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WUDQVSRUW XVH DQG IRVVLO IXHO IRRWSULQW RI WKH WKUHH LVODQGV 7KH LQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHLVWKHHFRQRPLFLPSDFWVRIWKHVH 3.4.1 Methods of Data Collection 0HWKRGV GHULYHG IURP WKH VRFLDO VFLHQFHV ZHUH HPSOR\HG VWUXFWXUHG TXHVWLRQQDLUHV VHPLVWUXFWXUHG IDFHWRIDFH LQWHUYLHZV DQG SDUWLFLSDQW DQG QRQ SDUWLFLSDQW REVHUYDWLRQ 7KH RYHUYLHZ EHORZ VKRZV KRZ UHVHDUFK PHWKRGV ZHUH VWUXFWXUHGWRDQVZHUHDFKREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\ Research Objective 1: Profile the current domestic transport use and needs for the three islands of Gau, Nairai and Batiki 7ZRUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYLOODJHFRPPXQLWLHVRQ*DXDQGRQHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYLOODJH FRPPXQLW\HDFKRQ1DLUDLDQG%DWLNLZHUHVHOHFWHGIURPWKHWRWDORILQZKLFKWR 8 Gau has 16 villages, Nairai has 5 and Batiki 4 villages. 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VWHDG\ZHHNO\VXSSO\RIPDULQHIRRGZDVVKLSSHGWRWKH6XYDPDUNHWZKLFKFRXOG H[SODLQWKHKLJKQXPEHUVRIILEUHJODVVERDWWULSVIRUWKHYLOODJH 12 This researcher arrived on the island mid-August hence the interviewees were asked to recall trips from mid-2013 to mid-2014. 60 50 40 Ferry 30 Plane 20 Yacht 10 Number of visitors of Number Fibre 0 Somosomo Lamiti Tovu Lailai Yavu Villages )LJXUH 1XPEHURIYLVLWRUVZKRYLVLWHGIURPRXWVLGH/RPDLYLWLZLWKLQD\HDU 2I WKH YLVLWRUV ZKR FDPH IURP RXWVLGH WKH /RPDLYLWL JURXS )LJXUH 6RPRVRPRYLOODJHUHVSRQGHQWVQRWHGRIWKHLUYLVLWRUVDUULYHGE\ILEUHJODVVERDW YLD\DFKWVYLDSODQH IDPLO\UHVLGLQJRYHUVHDV DQG RQWKHLVODQGIHUU\ /DPLWLYLOODJHUHVSRQGHQWVVDLGRIWKHLUYLVLWRUVDUULYHGRQILEUHJODVVERDWV RQWKHSODQHDQGFDPHRQWKHLVODQGIHUU\7RYX/DLODLYLOODJHUHVSRQGHQWVQRWHG RIWKHLUYLVLWRUVDUULYHGRQILEUHJODVVERDWVZKHUHDVFDPHRQWKHLVODQGIHUU\ 80 70 60 Fibre 50 Vehicle 40 On Foot 30 20 Ferry 10 Number of trips of Number Yacht 0 Horse Somosomo Lamiti Tovu Lailai Yavu Villages )LJXUH 1XPEHURIRQHZD\WULSVZLWKLQ/RPDLYLWLLQDPRQWK 7KHKRXVHKROG VXUYH\VKRZHGWKHIUHTXHQF\RI WUDYHOV LQ DPRQWKZLWKLQ /RPDLYLWL7KHGRFXPHQWHGQXPEHURIRQHZD\WULSVZLWKLQ/RPDLYLWLPDGHLQWKH 13 As mentioned previously, I arrived on the islands mid-August. The interviewees were asked to recall trips for July only. JLYHQWLPHSHULRGDOWHUQDWHGIURPWKHQHLJKERXULQJYLOODJHWRYLOODJHVSODFHVRQWKH QH[WLVODQG )LJXUH 6RPRVRPRYLOODJHUHVSRQGHQWVQRWHGWKDWRIWKHLUWULSVWRQHLJKERXULQJ YLOODJHVRQWKHLVODQGZHUHPDGHRQILEUHJODVVERDWVDQGZHUHRQIRRW/DPLWL YLOODJH UHVSRQGHQWV VDLG WKH\ PDGH RI WKHLU WULSV WR QHLJKERXULQJ YLOODJHV RQ ILEUHJODVVERDWVDQGRQIRRW7RYX/DLODLYLOODJHUHVSRQGHQWVQRWHGRIWKHLU WULSVZHUHYLDILEUHJODVVERDWVWRQHLJKERXULQJYLOODJHVDQG RQIRRW 300 250 Fibre 200 Vehicle 150 On Foot Number of Visitors of Number 100 Ferry 50 Yacht 0 Horse Somosomo Lamiti Tovu Lailai Yavu Villages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argo Types and Movement *HQHUDO FDUJR WUDQVSRUWHG LQFOXGHG NJ EDJV XVXDOO\ RI DJULFXOWXUH SURGXFHFRSUDFRFRQXWVFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDO NJER[HVXVXDOO\RIJURFHULHV IRU WKHKRPHDQGIRUVRPHWKHYLOODJHVWRUHV KRXVHKROGHTXLSPHQW NJEXFNHWVEDJV XVXDOO\ RI VHD IRRG / GUXPV RI IXHO DQG NJ RI SHUVRQDO OXJJDJH DW WLPHV LQFOXGLQJ ZRYHQ PDWV 'DQEROW DQG )LVFKHU IRXQG WKDW WKH FRVWV IRU WUDQVSRUWLQJWKHFDUJRE\IHUU\WRDQGIURP6XYDZHUHVLPLODUEHWZHHQ.DGDYXDQG *DXLVODQGV 7DEOH &DUJR([SRUWHGIURPYLOODJH .*VSHU Village ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ʹͻ Ͳ ʹͲ Ͳ ʹͷǡ Ͳ ǡͺʹ Ͳ ͵ ͶͲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳǡͺͺ Ͷͻ ʹǡͷ ͳ͵ͻ ͳͻ ʹͷͳ ͳʹǡͶʹ Ͷǡͳͻ ͺ Ͷ ͻ ȀͶ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͷ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ͵Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Total cargo per 3,273 kgs 2,818 kgs 26,221 kgs 23,565 kgs village TOTAL CARGO 55,887 KGS EXP 14 These figures are rough estimates given by each respondent thus quantities per cargo may differ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illage ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ͷǡ͵ͳ Ͳ ͵ǡͲ Ͳ ͳǡ͵ͷͲ Ͳ ͳͲǡͺͲ ʹǡͲͲͲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͷǡ͵Ͷ ͺ͵ ͳͲǡͳͶ ͳǡͳͲͶ ǡͲͻʹ ͳǡͳͻͲ ͳͳǡʹͲ ͻǡͲ ȀͶ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͲͲ Ͳ Ͳ ͻͲͲ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Total Cargo per 11,498 kgs 15,578 kgs 25,232 kgs 34,240 kgs village TOTAL CARGO 86,548 KGS IMP $IDUPHUZDQWLQJWRVHOOKLVSURGXFHLQ6XYDPD\SD\XSWR)-IRUKLULQJRI WKHILEUHJODVVERDWIRUFDUJRVKLSPHQW )LJXUH ,QDQRWKHULQVWDQFHDYLOODJHVWRUH RZQHUZRXOGQHHGWREXGJHWWUDQVSRUWFRVWVJRLQJWRWKHPDLQODQGDQGUHWXUQLQJZLWK JURFHULHVWRUHVWRFNKLVVKRS6XFKH[SHQVLYHH[HUFLVHVDUHQRWRQO\FRXQWHUSURGXFWLYH IRUWKHVPDOOEXVLQHVVRZQHUVEXWYLOODJHUV¶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outhern Lomaiviti Domestic Sea Transport Fuel Use 4.4.1 Fibreglass Boat Transportation 0RVWUHVSRQGHQWVVWDWHGWKH\XVHGERWKPRGHVRIVHDWUDQVSRUWWKHLVODQGIHUU\ DQGILEUHJODVVERDWV)LEUHJODVVERDWVZHUHVHHQDVWKHSUHIHUUHGPRGHRIWUDQVSRUWRQ DOOWKUHHLVODQGVHYHQIRUIDPLO\DQGIULHQGVYLVLWLQJIURPRXWVLGHWKHLVODQGJURXS ,UUHJXODULIQRWFRPSOHWHO\DEVHQWIHUU\VHUYLFHVPD\SUHMXGLFHVHDWUDQVSRUWFKRLFHV $WWKHWLPHRIWKHVXUYH\VYLOODJHUVFRPPHQWHGWKDWWKHLVODQGIHUULHVPDGHWULSVRQFH DPRQWKDWWLPHVHYHQRQFHHYHU\WZRPRQWKV0DQ\UHVSRQGHQWVVWDWHGWKDWLWZDV RXWRIQHFHVVLW\WKDWWKH\FKRRVHILEUHJODVVERDWVIRUWUDQVSRUW Fibreglass boat fuel use by Island 6000 4000 2000 Fuel Use Fuel Use (L) 0 Gau Nairai Batiki Island )LJXUH )LEUHJODVVERDWIXHOXVHSHULVODQGIRUWKH\HDU $V PHQWLRQHG LQ &KDSWHU 6HFWLRQ D WRWDO RI ORJ ERRNV ZHUH GLVWULEXWHGWKURXJKRXWWKHWKUHHLVODQGV2IWKHVHYHQERRNVWKDWZHUHUHWXUQHGILYH FDPHIURPYLOODJHVRQ*DXDQGRQHHDFKIURP1DLUDLDQG%DWLNLZKLFKVNHZVWKH JUDSKLQ)LJXUH$WRWDORI/RIIXHOZHUHH[SHQGHGIRU*DX,VODQG/ IRU7RYX/DLODLDQG/IRU 7KHFRVWRIKLULQJDILEUHJODVVERDWLVVRPHWLPHVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\VSOLWDPRQJWKH QXPEHUVRISDVVHQJHUVKLULQJZKLFKLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHERDW¶VORDGFDSDFLW\2WKHU ZD\VYLOODJHUVFRPSHQVDWHIRUWKHKLUHSULFHLVWRSD\IRUIXHOIRUWKHWULSZKLFKFDQ UDQJH IURP / FRVWLQJ )- WR D / GUXP FRVWLQJ )- )LEUHJODVV ERDW RSHUDWRUV VHOHFWHG IRU WKLV VWXG\ RSHUDWHG KRUVH SRZHU HQJLQHV )LEUHJODVV ERDW RSHUDWRUV XVH DQ DYHUDJH RI / SHU ZHHN IRU ILEUHJODVV ERDW RSHUDWLRQV 6LJQLILFDQWO\DWRWDORIOLWUHVZHUHXVHGE\WKH6FKRRORI0DULQH6WXGLHVERDWWR WUDQVSRUWWKHUHVHDUFKHUWRIURPDQGZLWKLQ*DX,VODQGIRUWKHILHOGVXUYH\ /IXHOV RQH RI WKH YHVVHO¶V WZR KRUVHSRZHU N: HQJLQHV 7 9DULQDYD SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ-DQXDU\ 7DEOH ,QWHUDQGLQWUDLVODQGILEUHJODVVERDWWULSVLQ Destination Gau Nairai Batiki Ȁ Ͷͻ Ǧ ͳ ͳͷ ͵ʹȗ Ǧ ʹ ͳ Ǧ Total trips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illage prices as of 2014 LUUHJXODUIHUU\VHUYLFHVWKHIDUPHUVZDLWIRUZHHNVDWDWLPHWKXVGHSUHFLDWLQJWKH PDUNHWYDOXHRIWKHLUFRPPRGLW\$VRQH*DXLQWHUYLHZHHUHFROOHFWHG³,QWKHGD\V ZKHQWKH>093ULQFHVV@$VKLND>RI3DWWHUVRQ%URWKHUV6KLSSLQJ6HUYLFHV@VHUYLFHG WKHLVODQGLWPDGHSRUWDW1DZDLNDPDHYHU\7XHVGD\:HZHUHQHYHUZRUULHGEHFDXVH ZHNQHZZH¶GEHDEOHWRHDUQDQLQFRPH´ -%RODSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ-XO\ 1RZDGD\VWUDQVSRUWLVDUUDQJHGWRPHHWWKHIHUU\DWHLWKHU1DZDLNDPDMHWW\ ZHVWHUQVLGHRI*DX RUWR4DUDQLMHWW\ QRUWKHUQWLSRI*DX DGGLQJWRILQDQFLDODQG WLPHZDVWLQJEXUGHQIRUWKHYLOODJHUV7KHH[DFWGDWHRIWKHIHUU\¶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ibreglass boat fuel use by Island per month 1200 1000 800 600 Gau 400 Nairai Fuel Use (L) 200 Batiki 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month )LJXUH )LEUHJODVVERDWIXHOXVHSHULVODQGSHUPRQWK ,QWHULVODQG WUDYHO LV NQRZQ WR KDYH PDUNHG VHDVRQDO YDULDWLRQ ZLWK WKH &KULVWPDV SHULRG DQG QDWLRQDO HYHQWV +LELVFXV )HVWLYDO VSRUWLQJ HYHQWV VFKRRO KROLGD\VDQGWKHUHOLJLRXVIHVWLYDOVDQGIXQGUDLVLQJHYHQWVZKHQWKHUHDUHODUJHVDOHV LQ6XYD EHLQJNH\GULYHUVRILQFUHDVHGWUDQVSRUWXVH 1HZHOO %ROD :KLOH WKHGDWDLVVSUHDGXQHYHQO\EHWZHHQWKHWKUHHLVODQGVDVDFRPELQHGWRWDO)LJXUH FDSWXUHVD\HDU¶VWUDQVSRUWQHHGVLQWKH6RXWKHUQ/RPDLYLWL*DXUHFRUGHGDWRWDORI /RIIXHOXVHIURPILYHILEUHJODVVERDWRSHUDWRUVRYHUDQHLJKWPRQWKSHULRG7KH 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KDVWREHVHQWWR6XYDZKLFKLVFRVWO\DQGWLPHFRQVXPLQJ%UHFNZROGW QRWHG DYLOODJHLQ*DXSD\LQJ)-IRUWKHPDLQJHQHUDWRUUHSDLUV7KHUHIRUHNHURVHQH ODPSVDUHVWLOOWKHPDLQVRXUFHRIOLJKWDQGEDWWHULHVDUHWKHRQO\VRXUFHRISRZHUIRU UDGLRV7HOHSKRQHFRQQHFWLRQVLQWKHYLOODJHVDUHVLPLODUO\XQUHOLDEOH $VSHUIXHOEXGJHWSHUYLOODJH )LJXUH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDORQHDFFRXQWVIRU WKH KLJKHVW H[SHQGLWXUH 'DWD XQGHU ³RXWERDUG PRWRU´ UHFRUGHG ZKDW UHVSRQGHQWV EXGJHWHG LQ IXHO / RU FDVK HTXLYDOHQW IRU WKHLU WULSV 6RPH KRXVHKROGV RZQHG ILEUHJODVVERDWVWKXVWKHLUIXHOEXGJHWZRXOGHYLGHQWO\EHKLJKHUDVWKH\ZRXOGLQFOXGH SHUVRQDOXVHDQGDOVRIXHOSXWDVLGHIRUERDWKLUH7KHUHIRUHLWLVXQNQRZQDVWRKRZ ³VNHZHG´WKHJUDSKPD\EHDVDUHVXOW 16 Somosomo is one of the few villages on Gau that has become almost completely dependent on solar energy for electricity. Subsidised solar cells, batteries, and inverters were fitted in every house in the village. Lamiti village also has two large solar panels mounted on the village rara intended to cater to the electricity need of the whole village. The project has been running for 11 years. 1200 1000 Village Generator 800 600 Individual Generator 400 Fuel Use (L) 200 Outboard Motor 0 Lighting Primus Other Villages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otal Monthly Fuel Used for Southern Lomaiviti 0% 2% 7% Village Generator 9% 7% Individual Generator Outboard Lighting 75% Primus/Stove Other )LJXUH 7RWDO)XHO8VHG /LWUHVSHUPRQWK IRU6RXWKHUQ/RPDLYLWL ,Q VXPPDWLRQ WKH HVWLPDWHG IXHO XVHG IRU GRPHVWLF VHD WUDQVSRUW LQ WKH 6RXWKHUQ/RPDLYLWLVKRZHGRIWKHWRWDOIXHOEXGJHWRU/IRUDPRQWK )LJXUH )XHODVVLJQHGWRFRRNLQJRQWKHSULPXVRUVWRYHZDV ZKLOHIXHODOORWWHGWR JHQHUDWRUV FRPPXQDORULQGLYLGXDO DPRXQWHGWRHDFK7KHUHPDLQLQJFRYHUHG IXHOIRUOLJKWLQJ7KHVKHHUGHSHQGHQFHRQIXHOIRUGRPHVWLFVHDWUDQVSRUWLVHYLGHQW 4.5 The Potential for Renewable Energy Vessels for Southern Lomaiviti 4.5.1 Villagers’ Perceptions of Renewable Energy Vessels 7KHUHVHHPHGWREHPL[HGUHDFWLRQVWRWKHLGHDRIWKHXVHRIVDLOLQJYHVVHOVIRU FDUJR DQG SDVVHQJHU WUDQVSRUW DV VHHQ LQ 7DEOH :KLOH 6RPRVRPR YLOODJHUV UHVSRQGHGSRVLWLYHO\ WRERWKRSWLRQVIRUFDUJRDQGSDVVHQJHUWUDQVSRUWRWKHU YLOODJHUVZHUHQRWDVFHUWDLQ/DPLWLYLOODJHUHVSRQGHQWVDUJXHGSRVLWLYHO\WRXVLQJD VDLOLQJYHVVHOZLWKVD\LQJWRXVHLWIRUFDUJRWUDQVSRUWDQGIRUSDVVHQJHU 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ousehold Survey Questionnaires Southern Lomaiviti Household Survey 1. In the last 12 months how many One-way Trips did your household make? a) To or from Suva by: i) Ferry ii) Plane iii) Yacht iv) Fibre 2. In the last month how many One-way Trips did your household make? a) To or from ______port by: i) Fibre ii) Vehicle iii) On foot iv) Ferry v) Yacht b) To or from another village in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Fibre ii) Vehicle iii) On foot iv) Ferry v) Yacht 3. In the last 12 months how many visitors did you get that came: a) From Suva by: i) Ferry ii) Plane iii) Yacht iv) Fibre 4. In the last month how many visitors did you get that came: a) From ______port by: i) Fibre ii) Vehicle iii) On foot iv) Ferry v) Yacht b) From another village in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Fibre ii) Vehicle iii) On foot iv) Ferry v) Yacht 5. In the last 12 months how many kgs of cargo did you transport out of your village? a) Of hardware to elsewhere in Lomaiviti Province by: i) Ferry ii) Fibre iii) Vehicle iv) Yacht v) On foot b) Of produce to elsewhere in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Ferry ii) Fibre iii) Vehicle iv) Yacht v) On foot c) Other cargo to elsewhere in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Ferry ii) Fibre iii) Vehicle iv) Yacht v) On foot d) Of hardware to Suva by: i) Plane ii) Ferry iii) Fibre iv) Other e) Of produce to Suva by: i) Plane ii) Ferry iii) Fibre iv) Other f) Of other cargo to Suva by: i) Plane ii) Ferry iii) Fibre iv) Other 6. In the last 12 months how many kgs of cargo did you transport to your village: a) Of hardware from elsewhere in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Ferry ii) Fibre iii) Vehicle iv) Yacht v) On foot b) Of produce from elsewhere in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Ferry ii) Fibre iii) Vehicle iv) Yacht v) On foot c) Of other cargo from elsewhere in the Lomaiviti Province by: i) Ferry ii) Fibre iii) Vehicle iv) Yacht v) On foot d) Of hardware from Suva by: i) Plane ii) Ferry iii) Fibre iv) Other e) Of produce from Suva by: i) Plane ii) Ferry iii) Fibre iv) Other f) Of other cargo from Suva by: i) Plane ii) Ferry iii) Fibre iv) Other 7. How much fuel does your household use per month on: a) Village generator b) Individual generator c) Outboard d) Lighting e) primus/stove f) Other 8. What percentage of your monthly household income do you spend on fuel? 9. Would your Household use a village sailing vessel for cargo transport? 10. Would your Household use a village sailing vessel for passenger transport? 11. Would you use a village sailing vessel for cargo transport? 12. Would you use a village sailing vessel for passenger transport? APPENDIX B: Island Fibre Boat Log Books Fuel Time # Used Date To From Time Left Returned Passengers Cargo (litres) Fuel Cost TOTAL Trip Distance/week Estimated Fuel Used Fuel Time # Used Date To From Time Left Returned Passengers Cargo (litres) Fuel Cost TOTAL Trip Distance/week Estimated Fuel Used Fuel Time # Used Date To From Time Left Returned Passengers Cargo (litres) Fuel Cost TOTAL Trip Distance/week Estimated Fuel Used