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The Refugee in Europe Reception Crisis EUROPEAN STUDIES THE REFUGEE RECEPTION CRISIS Polarized Opinions IN EUROPE and Mobilizations Andrea REA EUROPEAN STUDIES Marco MARTINIELLO Alessandro MAZZOLA Bart MEULEMAN (eds.) The refugee question occupied centre stage at every political debate in Europe since 2015. Starting from the “long summer of migration”, the polarization of opinions and attitudes towards asylum seekers among citizens of the European Union has grown increasingly. The divergence between hospitality and hostility has become evident in political reactions as well. The focus of this book is on this polarization, on the positive and negative attitudes, representations and practices, as well as on the interactions, at the local level, between majority populations and asylum seekers in the context of the 2015–18 reception crisis. This book has three objectives. First, it intends to examine public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees through a European cross-national perspective. Second, it explains the public opinion polarization by focusing on pro- and anti-migrant mobilization, and investigating the practices of hospitality and hostility in local communities. The third objective is to understand asylum seekers’ and refugees’ own perceptions of receiving countries and their asylum systems. These issues are specifically debated in the Belgian case. The other THE REFUGEE national case studies include Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Greece and Italy, and have been chosen based on preliminary research on the policy system, public opinion, and geopolitical position. RECEPTION CRISIS This book represents the main output of the research project entitled “Public opinion, mobilizations and policies concerning asylum seekers and refugees in anti-immigrant times (Europe and Andrea Rea IN EUROPE Belgium)” supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO/ BRAIN-be). RECEPTION REFUGEE THE CRISIS EUROPE IN Marco Martiniello Alessandro Mazzola Polarized Opinions Bart Meuleman (eds.) and Mobilizations Prix : 23 € www.editions-universite-bruxelles.be Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles Refugees Cover.indd 1 7/10/19 11:13 THE REFUGEE RECEPTION CRISIS IN EUROPE Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations Refugees Pages.indd 1 7/10/19 11:30 This book has been peer reviewed. Selection and editorial matter © Andrea Rea, Marco Martiniello, Alessandro Mazzola, Bart Meuleman Individual chapters © The respective authors, 2019 Cover illustration: Member of a North European NGO assisting a Syrian migrant who traversed the Aegean Sea, Lesvos Island, Greece, September 2015. Photography by Giulio Piscitelli, www.giuliopiscitelli.viewbook.com This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Non-Derivative 4.0 Licence. The license allows you to share, copy, distribute, and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Attribution should include the following information : Andrea Rea, Marco Martiniello, Alessandro Mazzola, Bart Meuleman (eds.), The Refugee Reception Crisis in Europe. Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2019. (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) ISBN 978-2-8004-1693-9 (print) ISBN 978-2-8004-1709-7 (PDF) ISSN 1378-0352 D/2019/0171/9 Published in 2019 by Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles 26, Avenue Paul Héger 1000 Bruxelles Belgique www.editions-universite-bruxelles.be Printed in Belgium Refugees Pages.indd 2 7/10/19 11:30 EUROPEAN STUDIES THE REFUGEE RECEPTION CRISIS IN EUROPE Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations Andrea Rea Marco Martiniello Alessandro Mazzola Bart Meuleman (eds.) Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles Refugees Pages.indd 3 7/10/19 11:30 In the same book series Jean De Ruyt. L’Acte unique européen. Commentaire. 2e Paul Magnette. Contrôler l’Europe. Pouvoirs et édition. 1989. responsabilité dans l’Union européenne. 2003. Le Parlement européen dans l’évolution institutionnelle. Sécurité et justice : enjeu de la politique extérieure de Ed. Jean-Victor Louis et Denis Waelbroeck. 2e tirage. 1989. l’Union européenne. Ed. Gilles de Kerchove et Anne Weyembergh. 2003. Mario Marques Mendes. Antitrust in a World of Interrelated Economies. The Interplay between Antitrust and Trade Anne Weyembergh. L’harmonisation des législations : Policies in the US and the EEC. 1991. condition de l’espace pénal européen et révélateur de ses tensions. 2004. L’espace audiovisuel européen. Ed. Georges Vandersanden. 1991. La Grande Europe. Ed. Paul Magnette. 2004. Vers une nouvelle Europe? Towards a New Europe? Vers une société européenne de la connaissance. La Ed. Mario Telò. 1992. stratégie de Lisbonne (2000-2010). Ed. Maria João Rodrigues. 2004. L’Union européenne et les défis de l’élargissement. Ed. Mario Telò. 1994. Commentaire de la Constitution de l’Union européenne. Ed. Marianne Dony et Emmanuelle Bribosia. 2005. La réforme du système juridictionnel communautaire. Ed. Georges Vandersanden. 1994. La confiance mutuelle dans l’espace pénal européen/ Mutual Trust in the European Criminal Area. Ed. Gilles de Quelle Union sociale européenne ? Acquis institutionnels, Kerchove et Anne Weyembergh. 2005. acteurs et défis. Ed. Mario Telò et Corinne Gobin. 1994. The gays’ and lesbians’ rights in an enlarged European Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen. L’Espagne et la Communauté Union. Ed. Anne Weyembergh and Sinziana Carstocea. européenne. L’Etat des autonomies et le processus 2006. d’intégration européenne. 1995. Comment évaluer le droit pénal européen? Ed. Anne Banking Supervision in the European Community. Weyembergh et Serge de Biolley. 2006. Institutional Aspects. Report of a Working Group of the ECU Institute under the Chairmanship of Jean-Victor Louis. La Constitution européenne. Elites, mobilisations, votes. 1995. Ed. Antonin Cohen et Antoine Vauchez. 2007. Pascal Delwit. Les partis socialistes et l’intégration Les résistances à l’Europe. Cultures nationales, idéologies et européenne. France, Grande-Bretagne, Belgique. 1995. stratégies d’acteurs. Ed. Justine Lacroix et Ramona Coman. 2007. Démocratie et construction européenne. Ed. Mario Telò. 1995. L’espace public européen à l’épreuve du religieux. Ed. François Foret. 2007. Jörg Gerkrath. L’émergence d’un droit constitutionnel européen. Modes de formation et sources d’inspiration de Démocratie, cohérence et transparence : vers une la constitution des Communautés et de l’Union constitutionnalisation de l’Union européenne? européenne. 1997. Ed. Marianne Dony et Lucia Serena Rossi. 2008. L’Europe et les régions. Aspects juridiques. Ed. Georges L’Union européenne et la gestion de crises. Ed. Barbara Vandersanden, 1997. Delcourt, Marta Martinelli et Emmanuel Klimis. 2008. L’Union européenne et le monde après Amsterdam. Sebastian Santander. Le régionalisme sud-américain, Ed. Marianne Dony. 1999. l’Union européenne et les Etats-Unis. 2008. Olivier Costa. Le Parlement européen, assemblée Denis Duez. L’Union européenne et l’immigration délibérante. 2001. clandestine. De la sécurité intérieure à la construction de la communauté politique. 2008. La reconnaissance mutuelle des décisions judiciaires pénales dans l’Union européenne. Ed. Gilles de Kerchove L’Union européenne : la fin d’une crise? Ed. Paul Magnette et Anne Weyembergh. 2001. et Anne Weyembergh. 2008. L’avenir du système juridictionnel de l’Union européenne. The evaluation of European Criminal Law: the example of Ed. Marianne Dony et Emmanuelle Bribosia. 2002. the Framework Decision on combating trafficking in human beings. Ed. Anne Weyembergh & Veronica Quelles réformes pour l’espace pénal européen? Ed. Gilles Santamaria. 2009. de Kerchove et Anne Weyembergh. 2003. Refugees Pages.indd 4 7/10/19 11:30 Commentaire J. Mégret Le contrôle juridictionnel dans l’espace pénal européen. Third edition Ed. Stefan Braum et Anne Weyembergh. 2009. DROIT EUROPEEN DE LA CONCURRENCE Contrôle des aides d’Etat, 2007. Les députés européens et leur rôle. Sociologie Contrôle des concentrations, 2009. interprétative des pratiques parlementaires. Julien Navarro. 2009. MARCHE INTERIEUR The future of mutual recognition in criminal matters in the Libre circulation des personnes et des capitaux. European Union/L’avenir de la reconnaissance mutuelle en Rapprochement des législations, 2006. matière pénale dans l’Union européenne. Ed. Gisèle Environnement et marché intérieur, 2010. Vernimmen-Van Tiggelen, Laura Surano and Anne Politique agricole commune et politique commune de la Weyembergh. 2009. pêche, 2011. Introduction au marché intérieur. Libre circulation des Sophie Heine, Une gauche contre l’Europe? Les critiques marchandises, 2015. radicales et altermondialistes contre l’Union européenne en France. 2009. ORDRE JURIDIQUE DE L’UNION ET CONTENTIEUX EUROPEEN Les compétences de l’Union européenne, 2017. The Others in Europe. Ed. Saskia Bonjour, Andrea Rea and Le contrôle juridictionnel dans l’Union européenne, 2018. Dirk Jacobs, 2011. EU counter-terrorism offences: What impact on national POLITIQUES ECONOMIQUES ET SOCIALES legislation and case-law? Ed. Francesca Galli and Anne Intégration des marchés financiers, 2007. Weyembergh, 2012. L’Union européenne et sa monnaie, 2009. Politique fiscale, 2012. La dimension externe de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice au lendemain de Lisbonne et de Stockholm : un RELATIONS EXTERIEURES bilan à mi-parcours. Ed. Marianne Dony, 2012. Politique commerciale commune, 2014. Approximation of substantive criminal law in the EU: The L’Union européenne comme acteur international, 2015. way forward. Ed. Francesca Galli and Anne Weyembergh, Les
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