IRSTI 03.91

Karatayev O. Professor, Doctor, University of Kastomonu, Turkey, Kastomonu, e-mail: [email protected] THE STRUGGLE OF THE SIBERIAN KYRGYZS AGAINST THE RUSSIANS AND IN XVIII CENTURY

This study deals with the life and legacy of Erenak bek, who was a prominent Kyrgyz personality lead of a Siberian Kyrgyz circa the 17th century. Erenak bek is the third son of eminent Kyrgyz ruler İshşey Mergen, grandson of Nomchu bek who ruled the Altısar tribe which was a part of Kyrgyz state along the River. According to the old written records, he descended from noble Kyrgyz lineage. Obviously, Erenak bek is united the Siberian Kyrgyz in the second period of the 17th century. Therefore, it could be said that Erenak bek, gathered together the Kyrgyz and their Kyshtyms (depended tribes) under one authority with the political support of Dzungar Khan Senge-Taysha and his successor Galdan Boşoktu Khan. Together, they conducted some effective operations against Russians envasion into Siberia and took some advantages from them. Key words: Kyrgyz, Siberia region, Yenisey Kyrgyzes, Kyzyl Zhar, Altan Khans, Dzungar.

Қаратаев О. Кастомону университетінің докторы, профессоры, Түркия, Кастомону қ., e-mail: [email protected] XVIII ғасырдағы сібір қырғыздарының орыс және моңғолдарға қарсы күресі

Бұл зерттеуде Эренак Бектің өмірі мен мұрасы қарастырылады, ол шамамен XVII ғасырда Сібір қырғыздарының көшбасшысы болған. Эренак Бек қырғыздардың билеушісі Ишшэй Мергеннің үшінші ұлы, Енисей өзенінің бойындағы қырғыз мемлекетінің құрамына кіретін Алтысар тайпасының билеушісі - Номчу Бектің немересі. Ежелгі жазбаларға сүйенсек, ол текті қырғыз руынан шыққан. Әлбетте, бұл Эренак Бек 17 ғасырдың екінші кезеңінде сібір қырғыздарын біріктірді. Жоңғар ханы Сенге-Тайшаның және оның мұрагері Галдан Бошокту ханның саяси қолдауымен Эренак Бек қырғыздарды және олардың қыштымдарын (тәуелді тайпалар) бір билік астына жинады. Олар Сібірдегі орыстардың басқыншылығына қарсы бірнеше тиімді операцияларды бірге өткізді. Түйін сөздер: қырғыздар, Сібір аймағы, Енисей қырғыздары, Қызылжар, Алтан-хан, жоңғарлар.

Каратаев О. Профессор, доктор Университета Кастомону, Турция, г. Кастомону, e-mail: [email protected] Борьба сибирских киргизов против русских и монголов в XVIII веке

В этом исследовании рассматривается жизнь и наследие Эренак-Бека, который был видным Кыргызским лидером Сибирских кыргызов примерно в XVII веке. Эренак-Бек-третий сын выдающегося кыргызского правителя Ишшея Мергена, внук Номчу Бека, правившего племенем Алтысар, входившим в состав кыргызского государства вдоль реки Енисей. Согласно древним письменным записям, он был выходцем из знатного кыргызского происхождения (рода). Очевидно, что Эренак Бек объединил сибирских киргизов во второй половине XVII века. Таким

© 2018 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Karatayev O.

образом, можно сказать, что Эренак Бек собрал под одной властью киргизов и их кыштымов (зависимых племен) при политической поддержке Джунгарского хана Сенге-Тайша и его преемника Галдан Бошокту хана. Вместе они провели несколько эффективных операций против вторжения русских в Сибирь. Ключевые слова: киргизы, Сибирский регион, Енисейские киргизы, Кызыл-жар, Алтан-ханы, Джунгары.

«Erenak a wonderful person, bek has been educated within the Dzungarian Khan a man of outstanding energy and a broad household since the Kyrgyz princes had matrimonial initiative.» and kindred relationships with the founders of the Prof. N. N. Kozmin. Dzungarian state from the khan’s clan «choros» («tsoros»). Erenak be was the third son of the famous Kyrgyz According to the written sources, he was known prince Ishaia, the grandson of Nomcha, the leader of the under the names of Irenek Isheev, Irenek, «Kirghiz genus Altysar (17th century), the state of the Yenisei prince Erenak the son of Ishaiah». It is also known Kyrgyz. The leader of the Kyrgyz is known for the that his elder brother, Yuruktu, was held hostage fact that in Southern Siberia (Minusinsk Basin) in the (amanat) under the king in Moscow (Romanov second half of the XVII century gathered the scattered dynasty, 1612-1917), then he was baptized there Kyrgyz tribes and their Kyshtym, thus establishing and received a new name – Ivan. Yuruktu (Ivan) the «state of the Kyrgyz» or as mentioned in Russian participated in campaigns against Krasnoyarsk written sources « the land of Kyrgyz». Erenak’s against his brother Erenak (Butanaev., Butanaeva father, the great prince Ishey-Mergen, was also known 2003:176). Erenak bek had five sons – Chakun, for his struggle against the Russian conquerors who Khargin (Kargyn), Sham, Korchun, Chogun. were about to attack» the land of Kyrgyz». The birth One of Korchun’s sons, after the death of Erenak date and birthplace of Erenak bek are not known but bey’s father on the battlefield, took over the reins there is widespread data that he originated from a of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in their own hands, and in noble family and received education in Dzungaria. 1692-1694, 1698-1700 attacked the Russian prison He wrote the letters to the Russians (Krasnoyarsk, (Krasnoyarsk – Kyzyl-Zhar, Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Kuznetsk, Tomsk) in the Oirot-Kalmyk language Yeniseisk). In 1703 he led the forced relocation and died in the battle with Khalkha Mongols (Altan of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to Dhungaria (see: Boronin khans) in September 1687. It is believed that Erenak 2009, Part 2.-p. 55).

The Krasnoyarsk city-fortress. In XVII century. Engraving

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The leader of the Siberian (Yenisei) Kyrgyz, promised military assistance against the western Erenak bek, consolidated the disconnected Kyrgyz Mongols (Altan khans). During that meeting, the and their kyshtym into one state and based on the ambassador of the Moscow State Roman Starkov new situation in Central Asia (including in southern asked Altan Khan Lojan to extradite Erenak bek to Siberia), Erenak bek gained military and political the Russians. support from the Dzungar Khan of the Senge- taisha (about 1630-1671), and later his successor Galdan-Boshoktu Khan (1644-1697) under his lead, «Kyrgyz land» (Kyrgyz state) or Siberian Kyrgyz became important military and political associates of the Zhungar Khanate. One of Erenak’s main goals was to prevent Russian colonization in Southern Siberia. He achieved this goal, with a martial hand. Erenak bek joined the divided Kyrgyz uluses and Kishtym tracts around the political center «Kyrgyz land» or «Kyrgyz state». At that time, it was difficult to differentiate real border between the Kyrgyz ulus «state Kyrgyz» and the new northern neighbor the Moscow state. Erenak bek zealously defended the boundaries of his Kishtym tracts, which were the source of the economic power of the Kyrgyz kings (beks). He tried to gather all the Kyrgyz race into a single khanate, he was fighting to save his own power and for the independence of Kyrgyz princes from the Russian state, while gravitating toward an alliance with the (Butanaev, Butanaeva 2003:165). Prince Erenak bek was a cruel and treacherous ruler. He did not spare the traitors and tortured them without remorse: crucified in the Erenak bek. XVII century. Engraving trees, boiled in hot water boilers etc. In the summer of 1666, a year before the defeat of the Altan Khan state by the Dzungars, he crossed the Yenisei river with a detachment of 300 men and began a war against the Kyshtyms who had ac- cepted citizenship of the Moscow State, captured the Udinsk burg from the Russians. On the way back the Kyrgyzs were caught up with the soldier Elisei Tyumentsev with 100 men on the ships. Sep- tember 2, 1666, on the Ishta River Yule Erenak bek defeated and, left the cannons,-horses and captives and he saved his life by retreating battlefield. At the same year, the Krasnoyarsk general G.P. Niki- tin sent ‘ambassadors to Kyrgyz». Erenak’s brother Aikan Isheev told the Russian ambassadors that the The fortress of Kuznetsk (XVIIth c.) Kyrgyz paid a contribution to the Kalmyk (Dzhun- gar) khan of Senge-taisha. During those meetings, Erenak, regularly jumped up and scolded the Cos- In May 1667, Erenak bek, along with the sacks in rude words. In 1665, the Russian embassy, dzungars, makes a march to Krasnoyarsk (Kyzyl- led by Roman Starkov and Stepan Bobarykin (Ab- Jar). Russian military governors knew about the dykalykov 1968:101), in their way from Tomsk preparations for the campaign and prepared for the to Altan khan, was hostilely greeted in the Erenak defense. On May 13, the siege of the city began. bek district, as according to earlier agreements, the Krasnoyarsk lost 125 people from the garrison, 48 Russians had not provided with the volunteers, 17 suburban and nine people

6 Хабаршы. Тарих сериясы. №1 (88). 2018 Karatayev O. from the auxiliary detachment sent from Yeniseysk. irreconcilable position and refused to the oath, and The surrounding villages were completely burned, he continued demanding yasak from the Kachins horses and cattle were driven away, but the Kyrgyz and Arinians for the Jungarian huntajah Galdan were not able to take the fortified fortress. The Tseren and threatened by war if they refused. In Dzungars and Kyrgyz agreed to lift the siege on the September 1673 the Kyrgyz-Dzungarian troops condition of exchange of hostages. At September marched in two directions. One unit led by Erenak of the same year (i.e. 1667), Erenak bek repeated bek and the Dzhungar taiji Dolzhin on September the raid on the Krasnoyars, town (Kyrgyz Kyzyl- 15 went to the Kuznetsk fortress. The second Zhar). August 15, 1668, ambassador Matvey detachment under the command of Prince Altysar Rzhitsky travelled from Tomsk to the Dzungarian Prince Shanda Senchikenev appeared on September khan, who had unsuccessfully expressed a protest 20 near Tomsk, then in the Yenisei Uyezd. In 1675 about the actions of the Kyrgyz prince Erenak bek on the island of Karagas (Pine), slightly below the (Boronin 2002:58). In the spring of 1669 Erenak bek mouth of the Abakan River, the Russians built a tried to settle relations with the Russian authorities. town. Erenak bek twice stormed the fortress, tried to The Kyrgyz caught the Krasnoyarsk collectors of set it on fire, but without success. In the same year, yasak, tribute)and brought them to Erenak (Kozmin Erenak bek was besieged the newly-built Guard town 1925:49). He let them go and asked to convey to for three days, but the Cossacks, led by Pentecostal the Krasnoyarsk governor a message that he did Osip Mezenin, defended the town. In the autumn of not want a war and wanted to put up. Together with 1675, Erenak bek and other Kyrgyz princes were them, Erenak bek sent his representative to conclude summoned to Dzungaria. They stayed there about peace. The Krasnoyarsk General-governers decided a year. In 1676 Erenak bek was also summoned to to find out the intentions of Erenak bek and sent to Dzungaria, headquarter of the Dzungarian Khan. him Ambassador Yakov Zyryan. But the negotiations In September 1677, the new Krasnoyarsk general did not take place, because, «Djungarian governor D.G. Zagryazhsky again invited the Kyrgyz to «bow Kilichin Koshioci came to the Kyrgyz» and Erenak low to the Sovereign» and accept Russian citizenship. bek did not want to negotiate with the Russians All proposals were rejected (Abdykalykov before Koshioci’s eyes. Such a policy was later 1968:103). However, in October 1677, Erenak bek repeated under the reign of Tsevan Rabdane (1697- sent representatives to Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk by 1726) (see: Boronin, OV, Dvordanism in Siberia in asking «to take them under the tsar’s hand to eternal the 17th-60th, in the 19th century-Barnaul, 2002, servility» and asked them to send ataman Rodion -220 pp.). Koltsov with servicemen to give the oath to the In 1670, Erenak bek began a preparation for a sovereign. Negotiations went wrong and resumed. new campaign. He wanted to take back his former In Krasnoyarsk, the text of the sworn record was Kyshtyms from the Russians by force. His own compiled, in which unilateral commitments were strength was not enough, so in the autumn he and the imposed on the Kyrgyz. However, peace talks went Tubin prince Talai Ilikov, went to the Dzungarian by not the scenario developed in Krasnoyarsk. khan to ask for military support. However, because The initiative was taken by Erenak bek (Boronin of the change of power in the Dzungarian throne, the 2002:58). campaign did not take a place. In 1671, Erenak bek again demanded the Kachins’ and Arinians’ yasak (tribute) from the Krasnoyarsk governor and now he did it on behalf of Galdan Bosoktu khan. July 26, 1671, Krasnoyarians complainted or bowed a low to the Moscow sovereign and asked: «to put down the Kirghiz and Tubans by war and build a town on their land». Erenak bek did not give up the idea of ​​ winning back his kyshtym nation from the Russians. At his request, the Dzungarian (Kalmyk) troops arrive to help him (Butanaev, Butanaeva 2001: 87). October 9, 1672, the general A. I. Sumarokov suggested that the Kyrgyz should become citizens of the Moscow state and give the oath of allegiance to contractual relations. Erenak bek took an Arrowheads of the Yenisei Kyrgyz

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He achieved the advantage that both contract- wives and children were taken away (altogether 171 ing parties made certain commitments. One of the people). Erenak bek tried to take the town; the battle clauses of the treaty was a mutual obligation to ex- lasted three days «without interruption» but did not tradite fugitives. Both sides pledged not to go to achieve successfully, the Kyrgyz left for their place. war on each other. The Kyrgyz swore allegiance to Erenak bek did not accomplish the plans of the Sibe- the sovereign at the same Toochak River, where, in rian governor (Kozmin 1925:52-53). The campaign, 1642, the father of Erenak, Prince Isha swore in, on scheduled for August 1679, did not take place. S. behalf of uluses, Altysar, Yezersk, Tubin, and Mo- G. Zagryazhsky, without the help of Tomsk and tor’s the best two princes from each race had been Yeniseisk, did not dare send servicemen in pursuit swearing in (Kozmin 1925:49; Butanaev, Butanae- of Erenak. At that moment, Erenak bek tried to va 2001:89). consolidate the success. He gathered a large army With Rodion Koltsov, Erenak bek sent a letter in of Kyrgyz, Altir, Tubans, Motor Tatars, Baikots, the to the Russian Tsar’s name. Arins, Kachinians and other Kyshtym, and launched In the letter, Irenek blamed the Russians themselves a new campaign against Krasnoyarsk. This time the in the war. He then briefly outlined the contents of city was not taken by surprise. In September 1679, the concluded treaty, where he only mentioned the Erenak bek laid out Krasnoyarsk on both sides of the mutual obligations of the parties. Erenak bek com- Yenisei, the neighborhood was devastated, burned pletely ignored the payment of yasak (tribute) and 16 villages, and in them 143 houses, and he tried to the construction of the town, which the Russians so take the town by assault. September 14, the whole eagerly solicited. Thus, Erenak bek acted as a skill- day the battle continued. To save the city, the garri- ful diplomat and achieved great success. A well- son went to extreme measures. The servants brought known scientist S.V. Bakhrushin noted: «We must out the «amanats» and their cooks – only seven recognize the treaty of 1678 as a major diplomatic people, and, in front of the attackers, they hanged victory of the Kirghiz prince. He succeeded, thanks them (Abdykalykov 1968:105). The exiled colonel to the military support of the Dzungars, to achieve Vasily Mnogogreshny (brother of the Ukrainian the conditions on which his father and uncle insisted hetman Demyan Mnogogreshny, exiled to Selen- in 1627, the recognition of allied relations, instead ginsk) was released from prison and was instructed of the yasak «(Bakhrushin CB Essays on the his- to command the garrison. Despite the encirclement tory of the Krasnoyarsk district in the 17th century. and difficult circumstances, the Cossacks made a // Scientific Works. 1959. T. IV) sortie and entered the battle in the open field. In the In June 1678 Erenak-bek sent his envoy to battle, Erenak bek, who had been knocked out of the Tomsk and in the same year again went to Dzun- saddle, nearly died. The Kyrgyz could not resist the garia. However, the peace established in 1678 was fire of artillery, which was directed by V. Mnogo- fragile. The Moscow authorities were not satisfied sheshny, and retreated. Pursued by Krasnoyarsk ser- with the fact that they could not get Erenak-bek’s vicemen, Erenak-bek escaped by driving away with consent for the construction of the town. In January him almost all the yasak people from Krasnoyarsk 1679, the Russian Emperor again pointed out to lay (Bakhrushin 1950:45). a town in the Tubin land, where it is convenient to Beginning of 1680, in fulfillment of the royal «take the military parish». The Siberian authorities decree and in response to the Kyrgyz raids, the Si- began to prepare for a large march by the joint forc- berian governors organized a large expedition led by es of Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk and Kuznetsk. Roman Starkov. Irenek for a long time maneuvered, The march was headed by the Tomsk boyar son Ro- getting the enemy exhausted. February 9, Dzungar man Starkov, and the order for their offensives came Barchikai as an intermediary three times came to from Moscow to Tomsk in early June 1679. Tomsk make an arrangement with Russians. A truce was general Lvov appointed a campaign for August 10 announced. Barchikaya was seen off with honor, (Abdykalykov 1968:105). But, in this situation, Ere- and the Kyrgyz accompanying him, remained in the nak bek outstripped the Russians. Unexpectedly, on Russian position during the truce and one of them, July 15, 1679, «Kirghiz and Altyrka, Yezersk mili- unarmed Kyrgyz envoy, was killed. Learning that, tary men, and Kizil Tatars appeared» unknown to the Erenak bek backed with his people off (Butanaev., exile. «The Kyrgyz burned two villages under the Butanaeva 2002:178). city, struck servicemen and peasants in it, and their On February 10, 1680, the servicemen again wives and children were taken the prisoner, and the went to the Kyrgyz. Then Erenak bek asked for cattle were driven away. In the «Kyrgyz» Kachin, peace again. During the difficult negotiations, Er- Arin, Yastyn and Bokhtin Yasak Tatars with their enak agreed to swear allegiance to the Russian Tsar,

8 Хабаршы. Тарих сериясы. №1 (88). 2018 Karatayev O. agreed to a defensive-offensive alliance against all cording to the treaty, the Kyrgyz princes conceded the enemies, except Galdan Bososhtu-khan, that the Kyshtyms the Chulym and Melets tribes. Erenak is, The Dzungarian Khan. Then they agreed on the bek gave the swear (Kozmin 1925:54). return of the captured 10 Russian cannons and the extradition of the amanats. After oath princes went to their uluses. It soon became clear that Erenak-bek is not going to unconditionally fulfill the terms of the contract. He sent Amanat his distant relative; Gunners, who had come after the cannons, sent back with nothing. On February 12, S. Starkov and P. Grechaninov sent their people to Erenak bek to demand a better amanate, immediate payment of yasak and the issuance of cannons. Erenak refused to change the amanate, suggested to leave for yasak several servicemen and, without waiting for the end of the negotiations, stepped back and on top of this, the Kyrgyzs hijacked Russian horses. On February 23, the Russian detachment moved back, and with great difficulty, on March 14, military men reached Tomsk. Now the border between the Russian and Kyrgyz possessions was established. This border was recognized by the river Iyus. Historian S.V. Bakhrushin in this connection noted: «The princi- ple of sovereign equality of the Kyrgyz prince and the Moscow sovereign, against which so protested in Moscow, was thus reaffirmed» (Bakhrushin 1950:45). So, the Starkov’s campaign ended in complete failure. Erenak bek clearly understood the consequences of the construction of Russian for- tresses, and did not give a «stake in his land». He declared to the Russian authorities: «If on the river Abakan, Russian people will build burgs then they deceived until the last small child, but for that place will stand» (Butanaev 2006:10-11). The well-known Siberian scientist N. Kozmin wrote: «Prince Erenak died, probably in the middle or the second half of the 80s, and after that, we no Military uniforms of the Yenisei Kyrgyz longer meet with the Kyrgyz leaders equal in talent in the 9th-17th centuries. (LA/Bobrov) and energy. The preponderance goes over explicitly to the Russian side ... «(Kozmin 1925:49). The Rus- sian authorities could not reconcile themselves with In 1682, on the instructions of the Moscow the failure and in 1681 the terms of the agreement State, a new campaign was organized, this time were violated. Starkov again went on a campaign, by the forces of six Siberian cities: Tobolsk, Tara, this time at the head of the army in 1600 people. Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Yenissei. He On the river Uibat the Kyrgyz gave battle. At this had a task: «to humble the Kyrgyz for their crimes fight, 30 servicemen were killed; the losses of Kyr- and build the burgs on their land, on Abakan» In gyz were unknown because all of their dead soldiers violation of the instructions, Suvorov made the were dragged from the battlefield by hooks. More campaign on summer. In June 1682, with a de- than 100 horses were stolen from the Russians. Af- tachment of 1800 people, he arrived at the mouth ter the battle, a truce was concluded. The princes of the Yerba River, where the Yeniseys and the promised to not come to Russian possessions and do Krasnoyarsk people were joining him, but they not ruin people of the yasak, do not start wars. After did not arrive at the agreed place. Erenak bek was a long discussion between each other, they decided notified of the upcoming campaign and was ready to make the western frontier «Kyu». Therefore, ac- to repulse it. Having gathered about 4 thousand

ISSN 1563-0269 Journal of history. №1 (88). 2018 9 The struggle of the Siberian kyrgyzs against the Russians and Mongols in XVIII century soldiers, he attacked a detachment of Suvorov. listed in the order. But Erenak-bek disagreed with Having superiority in numbers, the Kyrgyz hit the them and said: «I drink wine from the great princ- enemy with their spears. Suvorov was convinced es and gold on what I said the previous speech» that «it is impossible to fight the «Kirghiz» and be- poured a cup of wine, and put it in gold, and drank gan to retreat. For 10 days Erenak bek pursued the it. The ambassadors were forced to agree with his army of Suvorov to Black Iyusa. Suvorov’s army condition regarding the collection of yasak on the suffered great losses: 61 people were killed and 69 Dzungarian ruler. Princess and the best people wounded, and the leader himself was wounded. swore prince behind Erenak. Erenak bek asked to The campaign ended in great shame for Suvorov: let in Moscow his ambassadors Kubogay Kashka in battle, the Kyrgyz seized two banners (flags), in- and Bogdai. May 14, 1683, Russian envoys, along cluding one regimental banner with the image of with representatives of Irenek arrived in Tomsk. Michael the Archangel. Ivan Grechaninov, sent to The permission to pass the Kyrgyz ambassadors Erenak bek, was forced to agree to the established to Moscow was received. As escorts, they were boundaries between Russia and the Kyrgyz land, accompanied by I. Petrov and A. Pospelov. No- in other words, to abandon claims to this territory vember 26, 1683, they were taken in the Siberian (Abdykalykov 1968:88). The river Iyus was again order boyar I. B. Repnin. The ambassadors handed recognized as the border. Thus, all the campaigns him the« Kalmyk letter» of Erenak and said that organized in 1680-1682 with the aim of seizing the the huntaji Galdan Boshogtu Khang» didn’t or- Kyrgyz land and building a burg there turned out to der Irenek to come under the sovereign’s cities be unsuccessful (Butanaev 2009:56). The reasons and towns and beat the sovereign’s people’’ I. B. for the defeat were not only the inconsistency of the Repnin accused the Kyrgyz of unleashing military actions of the Siberian governors. They were con- actions. Then he said that the great princes ordered fronted by well-organized Kyrgyz warrior druzhin- Prince Erenak bek and his people to be taken un- niki (according to Russian terminology – «fighting der his sovereign’s hand. I. B. Repnin demanded people»), which military service was «for custom». that the Kyrgyz should let to put a town for their With the support of the militia, they represented own security first of all. Kyrgyz envoys, in turn, an impressive force, with which the Russian Tzar’s accused Siberian governors in the outbreak of war government was forced to reckon. An important (Abdykalykov 1968:87; Guzarov 2012:34). role belonged to Prince Erenak, who managed to They fought with Suvorov because he came to unite the previously disunited princes’ uluses (Bu- Kyrgyz with the war Captured trophies, they prom- tanaev 2005:45). In the spring of 1683, the embas- ised to return. They refused to discuss the construc- sy led by the boyar son Ivan Petrov brought and tion of the town because they did not have the au- submit to Erenak a decree of great princes, where thority to negotiate on this issue. It was not possible it was written that the Kyrgyz should serve to sov- to resolve the issue of collecting yasak from «bor- ereign by not going to towns and cities with war, dered lands». Kubagay Kashka said that the Kyrgyz not offensive yasak people, not levying yasak from collected yasak from these lands for the sovereign them, and should collect yasak from mountainous for a long time just taking an alban. On November and neighboring villages without shortage and send 28, the ambassadors were at a reception with the to Tomsk. Under these conditions, the Kyrgyz had great princes. At the beginning of 1684, the ambas- to make oath, drink wine and gold. I. Petrov and A. sadors, accompanied by I. Petrov and A. Pospelov, Pospelov spoke to Erenak bek, so that he would re- left Moscow with reliable protection. Tomsk gover- turn the cannons, the banner and the horses, guns, nors were instructed to release. Taganay – the son of and shells, and give the son to the amanates. Prince the deceased Prince Shanda from the Tomsk prison. Erenak answered that he will give a promise not to After concluding the peace with Moscow, Erenak fight with Russian cities and towns yasak from the bey continued to collect yasak for himself and the mountains and suburbs are given as before, not to Dzungarian Khan from the yasak people, who ac- robb government officials who deal with yasaks, cepted. Russian citizenship. Erenak bek sent his give his son as amanat, but not to collect yasak people to Krasnoyarsk to demand alban – from the from Galdan Boshoktu-khan possessions. He re- Kachinians and Arinians to Galdan Boshoktu Khan. fused to return the trophies, «therefore is taken by In the same year of 1684, the Tomsk boyar son Ivan the war after the battle» (Kozmin 1925:50-51). Petrov arrived in Erenak bek together with returning The Russian envoys wanted Erenak bek to col- Kyrgyz ambassadors, who concluded a new agree- lect yasak only for the sovereign and insisted that ment on the same terms (Kozmin 1925:56). The Irenek should be sworn in under the conditions Kyrgyz obliged the tsar to serve, not to come to the

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Russian cities, prisons, and countries by war, to pay In the summer of 1687 Erenak bek with a squad yasak from the border kyshtym in the amount of tra- of 600 soldiers, at the request of Galdan Bososhtu ditional 100 sables. Breach of borders was punish- Khan, went to his aid against the Mongols. In able on both sides. September in the Altai, not far from the Teletsk Lake, the Mongols blocked the way to the Dzungars and Kyrgyz, who were heading for the Dzungar Khan. The battle lasted four days. Dzungars and Kyrgyz were defeated. Several thousands of Dzungar were killed, and the losses of Kyrgyz were 300 people. Erenak bek with his son Shap and two stepsons died in the battle. Only 30 soldiers returned home, the rest were taken to prison. The death of Erenak bek was a severe and irreparable loss for the Kyrgyz (Chaptykova NN «Kyrgyz earth» in the representations of Russian contemporaries of the XVII century \\ Author’s note.dbs., -Spb, 2009:8). For twenty years he fought against the Russians and managed to stop their further advance to the south. This historical figure received an ambiguous evaluation in historical literature. N. N. Kozmin, one of the most prominent historians of the 20th Medieval monuments belonging to the Yenisei Kyrgyz are century noted that after him we no longer meet with scattered all over Khakas-Minus, and its surroundings. the Kyrgyz leaders equal in talent and energy. He Photo of Sultan-azhy Abdrakmanov. 2003. wrote: «Erenek is a remarkable person, a person of outstanding energy and broad initiative.»

References

Abdykalykov A. (1968). Yenisei Kirghiz in the XVII century. (Historical essay). Frunze. Bakhrushin S. V. (1955). The Yenisei Kirghiz in the XVII century. Scientific works III. Selected works on the XVI-XVII centuries. Part 2. History of the Siberian peoples in the 16th-17th centuries. Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 49 p. Butanaev V.Ya., Butanaeva I. I. ( 2001). Khakass historical folklore. Abakan. Butanaev V.Ya., Butanaeva I. I. (2003). Enesay Kyrgyz people: folk tales. Kotorgon Karatayev, O. K. -B .: Soros Foundation- . Bishkek. Butanayev V. Ya. (2006). Legend of the great Khakass prince Yerenak. Abakan. Butanaev V. Ya. (2009). History of . Course lecture. Abakan. Boronin O. V. (2002). Dualism in Siberia XVII 60th of the XIX century. Barnaul. Bakhrushin C. B. (1959). Essays on the history of the Krasnoyarsk region in the 17th century. / Scientific Works. T. IV. Mos- kova. Kozmin H. H. (1925). Khakasy. Historical and ethnographic and economic outline of the Minusinsk Territory. Irkutsk. Guzarov V. N. (2012). History of Siberia. Tomsk. Chaptykova N. N. (2009). «Kirghiz earth» in the representations of Russian contemporaries of the XVII century. Author’s abstract of Cand. Sc., Sankt-Petersburg.

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