narrower and lower than the rest feet more for times when lay people nor- the kneeling place for communicants.”93 of the Church,” the recommendation mally entered the chancel, and six to ten Clearly such exacting specifications indi- meant less wide than the nave and lower feet for the clergy and choir, the “perfect cated the importance of the “Sanctuary” in height than the nave from the floor chancel” would have taken at least twice and of communion as a central part of to the ceiling, with the proviso that the the nine-foot depth recommended in the worship for the committee members who floor of the chancel was still to be a step first paragraph. This section also recom- drafted these recommendations. or two above that of the nave. This led mended a step at the entrance to the to an external as well as an internal dif- chancel from the nave, an additional step The revival of sedilia (the stone seats built ferentiation of the chancel from the nave. “at the end of the space for the Clergy into chancel walls in medieval churches) and Choir,” an additional “two steps at and a credence table to hold the elements the commencement of the Sanctuary,” of communion during the early sections

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of the liturgy were supported without support under the heading of the choir. ordinary responses” during the liturgy of mentioning their medieval names. The Because it showed strong support for the Book of Common Prayer “and in those latter received a subtle advocacy: a growing trend in Anglican worship portions which are sung by the congrega- in England that came to have a strong tion.” The assertion that “many churches” There is often found a niche or bracket in impact in British North America and else- seated their choirs either in the chancel the north or south wall of the Sanctuary, where, it deserves quotation in full: or in the east end of the nave made little for receiving the sacred elements and ves- sense for Anglicans in Canada West in

sels, previous to the time, when according Choir.—In all ancient Churches and in 1850. However, this practice had gained to the Rubric, “The Priest shall place upon many modern ones provision is made for increasing support from Ecclesiologists the Table so much bread and wine as he the accom[m]odation of the Clergy in the and High Churchmen in England. shall think sufficient.” In place of this bracket Chancel, where those who are not otherwise is sometimes fixed a small stone table; or officiating are supposed to be leading the Although the Ecclesiologists initially had a moveable one of wood is placed in some congregation, both in ordinary responses mixed feelings about having lay people convenient position. and in those portions which are sung by the sit in the chancel during worship except congregation. Seats facing each other are when receiving Holy Communion, they Reverend Neale noted several alternatives accordingly provided for them on each side eventually came to advocate both of these for what he called the “Table of Prothesis, of the Chancel, at the part nearest to the locations for the choir during the 1840s.97 or Credence,” and left it up to parishes to congregation. These seats are raised one In an article on the plans for a new church decide which to adopt.94 Like those who or two steps and should be at least three from 1841, the editors of The Ecclesiologist put together these recommendations, he feet from back to front, and with kneeling wrote: “At the east end of the Nave are assumed that all churchmen would wish boards of at least ten inches broad and not stalls for the choir; and this seems a per- to revive this furniture and the relevant more than eight inches in height sloping an fectly unobjectionable arrangement, ceremonies. inch and a half. though they might, without any deviation from Church rules, have been placed on Both of these parts of the In many churches seats are provided in each side of the Chancel.”98 Exclusion of Recommendations of 1850 relied for front of those for the singers. Where that lay people from the chancel except dur- support on selected precedents: “In is not thought desirable, it will be found ing communion and locating the choir at many Churches, both ancient and mod- more conducive to congregational worship the east end of the nave were upheld by ern, there are seats either of wood or to place the singers in seats fronting each The Ecclesiologist in 1842 and 1843.99 This stone against or in the south wall of other next to the chancel, rather than in location for the choir was used at Holy the sanctuary, for the Clergy officiat- a separate gallery at the west end of the Trinity, Toronto, in 1849, where an English ing at the Holy Communion.”95 This was Church. This likewise has a tendency to visitor reported: “[T]here was a choir of true for many of the medieval churches check the irreverence too often shown by at least forty voices, the greater part men, documented in Brandon and Brandon’s younger singers; by bringing them more into just before the chancel, arranged in two Parish Churches and in a smaller number contact with the clergy, and under their eye parties; their chanting, which was antiph- of “modern” churches, largely designed and that of the congregation. onal, was indeed very fine; the most mas- by Pugin or architects influenced by the culine, I think, I ever heard.”100 This church Ecclesiologists. In Upper Canada and Some such arrangement is in accord- did not have an extensive enough chancel Canada West, seats for clergy had hitherto ance with the universal practice in ancient to seat a large choir. consisted either of a pew at the front of Churches, down to a comparatively recent the nave or more commonly of chairs in a period. In 1843, a pamphlet on church enlarge- contemporary style; either stalls or sedilia ment printed by the Cambridge Camden in the chancel would have seemed like That section envisaged the clergy and Society and probably written by John innovations.96 choir “leading the congregation” in Mason Neale (but published anonym- worship either from elevated seats in ously) placed “the singers” during wor- The privileged place accorded by the the chancel or from “seats fronting each ship in the chancel on the principle that: Recommendations of 1850 to the chancel other next to the chancel.” The leadership “None ought to be in the Chancel but as the locus of worship received further of the clergy and choir applied “both in they who are taking an actual part in

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the performance of the Divine Office, in a concise but detailed section of the Anglican missionaries had used basins of and they ought.”101 In order to put this Recommendations of 1850 that dealt various sorts for baptism. Addressing the into effect, Reverend Neale recom- with baptismal fonts and specified their more settled congregations in his “Charge mended that: “The Chancel will have location, dimensions, drainage, and to the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of York” two, or if very large, may have three, construction. made at various locations in September rows of open seats on each side . . . One 1849, Archdeacon Bethune spoke of the

of these stalls, on the South side, next to Font.—The Font is required by the Canons “Apostle’s command,—‘Let all things be the wall, must be a little elevated, and to be of stone, and to be placed “in the done decently and in order,’” and applied will be the reading-pue. The other stalls ancient usual places”; that is near the prin- this to the provision of a surplice for the will serve for the choristers, and for the cipal entrance of the Church, as already clergyman, “appropriate linen coverings communicants during the celebration of described. It should not be less than one for the Lord’s Table” and “an appropriate the Holy Eucharist.”102 In a footnote to an foot ten inches in internal diameter, nor service of Communion Plate and a Font— article “On the Distinction of Chancel and more than three feet four inches in heighth the means for a right administration of Sacrarium” in April 1846, the editors of [sic] from the place on which the minister the two Sacraments of the Church; where The Ecclesiologist supported the “church stands. A hole should be pierced in the bot- a sense of duty in holy things would forbid arrangement of the north of Europe, in tom of the font, and through the shaft to the the employment of vessels adapted to the which a merely chorus conforum, though ground, to let off the water; which should common uses and conveniences of life.”108 composed chiefly of lay-men, has always always be placed in the font itself. Most Even large stone fonts had appeared in been considered so far ecclesiastical as . . . stone requires to be lined with zinc or lead; Anglican churches in Canada West before its monastic original . . . ”103 This argument otherwise the water is apt to exude. the Recommendations of the Church opened the way for ecclesiological sup- Society came into effect. In 1848, St. port of both locations for the choir men- This recommendation mirrored the James’ Anglican Cathedral, Toronto, had a tioned in the Toronto Recommendations equivalent one in the English “Instructions Gothic Revival stone font. In March 1850, of 1850. of the Church-Building Society” of 1842: a stone font was installed at St. George the Martyr, Toronto (fig. 27). According

The case made by both the Ecclesiologists Font.—To be fixed at the west end of the to an article in The Church on the latter, and the Recommendations of 1850 that building, or as near as convenient to the “The general character of the Font is of “[s]ome such arrangement is in accord- principal entrance, but not so as to be under the earliest style of Early English, and was ance with the universal practice in ancient a gallery. Care to be taken that sufficient designed by the Rev. Dr. Beaven, who Churches, down to a comparatively recent space is allowed for the sponsors to kneel. exhibited his usual correct taste and excel- period,” ignored the fact that worship The font to be of stone as directed by the lent judgment.”109 This provided another had changed after the Reformation in Canon, and large enough to admit of the example of Reverend Beaven supporting England. Privileging the worship prac- immersion of infants. To be provided with the content of the Recommendations of tices of the Middle Ages over those of a water-drain.106 1850 before they appeared in print. Anglicans in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries, it During the eighteenth and early nine- Although the recommendations empha- disputed the legitimacy of the very wide- teenth centuries, baptism had remained sized the liturgy and the sacraments of spread practice in Anglican churches of an important sacrament, but large stone baptism and communion, they also made having the organ and choir located in fonts had gone out of style and basins provision for preaching by giving detailed “a separate gallery at the west end of of water, often located near the east advice on the location, shape, and size the Church.”104 The recommendation on end of the nave, had commonly replaced of the pulpit. Much earlier in the nine- “Choirs” advocated a major reorientation them. Insistence upon the usage of large teenth century, the Church Building of worship, with the clergy and choir lead- stone fonts as “required by the Canons” Commissioners in England had recom- ing a sung liturgy from the front of the had received firm support from the mended having the pulpit on one side church.105 Ecclesiologists from 1841 onward.107 of the Chancel arch and a lectern on the other.110 This was becoming standard in The sacramental concerns of the During the early years of the settlement of Britain and British North America, so the Ecclesiologists also came out strongly Upper Canada, the relative few itinerant committee could with some justification

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argue that: “The most general position recommended a “faldstool,” a small desk for the pulpit is in the part of the nave with a place to kneel, for praying the lit- nearest the chancel on the north side.” any and a “lettern” on the opposite side In addition, it specified the shape and from the pulpit for reading the Scriptures.112 orientation: “The form may be penta- By 1843, he supported using a stall on the gon, hexagon, or octagon; the second south side of the chancel as a “reading being the best. It should have a desk on at pue.”113 In 1844, the Cambridge Camden least three sides; the middle part of which Society published a drawing of an approved should look diagonally as near as pos- two-sided “Oak Lettern” for reading pas- sible towards the opposite corner of the sages from the Scriptures (fig. 28).114 The church.” Although central pulpits either reading desk described in this recommen- in the chancel or just inside the nave had dation sounded like an amalgamation of a graced early Anglican churches in Upper “faldstool” and a “lettern.” Canada, these had become increasingly replaced by pulpits located “in the part The section on the “N av e” in the of the nave nearest the chancel.” While Recommendations of 1850 opened with: this section stated the shape and location “There should be a passage up the middle of pulpits, it built upon recent trends and of the nave, of not less than four feet probably would not have seemed contro- in width, and another of similar breadth 111 versial to contemporaries. from the south door, and north door if FIG. 28. “OAK LETTERN” FROM 1844. | INSTRUMENTA ECCLESIASTICA, any.”115 In Upper Canada and Canada PLATE II. Normal Anglican worship required fur- West, although Anglican churches nor- niture from which the incumbent could mally had their entrances in the west end, read or chant the liturgy, offer the prayers a “passage up the middle of the nave” of the Book of Common Prayer, and read had not become universal. Even among the lessons from the Scriptures mandated those built during the 1840s, St. James’, therein. In the Recommendations of 1850, Kingston, and Little Trinity, Toronto, had the section on “Reading Desk” specified two aisles divide their naves into three that: sections of pews (see fig. 16). However, St. George the Martyr and Holy Trinity, In many cases, both ancient and modern, Toronto, St. Mark’s, Barriefield, St. Paul’s, the reading desk is made by fitting up, in a Kingston, and St. John’s, Portsmouth, all suitable manner, the last seat of the chan- had a central passage in their naves. Of FIG. 19. PORTSMOUTH, ST. JOHN’S. | EORGE LILLEY FROM 1949, cel on the south side, next the body of the these churches, only St. John’s used a BY PERMISSION OF THE QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES, V25.5-8-414. COURTESY OF Church. When that is not thought advisable, south porch as the main entrance (fig. 29). JENNIFER MCKENDRY. it may be placed either on the same side as the pulpit, but lower—or on the opposite The section on the “Nave” also stipu- side in a corresponding position. A square lated that the “pews themselves should not be more than three feet in height. form is best; and it should be at least three be all placed so as to look towards the Each pew to be at least three feet from and half feet square, and about the same chancel,” specifying that the “only excep- back to front, and to be furnished with a height internally; and may be furnished with tion allowed should be the clergy and kneeling board not less than ten inches two desks, one looking down the Church for the choir,” with the clergy sitting in the wide, nor more than eight inches high, the lessons, and the other looking across for chancel facing toward the north and sloping one inch and a half, and covered the prayers. It should likewise be furnished the choir sitting either in the chancel or and stuffed.”117 The substitution of slip with a kneeling stool, like those at the altar. at the east end of the nave facing each pews for traditional box pews—strongly other on opposites sides of the central pushed by the Ecclesiologists—had In 1841, Reverend Neale attacked what passage. Nor were tall traditional pews become more common in the 1840s and he saw as the modern “reading pue” and envisaged.116 “The backs of pews need received strong support here.

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The Recommendations of 1850 likewise through a tower at the ecclesiastical west stressed both the chancel and a steeply contained a section on “Porches” that end, as did many of the medieval parish pitched roof above a tower for consti- envisaged several entrances to parish churches illustrated by the Brandons. Even tuting a “correct” church. More than churches based upon medieval usage, The Ecclesiologist defended the primacy one architect took these words at the with a south door as the principal of western towers as “in accordance with end of this recommendation to heart. entrance. “The south door according ancient precedent. We believe that nine- The use of a “bell turret,” the principal to English usage almost invariably has teen churches out of twenty have their entrance through a south porch, and a a porch, projecting at least eighty [sic] towers in the position which we recom- steeply pitched roof would all appear in feet, and wide enough to admit seats mend,” and it made no prohibition to an a newly erected Anglican stone church, along each side. In this country it ought entrance through a tower.119 The attempt St. John’s, Portsmouth, in 1851(fig. 27 to be furnished with an outer door. A to prohibit an entrance through a tower, and fig. 17), and at St. Peter’s, Barton, small porch will be sufficient for the therefore, must have seemed at best in 1852 (fig. 3).121 The Ecclesiologist had north door. The chancel door rarely has eccentric and at worst unprecedented in recommended this format for colonial a porch in ancient churches; but it may Canada West. churches and it had been followed in perhaps be desirable in this country.” Australia and New Zealand much earlier This recommendation again conflated However, the paragraphs on towers did than in Canada West.122 “English usage” with medieval usage. stress a long-standing position of the The notion that churches needed a porch Ecclesiologists that tall towers with spires The Recommendations of 1850 finished “projecting at least eighty feet” would were less important than other architec- with a penultimate one on “Warmth,” have seemed eccentric whether judged tural elements of a church: which advised that a stove producing heat by medieval or contemporary practice. It “be placed near a door so that the heat probably was a misprint for “eight feet,” When there is any difficulty in providing the may be carried into the church,” and a the approximate length of many of the cost of a tower, it may either be carried up concluding one on the “Churchyard.” The south porches illustrated on the ground temporarily only to the height of the Church; latter argued that the “Churchyard may plans of the medieval parish churches or it may be dispensed with altogether, and be planted with a few trees, such as hem- documented by the Brandons. The three its place supplied by a bell turret, or bell- locks, cedar, balsam, English or Canadian longest south porches that they included gable, either of which may be rendered orna- thorn, mountain ash, abele, locust, &c., measured about twenty feet.118 The rec- mental. It is much better to adopt either for ornament, and to provide the means ommendation also argued for a south of these courses, than to omit any more of decorating the church at festivals” and porch as a buffer during the harsh win- necessary part of the Church, for the sake that it “should be well fenced in some ter weather of Canada West, whereas in of a tower. style accordant with the Church, so as many churches built there before 1850, to exclude animals from it.” This section an extended passage through a western Reverend Neale had argued in 1841 that: envisaged “burial in the Churchyard” as tower entrance served the same purpose. “It must always be kept in mind, that the normal, but also saw the importance of Tower, though a highly ornamental, is securing “at an early period a spot of The Recommendations of 1850 dealt with not an essential part of a church; and the ground at a distance which may serve as “Towers” in a practical way by stressing really essential parts should never be sac- a burial ground at some future day.” And the need for stone or brick towers hav- rificed for it. A bell gable may be made it also sought to prohibit carriages from ing thick walls—“never thinner than three a beautiful ornament, and is very well entering the churchyard, which it claimed feet”—at the base “even when strength- suited to a small church.”120 The section was “entirely contrary to English custom.” ened with buttresses.” This recognized on “Towers” finished with a revealing From the beginning to the end, this set brick as an approved building material, sentence that spelled out what consti- of recommendations on the building and but this section also added the surprising tuted these “really essential parts”: “A furnishing of Anglican churches in the caveat that: “It is not desirable to have an church character may be more effectually Diocese of Toronto drew upon a particu- entrance through the tower, as it inter- given to the building by a proper chan- lar reading of “English custom” to enforce feres with the ringing of the bell.” Almost cel and porch and by attention to the a largely ecclesiological interpretation of all existing Anglican churches in Canada pitch of the roof,” than by a tower. As architecture and worship. West in 1850 had their primary entrance previously indicated, the Ecclesiologists

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THE RECEPTION OF THE be “required,” as part of their theological Let it further be understood that the Church RECOMMENDATIONS OF 1850 education, to obtain “some acquaint- Society will grant no assistance, and that ance with the principles and proprieties the Bishop will recommend no application On April 25, 1850—a week after the of ecclesiastical arrangement.” Clergy to the Societies at home for aid, unless the publication of the Recommendations of needed this knowledge to take a leader- proposed Church shall be erected accord- 1850—an anonymous editorial appeared ship role in the design of churches “for ing to some one of these authorized plans, in The Church that praised “the very the simple reason that the principles” or others to be approved. Let some such excellent ‘Recommendations of the of the “ecclesiastical arrangement” of measures be adopted, and we will venture Church Building Committee of the Church churches “are rather theological than to predict that before two years shall have Society, in regard to Churches and their architectural.” Second, it also suggested passed away impropriety of arrangement in Precincts.’”123 The tone of the article that: “where the services of a proper new church will be the exception rather than sounded at the beginning of the second Architect can be obtained, and where the the rule.126 paragraph: Building Committee can be persuaded to secure them, it will generally be found in The “Societies at home” meant both the The seemliness of God’s Sanctuary, and the end to be the best economy to com- Society for the Propagation of the Gospel the appropriateness of its general arrange- mit the supervision and responsibility of in Foreign Parts, which had provided con- ments, can never be regarded as a light the work to a professional man.” Third, siderable financial support for Anglicans thing, by any properly instructed Christian; the initial step in educating Anglicans— in British North America, and other church and we hail the recommendations alluded both clerical and lay—on the design and charities in England and Ireland. Only by to with much pleasure, as a step taken furnishing of churches involved a careful making financial assistance contingent towards the important object of diffusing study of the recommendations as pub- upon following the Recommendations among our people a more correct know- lished in The Church: “No Churchman, we of 1850, this article suggested, could ledge, and a purer taste, in the erection of think, however uninformed upon these the important principles and details our Church than at present prevails. matters, could fail, if he studied them contained in the recommendations fully with anything like attention to form a come into existence. The discourse of “any properly instructed tolerably clear and correct idea of those Christian,” “a more correct knowledge,” leading features by which our churches Any doubts about the position taken and “a purer taste,” as well as the criti- should be characterized.”124 by The Church on Anglican worship cisms and remedies it suggested, must and ecclesiastical architecture were dis- have reminded readers of that in the The editorial further suggested that “the pelled in a subsequent editorial on the article published by the writer A.B. in Church Society” procure “from properly “Recommendations of the Church Building The Church more than a year earlier and, qualified Architects such a variety of plans Committee.” It started by quoting from indeed, of the Ecclesiologists in general. as might be deemed advisable, with all recommendation twenty-three that “in This editorial ignored the moving of the the working drawings, specifications, esti- wooden churches it is far from necessary choir to the chancel or the east end of mates, forms of contract, &c. &c. neces- to have a tower or spire; a church charac- the nave in order to lead the congre- sary for the erection of small, plain, and ter may be more effectually given to the gation in singing a choral service that inexpensive churches, in wood, brick or building, by a proper chancel and porch, constituted an important part of the stone,” to be printed and provided to and by attention to the pitch of the roof.” Recommendations of 1850 and rather congregations that have “resolved upon The author deplored the normal building concentrated on architecture. the erection of a church.” When the of “auditory” churches some “thirty feet Recommendations of 1850 were adopted broad by forty or fifty long” and asked Deploring the ignorance of “the most by the Church Society later in the year, it that Anglicans instead erect churches elementary knowledge of the prin- established a committee to work on the with “good-sized and well-arranged ciples of ecclesiastical architecture and drafting of plans for smaller churches.125 chancels” along with a “projecting porch arrangement” that prevailed among the In addition, the editorial argued for the and vestry and the high-pitched roof” Anglicans of Canada West, the editor- strict following of the recommendations to differentiate their places of worship ial suggested three remedies. First, that as a requirement of receiving financial from those of “our Dissenting friends.”127 “every candidate for Holy Orders” should support from the Church Society: This identified a particular style of Gothic

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Revival church architecture as “Anglican” upon Anglican worship and church archi- and the remodeling of existing Anglican and saw it as different from “Dissenting” tecture in Canada West has received churches in the Diocese of Toronto by architecture, despite the fact that the growing attention.130 No doubt some laying down a specific model for what Church of England and Ireland was not an Anglican clergymen, especially those constituted an “Anglican” church. Both established church in Canada West and, educated at Cambridge, Oxford, Trinity the Recommendations and the discussion therefore, no “Dissenters” existed there. College (Dublin), or even King’s College in The Church that preceded and suc- (Fredericton), had some familiarity with ceeded their publication demonstrate a However, this editorial also voiced a these trends in architecture and worship, strong reception of ecclesiological ideas coherent, reasonably succinct spiritual but they received their initial systematic on worship and architecture—at least rationale for the emphasis on the chancel articulation in The Church in early 1849 in some clerical circles—in Canada West and the importance of communion in the in an article on the choral services at by 1850. The sections on the “Chancel,” life of the church. St. Mark’s College and in a letter from the “Sanc tuary,” and “Choir” presented writer A.B. on the worship and architec- remarkably up-to-date ecclesiological Now, when there is a spacious, well defined, ture of Anglican churches in British North recommendations. The fusion between a and properly furnished chancel, the con- America within the context of the first particular archaeological style of Gothic gregation constantly behold that part of it three issues of The New York Ecclesiologist. Revival church architecture and the revival within the rails, distinctly and strikingly sep- The article on St. Mark’s College spelled of a sung liturgy based upon Gregorian arated from the rest of the Church; and why out and defended in detail the architec- chants and the music in Merbecke’s Book is it thus separated? In order that it may be ture of the chapel and the nature of the of Common Prayer Noted had only started devoted exclusively to the administration of choral services performed there by a highly to take place among the English church that Holy Sacrament, while it is to be looked trained choir made up of students. It also musicians and Ecclesiologists during the upon in a much higher light, is also a memor- held this forth as an ideal for Anglican 1840s and would solidify in the 1850s.131 ial of the Saviour’s death. All other parts of worship in general. The letter from A.B. The Recommendations had a great impact the Church ought, in a proper sense, to be denigrated the Anglican churches built upon worship and architecture not only in subordinate to this, because it is that deep in Upper Canada and Canada West as the Diocese of Toronto, but in the neigh- mystery of love which is there commemor- inferior architecture and called for an bouring Diocese of Quebec, as exempli- ated which alone gives efficacy and blessing ecclesiological remedy. Together with the fied in the “Circular to the Clergy of the to all other rites and offices that are cele- discussion of competition to build a new Diocese of Quebec” issued on January 4, brated within the sacred walls.128 Anglican cathedral in Toronto, it helped 1851.132 These would join with the ongoing to spark interest in Gothic Revival church leadership of Bishop John Medley in the This theological stress upon the chancel architecture in the pages of that period- Diocese of Fredericton and Bishop Edward as the place for the celebration of com- ical, a discussion that led to the formula- Field in the Diocese of Newfoundland to munion underlay many of the detailed tion of the Recommendations discussed produce a powerful movement to intro- “Recommendations of the Church Building above. duce and enforce the strictures of the Committee.” The centrality of the “Holy Ecclesiologists as the model for Anglican Sacrament,” of the “Lord’s Table,” and the “CORRECT” WORSHIP architecture and worship in British North chancel, also helped to explain the shift AND ARCHITECTURE IN BRITISH America. of the choir and organ from the west to NORTH AMERICA the east end of the church, especially with NOTES the new emphasis on a sung choral liturgy. Taken as a whole, the “Recommendations Changes in theology and worship involved by the Church Building Committee of the 1. For these leaders of the Anglican Church in Upper Canada and Canada West, see the fol- changes in architecture. Church Society, in Regard to Churches and lowing entries in the Dictionary of Canadian their Precincts” constituted a remarkable Biography Online (DCBOnline) [www.bio- The impact of Pugin and the Ecclesiologists published document that spoke to the graphi.ca]: Craig, Gerald M., 2000, “John on Anglican church architecture in New impact and enforcement of ecclesiological Strachan,” accessed January 6, 2017; Anderson, Allan J., 2000, “George Okill Stuart,” accessed Brunswick and Newfoundland has sig- positions in Canada West in the middle June 9, 2015; and Thompson, Arthur N., 2000, nificantly interested architectural histor- of the nineteenth century. It provided “Alexander Neil Bethune,” accessed July 13, ians.129 The influence of the Ecclesiologists a framework for the building of new 2011.

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2. Letter from John Strachan to William Hay, Brookfield, Singapore, Sydney, Ashgate, in New Brunswick,” JSSAC, vol. 40, no. 1, May 1846, Strachan Papers (Archives of p. 43-45. p. 31-58; Stanton, The Gothic Revival… : 130- Ontario), as quoted in Vattay, Sharon, 2001, 137; Richardson, Douglas, 2000, “Frank Wills,” 5. The Church, January 25, 1849, p. 101, 104; Defining “Architect” in Nineteenth-century DCBOnline, accessed November 27, 2009; and and February 22, 1849, p. 118. St. Mark’s Toronto: The Practices of George Howard and McFarland, Elizabeth Ann, 2007, Invisible College was established in 1842 in Chelsea to Thomas Young, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Text: Reading between the Lines of Frank train schoolmasters by the National Society History of Art, University of Toronto, p. 162; Wills’s Treatise, Ancient English Ecclesiastical for Promoting the Education of the Poor in available online: [https://tspace.library.uto- Architecture, M.A. thesis, Department of the Principles of the Established Church. The ronto.ca/bitstream/1807/16537/1/NQ58974. Architecture, Cornell University. Reverend Thomas Helmore, a recent graduate pdf], accessed May 12, 2016. Among these, of Magdalen College, Oxford, became precen- 11. Medley, John, 1841, Elementary Remarks on John George Howard designed the following tor and vice-principal of St. Mark’s College Church Architecture, London, P.A. Hannaford. Anglican churches built in the 1840s: St. Paul’s, in 1842 and kept this position after he was See also Thurlby, “Bishop John Medley…” Toronto (1841), Holy Trinity, Chippawa (1841), appointed choirmaster of the Chapel Royal in : 32-33. St. James’, Dundas (1841), St. John’s, York Mills 1846. The choral service at St. Mark’s College (1843-1844), and Christ Church, Tyendinaga 12. Wills, Frank, 1850, Ancient English Ecclesiastical became one of the most important forces in (1843). During the same decade, Henry Bowyer Architecture and its Principles Applied to the the revival of a sung liturgy in the Church of Joseph Lane also designed many Anglican Wants of the Church at the Present Day, New England and Ireland. See Rainbow, Bernarr, churches, including: Little Trinity, Toronto York, Stanford and Swords. 1970, The Choral Revival in the Anglican (1843-1844), St. George the Martyr, Toronto Church (1839-1872), New York, Oxford 13. The Church, February 22, 1849, p. 118. A.B. (1844-1845), St. Paul’s, Kingston (1845), and University Press, chap. 3. was possibly Archdeacon Bethune, Reverend Holy Trinity, Toronto (1846-1847), while James Beaven, or another Anglican clergy- Alfred Varnell Brunel designed St. Mark’s, 6. Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore, 1836, man in the Toronto area. As ecclesiastical Barriefield (1843-1844), and used this design Contrasts: or a Parallel between the Noble commissary (1845) and then archdeacon of for St. George’s, Trenton (1845), as well. See Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth York (1847), Bethune had taken over much MacRae, Marion and Anthony Adamson, 1975, Centuries, and Similar Buildings of the Present of the day-to-day administration of the large Hallowed Walls: Church Architecture of Upper Day, London, John Weale. western portion of the Diocese of Toronto; he Canada, Toronto, Clarke, Irwin; also the lis- 7. Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore, [2nd ed.] edited The Church from 1837-1841 and 1843- tings under Howard, John George, and Lane, 1841, Contrasts or A Parallel between the 1847, and had already obtained the reputa- Henry Bowyer Joseph in the online Dictionary Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth tion of having “ultra high Church” views. (See of Architects in Canada (DAC), [www.dictiona- Centuries, and Similar Buildings of the Thompson, “Bethune,” DCBOnline, op. cit.) A ryofarchitectsincanada.org], accessed respec- Present Day, London, John Weale; and Pugin, graduate of Oxford, Beaven taught at King’s tively on November 27, 2009, and November 9, Augustus Welby Northmore, 1841, The True College, Toronto, and he also “had charge of 2009. For Brunel, see Christianson, Paul, 2010, Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture, chapel services” where he preached “in the “St. Mark’s Anglican Church, Barriefield, and London, John Weale. surplice and intoned the service.” When King’s the Gothic Revival in Canada West,” Journal was closed down, he taught metaphysics at of the Society for the Study of Architecture in 8. The impact of Pugin and the Ecclesiologists the University of Toronto. Widely published, Canada (JSSAC), vol. 35, no. 1, p. 17-30. upon ecclesiastical architecture in North Beaven remained active in the Church Society America has received considerable discus- of the Diocese of Toronto, being elected as 3. For example, see the ceremonies involved in sion. See, especially: Stanton, Phoebe B., one of the vice-presidents from 1844 through laying the cornerstone for St. James’ Anglican 1968, The Gothic Revival and American Church 1852. Both Archdeacon Bethune and Reverend Church, Stuartville (on the western fringe of Architecture: An Episode in Taste, 1840-1856, Beaven had travelled very widely in the Kingston), in September 1844, which involved Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press; Diocese of Toronto. See: Millman, Thomas R., Bishop Strachan, Archdeacon Stuart, and Kalman, Harold, 1994, A History of Canadian 2000, “James Beaven,” DCBOnline, accessed Reverend Bethune, along with other clergy, Architecture, 2 vols., Toronto, Oxford January 19, 2012; and Slater, John G., 2003, and the opening of that church on August 24, University Press, vol. I, p. 279-296; Bennett, Minerva’s Aviary: Philosophy at Toronto, 1843- 1845. Kingston News, October 3, 1844; and Vicki, 1997, Sacred Space and Structural Style: 2003, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, The Church, September 5, 1845, p. 34. The Embodiment of Socio-Religious Ideology, chap. 2. 4. See the praise of choir at Holy Trinity Anglican Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press; and in the English periodical The Parish Choir, Coffman, Peter, 2008, Newfoundland Gothic, 14. The Church, February 22, 1849, p. 118. quoted in The Church, January 18, 1849, Quebec, MultiMondes. 15. Ibid. Many of these elements of architecture p. 98; and the praise for the singing school at 9. Christianson, “St. Mark’s Anglican Church…” : and furnishing had been championed by the St. George’s Anglican Church, Kingston, in The 17-30. Ecclesiologists and will receive detailed discus- Church, April 12, 1849, p. 147. Publication of sion below. The Parish Choir began in 1847; for the early 10. See: Thurlby, Malcolm, 2015, “Bishop John years of this periodical and its relationship Medley (1804-1892), Frank Wills (1822-1857), 16. For the first, see the description of the ope- with the Ecclesiologists, see Adelmann, Dale, and the designs of Christ Church Cathedral ning of St. Mary’s in The Church, January 16, 1997, The Contribution of the Cambridge and St. Anne’s Chapel of Ease, Fredericton, 1851, p. 193-194. For the second and third, Ecclesiologists to the Revival of Anglican NB, with some elementary remarks on the see Thurlby, Malcolm, 2007, “Two Churches Choral Worship 1839-1862, Aldershot, impact of Bishop John Medley and Frank Wills by Frank Wills: St. Peter’s, Barton, and on the arrangements of Anglican churches St. Paul’s, Glanford, and the Ecclesiological

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Gothic Revival in Ontario,” JSSAC, vol. 32, Church of England,” The Christian’s Miscellany, 31. Id. : 194-195. no. 1, p. 49-60. Also see 1850, Church Review no. 3; and Jebb, John, 1843, The Choral Service 32. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. See and Ecclesiastical Register, vol. 2 (1849-1850), of the Church of England and Ireland, London, the comments of Reverend Beaven on log New Haven, George Bassett, p. 451. Born in John W. Parker. See also: Rainbow, The Choral and frame churches in Beaven, James, 1846, St. John, New Brunswick, in 1826, Merritt Revival… : chap. 2-4; Gatens, William J., 1986, Recreations of a Long Vacation: or, A Visit to served first as a missionary and clergyman in Victorian Cathedral Music in Theory and Indian Missions in Upper Canada, London, the area around Hamilton until 1853, when he Practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University James Burns and Toronto, H. and W. Rowsell, received a call to St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, Press, p. 1-44; Zon, Bennett, 1999, The English chap. 20. Morristown, New Jersey, where he served as Plainchant Revival, Oxford and New York, rector until his death in 1895. For the latter Oxford University Press, chap. 8-9. 33. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. part of his career, see [www.stpetersmorris- 21. Bethune, Alexander Neil, 1829, Sermons on the 34. See Rickman, Thomas, [3rd ed.] 1825, An town.org/about_us/parish_history], accessed Liturgy of the Church of England, York, U.C. Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English September 2012. The parish history section no [Toronto], Robert Stanton, p. 43, footnote *. Architecture, London, Longman. This book longer exists on the website. went through numerous editions and 22. Millman, “James Beaven,” DCBOnline. Also see 17. All of these elements of design and furnishing expanded from 146 pages in 1817 to 414 in Headon, Christopher F., 1975, “Developments had received strong support from the publi- 1825, largely due to the inclusion of more in Canadian Anglican Worship in Eastern cations of the Cambridge Camden Society by specific examples of medieval churches that and Central Canada, 1840-1868,” Journal the time that they were built; for example, see embodied the various styles. Even the early of the Canadian Church Historical Society, [Neale, John Mason], 1841, A Few Words to publications of the Cambridge Camden vol. 17, no. 2, p. 33-34. Reverend Bethune Church Builders, Cambridge University Press, Society followed Rickman’s analysis and terms. praised the plainsong “sung in the chapel p. 5-6, 11-12, 19-20, reprinted in Webster, See: Cambridge Camden Society, [4th ed.] of King’s College,” Toronto, as “by far the Christopher (ed.), 2003, “Temples . . . Worthy 1843, A Few Hints on the Practical Study of most beautiful music in existence” (quoted of His Presence”: The Early Publications of the Ecclesiastical Architecture and Antiquities, in Headon : 33). Cambridge Camden Society, Reading, Spire Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Books; and 1843-1860, The Ecclesiologist, 23. Scadding, Henry, 1871, On a Sung Service and p. 3-17; reprinted in Webster, “Temples . . . Cambridge, London, and Oxford, Stevenson, Its Appurtenances, Toronto, Copp, Clarke and Worthy of His Presence…”, op. cit. Company, p. 1-4. The position of the choir at Rivingtons, and Parker. Also see the fuller dis- 35. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. cussion below. Holy Trinity received at least one early notice. (See The Church, January 18, 1849, p. 98.) 36. Ibid. 18. For the complexities of changes in worship in Reverend Scadding attended Upper Canada rd Britain and British North America, see, especially: 37. Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche, [3 ed.] 1838, College, graduated from St. John’s College, Yates, Nigel, 1991, Buildings, Faith, and Worship: The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Cambridge, taught at Upper Canada College, The Liturgical Arrangement of Anglican Churches Architecture Elucidated by Question and became the domestic chaplain of Bishop 1600-1900, Oxford, Clarendon Press; Yates, Nigel, Answer, Oxford, J.H. Parker. The much lar- Strachan (his former tutor) in 1840, and ser- th 1999, Anglican Ritualism in Victorian Britain, ger 10 ed. appeared in 1859. [Parker, John ved as the first incumbent of Holy Trinity from 1830-1910, Oxford, Oxford University Press; Henry], 1829, An Introduction to the Study 1847 to 1875. Frith, Edith G. and Curtis Fahey, Vaudry, Richard W., 2003, Anglicans and the of Gothic Architecture, Oxford, John Henry 2000, “Henry Scadding,” DCBOnline, accessed Atlantic World: High Churchmen, Evangelicals, Parker; with many further editions, as late as March 27, 2017. and the Quebec Connection, Montreal and 1925. Kingston, McGill Queen’s University Press; and 24. The Church, January 25, 1849, p. 101. The 38. The Church, January 2, 1851, p. 182. Craig, Barry L., 2005, Apostle to the Wilderness: Parish Choir, published by the Society for Bishop John Medley and the Evolution of the Promoting Church Music from 1846-1851, 39. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. Anglican Church, Madison and Teaneck, New supported the revival of choral services and 40. Ibid. This was Gervase Wheeler, an Englishman Jersey, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. printed a considerable number of scores for who immigrated to the United States and set For the musical side, see: Rainbow, The Choral anthems and choral services for church choirs. up an office in Hartford, Connecticut; he desi- Revival…, op. cit.; Temperley, Nicholas, 1979, By 1849, positions advocated in The Parish gned several important houses and published The Music of the English Parish Church, 2 vols., Choir had received praise in The Ecclesiologist. several books of designs. Tribert, Renée and Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; and Adelmann, The Contribution of Cambridge James F. O’Gorman, 2012, Gervase Wheeler: Adelmann, The Contribution of Cambridge Ecclesiologists… : 43-46, 144-146. A British Architect in America, 1847-1860, Ecclesiologists…, op. cit. 25. The Church, January 25, 1849, p. 101. Middleton, CT, Wesleyan University Press. 19. Temperley, The Music of the English Parish 26. Ibid. 41. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. Born Church, vol. I, chap. 4-7; and Wilson, Ruth M., and educated in London, Cumberland was 1996, Anglican Chant and Chanting in 27. Ibid. a civil engineer as well as an architect who England, Scotland, and America, 1660-1820, 28. Id. : 104. immigrated to Toronto in 1847, where his Oxford, Clarendon Press. wife’s sisters had married prominent busi- 29. Ibid. 20. Merbecke, John, 1844, The Book of Common nessmen. See: Armstrong, Frederick H. and Prayer Noted, London, William Pickering (a 30. Cooke, William (ed.), 1998, The Parish and Peter Baskerville, 2000, “Frederic William facsimile edition); Jebb, John, 1841, “Three Cathedral of St. James’, Toronto 1797-1997, Cumberland,” DCBOnline, accessed July 13, Lectures on the Cathedral Service of the Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 190. 2011, and “Cumberland, Frederic William,”

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DAC, accessed July 13, 2011. For a contem- Cathedral. See Rose, George Maclean, 1886, A St. Mark’s Anglican Church, Barriefield (1843- porary representation of St. James’ Anglican Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography, Toronto, 1844), St. George’s Anglican Church, Trenton Cathedral as finished in 1875, see Mulvany, Rose Publishing Company, p. 428-429. Henry (1845). None of the churches listed in this note Charles Pelham, 1884, Toronto Past and Cooper, the illegitimate son of a baronet, stu- originally had extensive externally differen- Present: A Handbook of the City, Toronto, died at Westminster School and Cambridge, tiated chancels. This was condemned strongly W.E. Caiger, p. 153. graduating from the latter in 1828, immi- in [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : grating to Canada in 1832, and serving at 5: “[I]n nine-tenths of ‘new churches,’ we 42. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. Christ Church Anglican, Mimico, Ontario, for shall find no attempt whatever at having a 43. See: Armstrong, Frederick H., 2000, “William nearly thirty years. See: Venn, John Archibald, distinct Chancel, or it is at best confined to Hay,” DCBOnline, accessed July 3, 2008; “Hay, 1944, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge, a small apsidal projection for the Altar. And William,” DAC, accessed November 2009; and Cambridge University Press, part 2, vol. 2, this, one of the most glaring faults of modern Coffman, Newfoundland Gothic : 109-110, p. 126; and [https://www.findagrave.com/ buildings, has not met with the reprobation 124-125, and 130-131. cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=65317721], which it so well deserves; nay, has even been 44. The Church, January 24, 1850, p. 102. accessed May 30, 2017. connived at by those who knew better.”

45. Ibid. 51. For Reverend Scadding, see note 23 above. 55. For example, see [Neale], A Few Words to In 1844, Reverend Scadding served on the Church Builders : 9, for an unambiguous 46. The Church, April 11, 1850, p. 144-146; and “Central Board of Management” of the statement: “Brick ought on no account to be April 18, 1850, p. 149. All capital letters in Church Society of the Diocese of Toronto. used: white certainly is worse than red, and original quotations. See the 1844, Second Annual Report of the red than black: but to settle the precedency 47. The Church, April 18, 1850, p. 149. Neither the Incorporated Church Society of the Diocese in such miserable materials is worse than report nor the minutes of the annual meeting of Toronto, Toronto, Diocesan Press, p. 9. See useless.” the membership of the “Standing Committee” of the Church Society names the members of 56. For the issue, see Machin, G. Ian T., 1964, The in the reports from the following years: 1845, this Committee. Catholic Question in English Politics, 1820 to p. 4; 1846, p. 4; 1847, p. 4; 1848, p. 4; 1849, 1830, Oxford, Clarendon Press; and about 48. The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 152-156. p. 4; 1850, p. 4; 1851, p. iv; and 1852, p. iv. The Ecclesiologist was originally published the passage of An Act for the Relief of His in small segments that were gathered toge- 52. The first thirteen Recommendations appea- Majesty’s Roman Catholic Subjects of 1829, ther into volumes published starting in 1843; red in The Church, April 11, 1850, p. 145. see: Davis, Richard W., 1997, “Wellington and these recommendations appeared originally in See the English Instructions of 1842 in The the ‘Open Question’: The Issue of Catholic the segment dated July 1842. In the previous Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 152: “Site.— Emancipation, 1821-1829,” Albion, vol. 29, segment of The Ecclesiologist, the editors had Central . . . , but not so near to principal tho- p. 39-55; and Davis, Richard W., 1999, “The noted their intention of printing these sug- roughfares, as to subject the service of the House of Lords, the Whigs and Catholic gestions and instructions as “containing an Church to the danger of being incommoded Emancipation 1806-1829,” Parliamentary almost unexceptionable guide to church-buil- by noise.” History, vol. 18, p. 23-43. In British North America, An Act for making more effectual ders, who may desire to erect new churches 53. The English Instructions of 1842 stipulated Provision for the Government of the Province in conformity with ancient usage as to mate- that: “The Society earnestly recommend that, of Quebec in North America of 1774 gua- rials, construction, and arrangement; and as in proportions and great features, as well as ranteed religious freedom for Roman Catholics throwing light on the views which have been in the details, good ancient examples should and the collapse of the attempt to provide a advocated in the Ecclesiologist and other be closely followed.” (The Ecclesiologist, 1843, landed base for Established churches meant publications of our Society.” Id. : 147. vol. 1, p. 152.) This principle would be repea- that all Christian churches became denomi- ted and spelled out in detail in the Canadian 49. The Church, October 10, 1850, p. 181. nations. For the Anglican fight to maintain Recommendations of 1850. 50. Ibid. This motion used the wording of the an Established status, see Fahey, Curtis, 1991, English Instructions of 1842. For committee 54. The English Instructions of 1842 stipulated that In His Name: The Anglican Experience in members, see: Millman, “James Beaven,” churches “should stand east and west as nearly Upper Canada, 1791-1854, Ottawa, Carleton op. cit.; Saunders, Robert E., 2000, “Sir as possible and noted that “the best form is University Press, chap. 4, 7. either the cross, consisting of a nave, tran- John Beverley Robinson,” DCBOnline, 57. See The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 152: septs, and chancel, or the double rectangle, accessed February 28, 2013; Turner, H.E., “No style seems more generally suitable for composed of a nave, with or without side 2000, “Henry James Grasett,” DCBOnline, an English Church than the Gothic of our aisles, and of a chancel” (ibid.). In Kingston, accessed January 19, 2012; Turner, H.E., own country, as developed in its successive both the original wooden St. George’s 2000, “Dominick Edward Blake,” DCBOnline, periods.” accessed January 19, 2012; and Whitfield, Anglican Church and the classical stone struc- Carol M. and Richard A. Jarrell, 2000, “Sir ture that succeeded it, in 1825, faced south, 58. In 1850, most Anglican churches in British John Henry Lefroy,” DCBOnline, accessed with the “chancel end” to the north, as did North America had “communion tables,” January 9, 2012. Alexander Dixon established St. James’ Anglican Church, Maitland (1826), as specified by the Injunctions issued by the British Saddlery Warehouse in Toronto, and St. Peter’s Anglican Church, Brockville Elizabeth I, rather than the “altars” that served on the Toronto City Council, played (1831), both early Gothic Revival churches. By Archbishop Laud and his supporters attemp- an important role in building Little Trinity the 1840s, it became more common to have ted to enforce during the 1630s. Even Neale Anglican Church, Toronto, and sat on the the “chancel end” face east; see Christ Church (in A Few Words to Church Builders : 11), who building committee for the new St. James’ Anglican Church, Tyendinaga (1843-1844), supported the use of “altars,” recognized that

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this represented a controversial stance: “There 66. [Kingston] Daily News, November 11 and 13, 77. For examples of “bell cotes,” see Brandon is some difficulty in speaking on the subject 1854. and Brandon, Parish Churches…, under Little of the Altar, on account of the vehement Casterton, Howell, Manton, Long Stanton, 67. See Christianson, “The Design, Building, and objections raised by many against the use of Barnwood, Whitwell, and Burton Lazars. Rebuilding of St. Paul’s… : 15-18. any thing beyond a Table, nay, to the very 78. The English Instructions of 1842 contained name Altar.” 68. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, 1914, vol. 5, extensive practical recommendations on foun- p. 455. The medieval precedents for Hay’s 59. As early as the issue of July 1842, the editors of dations and floors. The Ecclesiologist, 1843, wooden interior appeared in two Cheshire The Ecclesiologist—the official publication of vol. 1, p. 152-153. churches from the mid-fourteenth century, the Cambridge Camden Society—encouraged St. Oswald’s, Lower Peover, and St. James’ 79. See the English Instructions 1842 in The both designers and artisans to learn from their and St. Paul’s, Marton. Both churches had Ecclesiologist, vol. 1, 1843, p 153: “Floor.—To medieval predecessors. See note 48 above, half-timber naves and chancels, so the woo- sittings, wood: to open spaces, or chancel, also: “A Hint on Modern Church Architecture” den interiors were consistent with the ove- stone or encaustic tiles.” and “The Practical Study of Ancient Models,” rall construction. In St. Paul’s, Kingston, and The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 133-136 and 80. The English Instructions of 1842 contained St. Basil’s, Toronto, however, Hay placed a 149-151, respectively. even more detail on the width of walls, with wooden interior structure in stone buildings. greater width for higher walls, stipulating a 60. Brandon, Raphael and J. Arthur Brandon, The type of structure that he used more clo- minimum of “1 ft. 10½ in.” for “Square Stone 1848, Parish Churches; Being Perspective sely resembled that in St. James’ and St. Paul’s, of the best quality or Brick” if “less than Views of English Ecclesiastical Structures: Marton. See the photographs in [www.mar- twenty feet high” to “2 ft. 3 in.” for “Inferior Accompanied by Plans Drawn to a Uniform tonchurch.co.uk/], accessed February 2, 2017. I Stone, Flint, or Rubble” walls of the same Scale, and Letter-Press Description, London, would like to thank Malcolm Thurlby for brin- height, noting that these dimensions assumed George Bell. ging the Cheshire churches to my attention. the use of buttresses. Ibid. 61. Even those medieval parish churches with rela- 69. [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : 6. 81. The English Instructions of 1842 contained tively wider naves and no aisles, such as that in 70. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto : vol. 4, p. 6. several of these points, often in a slightly dif- Elsing, Norfolk, with a width of 39.5 feet by an ferent form. It recommended lead and copper overall length of 133 feet (including the west 71. Id. : 24. The churches in Brandon and Brandon coverings as well as slates and stated that: “If tower), would have fitted into the recom- (Parish Churches…, op. cit.) invariably located the distance between principal trusses exceed mendations. For this church, see Brandon and the vestry on the north side. ten feet, intermediate trusses must be intro- Brandon, id. : 119-120. 72. See The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 154: duced. The distance between the common 62. Only the tower of St. George the Martyr, “The usual place of the Tower, in a Church wit- rafters should never exceed twelve inches.” Toronto, still exists, so the dimensions and hout transepts, is at the west end; or it may be It also favoured high-pitched roofs: “Next interior were estimated from the informa- placed about the middle of the side.—If funds to a stone vaulted roof none has so good tion—including an illustration of the inte- are scanty, it is better to leave this part of the effect internally as an open roof, exhibiting rior—contained in Robertson, John Ross, Church to a future period, than to attempt its the timbers. It is desirable that this should be 1904, Landmarks of Toronto, 6 vols., Toronto, immediate completion in an inferior manner.” of high pitch, the transverse section forming 1894-1914, vol. 4, p. 6 and 9; and the floor plan 73. For St. Anne’s, see the references in note 10 or approaching to the figure of an equilate- contained in Harman, H.M. and W.G. Upshall, above; and for St. Andrew’s, see: Thurlby, ral triangle.” The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, 1945, The Story of the Church of St. George “Bishop John Medley…” : 47; and [http:// p. 154. the Martyr of Toronto, Toronto, Rouse and mynewbrunswick.ca/saint-andrews-anglican- 82. Brandon, Raphael and J. Arthur Brandon, Mann Press, p. 28. church-miramichi/], accessed February 2, 2017. 1849, The Open Timber Roofs of the Middle 63. See the plan of Holy Trinity reproduced in Thanks again to Malcolm Thurlby for bringing Ages, London, David Bogue. This was a classic Arthur, Eric, 1964, Toronto No Mean City, the latter to my attention. study. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 84, 74. See Christianson, Paul, 2013, “St. John’s 83. See [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : ill. 119. Anglican Church, Portsmouth, and the Gothic 17, for a brief, if not entirely clear, discussion 64. See Christianson, Paul, 2011, “The Design, Revival in Canada West,” JSSAC, vol. 38, no. 1, of visible wooden roof beams. Also see Building, and Rebuilding of St. Paul’s Anglican p. 8-9, 15, and 19, note 14. Magrill, Barry, 2013, “Open Timber Roofs: New Church, Kingston, 1844-1856,” in Pittsburgh 75. For St. Peter’s, see Thurlby, 2007, “Two Thoughts on Nineteenth-century Architectural Township Historical Society, A Collection of Churches by Frank Wills…” : 52-57. Literature,” JSSAC, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 59-68. Talks 2010, Kingston, Pittsburgh Township 84. For an early example, see [Webb, Benjamin], Historical Society, p. 10 and 21, note 13. These 76. Id. : 8. After experiencing Gothic Revival 1841, A Few Words to Churchwardens on are interior dimensions that include the tower, churches with towers located in other posi- Churches and Church Ornaments, no. 1, to nave, and chancel. tions, the editors of The Ecclesiologist decided in 1845 to adopt the policy that: “Every Country Parishes, Cambridge, Cambridge 65. See Arthur, Toronto No Mean City : 77 and church, not being cross, should have its tower University Press, p. 10; reprinted in Webster, illustration; and MacRae and Adamson, or bell-cot at the west end, unless there be “Temples . . . Worthy of His Presence…”, op. Hallowed Walls… : 92-104. For Howard’s some stringent reason to the contrary.” The cit. For the authorship of this anonymous career, see note 2 above. article gave a reasoned explanation, including work, see Adelmann, The Contribution of historical precedent for this decision. The Cambridge Ecclesiologists… : 26. Ecclesiologist, 1845, vol. 4, p. 205-208.

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85. The English Instructions of 1842 stated that: articles on chancels and their furnishings, also 102. Id. : 4. “In Gothic Churches, where stained glass is see The Ecclesiologist, vol. 1, 1843, p. 43; and 103. The Ecclesiologist, 1846, vol. 5, p. 138, not used, the glass should be in small panes, vol. 3, 1844, p. 161-168. footnote †. those of a diamond shape being generally 92. Recommendations 14 through 25 appeared in preferable.” The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, 104. See Temperley, The Music of the English The Church, April 18, 1850, p. 149; quotations p. 154. Parish Church, vol. 1, p. 118, 154, 230, 253, from them will not be noted individually. See 337, and plates 12, 14, 20, 24. The practical 86. Id. : 155: Chimneys “should be as unobtrusive “The dimensions of an altar for a small church reason for this move was similar to that as possible, but not disguised under the form might be from 6 to 8 feet long, 3 feet broad, given in [Neale], Church Enlargement… : of any ornamental feature of the building.” and 3 feet 3 inches high,” The Ecclesiologist, 15-16; and The Ecclesiologist, 1844, vol. 3, 1850, vol. 12, p. 80. 87. The English Instructions of 1842 did not p. 3. deal as extensively with the chancel, but did 93. These recommendations did not follow those 105. Examples of substantial Anglican churches include the following instructions: “The Lord’s of the Ecclesiologists who almost always spe- in Canada West with their organ and choir in Table.—Should be raised two or more steps cified an “Altar” rather than a “Lord’s Table” a gallery in the ecclesiastical west end in the above the floor of the chancel, which should and expressed an ambivalent attitude toward 1840s and early 1850s included St. George’s be raised a step or two above the floor of the altar rails. See note 58 above. and St. James’, both in Kingston, St. Mark’s, nave. Where the rails do not extend across the 94. [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : 12, Barriefield, St. John’s, Portsmouth, Little chancel, no seats should be allowed between text and marginal heading. The Ecclesiologist Trinity, Toronto, and St. George the Martyr, the rails and the north and south walls; and repeatedly specified both credence tables and Toronto. The major exception for which evi- as much room as possible should be left about either sedilia built into the south wall of the dence exists was Holy Trinity, Toronto. the rails for the access of communicants.” Ibid. chancel or stalls there for the seating of clergy. 106. The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 155, 88. [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : 6. See The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 43; item 15. and vol. 3, 1844, p. 161-168. For the revival 89. For the layout of chancels in Anglican of credence tables, see Rainbow, The Choral 107. [ N e a l e ] , A Few Words to Church Churches in Upper Canada, see MacRae Revival… : 10. Builders : 14-15; Poole, George Ayliffe, and Adamson, Hallowed Walls…: 282-283. 1842, The Appropriate Character of For English examples, see Yates, Buildings, 95. Even Reverend Neale realized that the revival Church Architecture, Leeds and London, Faith, and Worship…, op. cit. For the of sedilia might prove controversial. [Neale], T.W. Green, Rivingtons, Burns, and Houlston apses at the ecclesiastical east end of Holy A Few Words to Church Builders : 11-12. and Stoneman, p. 61-81. For Poole’s appre- Trinity Cathedral, Quebec (1800-1804), and 96. The English Instructions of 1842 did not ciation of the Cambridge Camden Society St. George’s, Kingston (1825), see the web- contain specific instructions on the furnishing and the Oxford Society for Promoting the site of Holy Trinity, [www.cathedral.ca/en/], of the chancel or on the seating of the choir Study of Gothic Architecture, see id. : 54, accessed November 15, 2016; and Swainson, in the chancel. footnote *. Neale referred to Poole’s lec- Donald (ed.), 1991, St. George’s Cathedral: tures at the opening of 1841, A Few Words Two Hundred Years of Community, Kingston, 97. [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : 10, to Church Builders, p. 3. Neither says any- Quarry Press, p. 32, fig. 1. text and marginal heading. thing about draining the font through a 90. This was true of the original St. George the 98. The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 19. pipe. Martyr and Holy Trinity in Toronto, St. Mark’s, 99. Id. : 19 and 55; and The Ecclesiologist, 1844, 108. Bethune, Alexander Neil, 18 49, “A Barriefield, and St. James’, Kingston. For vol. 3, p. 164. Charge Addressed to the Clergy of St. James’, see Christianson, Paul, 2013, the Archdeaconry of York,” Church, “The Building of St. James’ Anglican Church, 100. The Church, January 18, 1849, p. 98, quo- November 1, 1849, p. 53-54, at p. 53. Stuartville: Social and Architectural Sources, ting from “a recent number of the ‘Parish 1844-1845,” A Collection of Talks of Historical Choir.’” The critic from England loved 109. The Church, March 28, 1850, p. 138. For the Interest 2012, Kingston, Pittsburgh Historical the fine unaccompanied chanting, but old marble font at St. James’ Cathedral, Society, p. 11-25, at p. 19-22. Little Trinity, thought that: “They ought with, all those see Cooke, The Parish and Cathedral Toronto, had no chancel at all until 1888. men’s voices, to have sung the old manly of St. James’…, coloured photographs See Hayes, Alan L., 1991, Holding Forth the Gregorians.” Ecclesiologists in general, between p. 176-177, fig. IV.2. This font Word of Life: Little Trinity Church 1842-1992, but especially Thomas Helmore, champio- was brought to my attention by Malcolm Toronto, Little Trinity Church, p. 9, 17, 18, 19. ned the revival of Gregorian chants for the Thurlby in his paper on early stone fonts Also see note 54 above. Psalms. See Adelmann, The Contribution of in British North America read at the 2017 Cambridge Ecclesiologists… : 63-70, 78-84, Conference of the Society for the Study of 91. Reverend Neale stated that: “Every passim. Architecture in Canada held in Niagara-on- Chancel . . . should be raised at least two steps the-Lake, Ontario, May 24-27. at the Chancel arch” that separated it from 101. [Neale, John Mason], 1843, Church the nave and that: “The Altar should be raised Enlargement and Church Arrangement, 110. See Port, Michael Harry, [2nd ed.] 2003, on one, two, or three flights of three steps Cambridge, Oxford, and London, 600 New Churches: The Church Building each.” However, he displayed an ambivalence Cambridge University Press, Stevenson, Commission, 1818-1865, Reading, Spire toward “Altar rails” as a modern innovation. Parker, and Rivingtons, p. 16. This appeared Press, p. 16; and [Neale], A Few Words to [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : within a lengthy section on the location of Church Builders : 21-23. 11-12, 20. This also appeared in a note in the organ that concluded: “the best place The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 2, p. 55-56. For for the organ is on the floor.” Id. : 17.

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111. Even the conservative octagonal three- in Norfolk. Most churches in this book had decker pulpit shown in the original plans south porches between 8 and 12 feet long, for St. Mark’s, Barriefield, was located on but eight extended to about 18 feet. See the north side at the east end of the nave. p. 45-46 and plan; 51-52 and plan, 53-54 See Christianson, “St. Mark’s Anglican and plan; 77-78 and plan; 101-102 and plan; Church…” : 25. The English Instructions 103-104 and plan; 123-124 and plan. The of 1842 made a brief statement about the length of the porch has been calculated “Reading-Pew and Pulpit,” stating that from the ground plans. they “should be so placed as to intercept 119. The Ecclesiologist, 1845, vol. 4, “Western the view of the east end as little as pos- Towers,” p. 206. sible from the body of the Church.” The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 156. 120. [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : 8. 112. [Neale], A Few Words to Church Builders : 23-24. 121. See: Christianson, “St. John’s Anglican Church…,” op. cit.; and Thurlby, “Two 113. [Neale], Church Enlargement… : 16. Churches by Frank Wills…” : 50-52. 114. 18 4 4, Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, London, 122. Bremner, G. Alex, 2013, Imperial Gothic: John van Voorst, plate II. Religious Architecture and High Anglican 115. The English Instructions of 1842 stated: Culture in the British Empire c. 1840-1870, “There must invariably be an open central New Haven and London, Yale University passage up the whole length of the Church, Press, p. 38-45, 48-49, 58-62, figs. 30, 31, from west to east.” The Ecclesiologist, 1843, 34, 38, 39, 50, 51, and 52. vol. 1, p. 156. 123. The Church, April 25, 1850, p. 154. 116. For the campaign of the Ecclesiologists 124. Ibid. against traditional box pews (which carried earlier criticisms into the middle of the 125. The Church, October 10, 1850, p. 181. nineteenth century), see: [Neale], A Few 126. The Church, April 25, 1850, p. 154. Words to Church Builders : 20-21; [Neale, John Mason], [2nd ed.] 1842, A History of 127. The Church, May 9, 1850, p. 162. Pews, Cambridge, Oxford, and London, 128. Ibid. Cambridge University Press, Stevenson, Parker, and Rivingtons; Medley, John, 129. See the works cited in note 8 above. 1843, “The Advantage of Open Seats,” 130. See: Bennett, Sacred Space…, op. cit.; and Transactions of the Exeter Diocesan the works cited in notes 8, 13, 16, 22, and Architectural Society, vol. 1, p. 155-171; and 74 above. The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 128-129 131. See: Rainbow, The Choral Revival… : and 145-146; and vol. 2, 1843, p. 61, 101-102, chap. 4-7; Temperley, The Music of the 122-125, and 162-169. English Parish Church, vol. 1, chap. 8; and, 117. The English Instructions of 1842 included especially, Adelmann, The Contribution of a detailed paragraph on “open seats with Cambridge Ecclesiologists… : chap. 2, 3. backs” to replace pews: “The distance 132. The Church, January 23, and February 27, from the back of one seat to that of the 1851, p. 202 and 242. next must depend in great measure on the height of the backs and the arrangements for kneeling. Where the funds and space admit, convenience will be consulted by adopting a clear width of three feet, or even three feet four inches; but the width of two feet six inches in the clear may be allowed if the back of the seat be not more than two feet eight inches in height. This height is in all cases to be preferred both for convenience and for appearance.” The Ecclesiologist, 1843, vol. 1, p. 156.

118. Brandon and Brandon, Parish Churches… : 105-106 and plan; 107-108 and plan; 121-122 and plan. All these churches were located

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