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Karatayev O. the STRUGGLE of the SIBERIAN KYRGYZS

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Karatayev O. the STRUGGLE of the SIBERIAN KYRGYZS IRSTI 03.91 Karatayev O. Professor, Doctor, University of Kastomonu, Turkey, Kastomonu, e-mail: [email protected] THE STRUGGLE OF THE SIBERIAN KYRGYZS AGAINST THE RUSSIANS AND MONGOLS IN XVIII CENTURY This study deals with the life and legacy of Erenak bek, who was a prominent Kyrgyz personality lead of a Siberian Kyrgyz circa the 17th century. Erenak bek is the third son of eminent Kyrgyz ruler İshşey Mergen, grandson of Nomchu bek who ruled the Altısar tribe which was a part of Kyrgyz state along the Yenisey River. According to the old written records, he descended from noble Kyrgyz lineage. Obviously, Erenak bek is united the Siberian Kyrgyz in the second period of the 17th century. Therefore, it could be said that Erenak bek, gathered together the Kyrgyz and their Kyshtyms (depended tribes) under one authority with the political support of Dzungar Khan Senge-Taysha and his successor Galdan Boşoktu Khan. Together, they conducted some effective operations against Russians envasion into Siberia and took some advantages from them. Key words: Kyrgyz, Siberia region, Yenisey Kyrgyzes, Kyzyl Zhar, Altan Khans, Dzungar. Қаратаев О. Кастомону университетінің докторы, профессоры, Түркия, Кастомону қ., e-mail: [email protected] XVIII ғасырдағы сібір қырғыздарының орыс және моңғолдарға қарсы күресі Бұл зерттеуде Эренак Бектің өмірі мен мұрасы қарастырылады, ол шамамен XVII ғасырда Сібір қырғыздарының көшбасшысы болған. Эренак Бек қырғыздардың билеушісі Ишшэй Мергеннің үшінші ұлы, Енисей өзенінің бойындағы қырғыз мемлекетінің құрамына кіретін Алтысар тайпасының билеушісі - Номчу Бектің немересі. Ежелгі жазбаларға сүйенсек, ол текті қырғыз руынан шыққан. Әлбетте, бұл Эренак Бек 17 ғасырдың екінші кезеңінде сібір қырғыздарын біріктірді. Жоңғар ханы Сенге-Тайшаның және оның мұрагері Галдан Бошокту ханның саяси қолдауымен Эренак Бек қырғыздарды және олардың қыштымдарын (тәуелді тайпалар) бір билік астына жинады. Олар Сібірдегі орыстардың басқыншылығына қарсы бірнеше тиімді операцияларды бірге өткізді. Түйін сөздер: қырғыздар, Сібір аймағы, Енисей қырғыздары, Қызылжар, Алтан-хан, жоңғарлар. Каратаев О. Профессор, доктор Университета Кастомону, Турция, г. Кастомону, e-mail: [email protected] Борьба сибирских киргизов против русских и монголов в XVIII веке В этом исследовании рассматривается жизнь и наследие Эренак-Бека, который был видным Кыргызским лидером Сибирских кыргызов примерно в XVII веке. Эренак-Бек-третий сын выдающегося кыргызского правителя Ишшея Мергена, внук Номчу Бека, правившего племенем Алтысар, входившим в состав кыргызского государства вдоль реки Енисей. Согласно древним письменным записям, он был выходцем из знатного кыргызского происхождения (рода). Очевидно, что Эренак Бек объединил сибирских киргизов во второй половине XVII века. Таким © 2018 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Karatayev O. образом, можно сказать, что Эренак Бек собрал под одной властью киргизов и их кыштымов (зависимых племен) при политической поддержке Джунгарского хана Сенге-Тайша и его преемника Галдан Бошокту хана. Вместе они провели несколько эффективных операций против вторжения русских в Сибирь. Ключевые слова: киргизы, Сибирский регион, Енисейские киргизы, Кызыл-жар, Алтан-ханы, Джунгары. «Erenak a wonderful person, bek has been educated within the Dzungarian Khan a man of outstanding energy and a broad household since the Kyrgyz princes had matrimonial initiative.» and kindred relationships with the founders of the Prof. N. N. Kozmin. Dzungarian state from the khan’s clan «choros» («tsoros»). Erenak be was the third son of the famous Kyrgyz According to the written sources, he was known prince Ishaia, the grandson of Nomcha, the leader of the under the names of Irenek Isheev, Irenek, «Kirghiz genus Altysar (17th century), the state of the Yenisei prince Erenak the son of Ishaiah». It is also known Kyrgyz. The leader of the Kyrgyz is known for the that his elder brother, Yuruktu, was held hostage fact that in Southern Siberia (Minusinsk Basin) in the (amanat) under the king in Moscow (Romanov second half of the XVII century gathered the scattered dynasty, 1612-1917), then he was baptized there Kyrgyz tribes and their Kyshtym, thus establishing and received a new name – Ivan. Yuruktu (Ivan) the «state of the Kyrgyz» or as mentioned in Russian participated in campaigns against Krasnoyarsk written sources « the land of Kyrgyz». Erenak’s against his brother Erenak (Butanaev., Butanaeva father, the great prince Ishey-Mergen, was also known 2003:176). Erenak bek had five sons – Chakun, for his struggle against the Russian conquerors who Khargin (Kargyn), Sham, Korchun, Chogun. were about to attack» the land of Kyrgyz». The birth One of Korchun’s sons, after the death of Erenak date and birthplace of Erenak bek are not known but bey’s father on the battlefield, took over the reins there is widespread data that he originated from a of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in their own hands, and in noble family and received education in Dzungaria. 1692-1694, 1698-1700 attacked the Russian prison He wrote the letters to the Russians (Krasnoyarsk, (Krasnoyarsk – Kyzyl-Zhar, Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Kuznetsk, Tomsk) in the Oirot-Kalmyk language Yeniseisk). In 1703 he led the forced relocation and died in the battle with Khalkha Mongols (Altan of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to Dhungaria (see: Boronin khans) in September 1687. It is believed that Erenak 2009, Part 2.-p. 55). The Krasnoyarsk city-fortress. In XVII century. Engraving ISSN 1563-0269 Journal of history. №1 (88). 2018 5 The struggle of the Siberian kyrgyzs against the Russians and Mongols in XVIII century The leader of the Siberian (Yenisei) Kyrgyz, promised military assistance against the western Erenak bek, consolidated the disconnected Kyrgyz Mongols (Altan khans). During that meeting, the and their kyshtym into one state and based on the ambassador of the Moscow State Roman Starkov new situation in Central Asia (including in southern asked Altan Khan Lojan to extradite Erenak bek to Siberia), Erenak bek gained military and political the Russians. support from the Dzungar Khan of the Senge- taisha (about 1630-1671), and later his successor Galdan-Boshoktu Khan (1644-1697) under his lead, «Kyrgyz land» (Kyrgyz state) or Siberian Kyrgyz became important military and political associates of the Zhungar Khanate. One of Erenak’s main goals was to prevent Russian colonization in Southern Siberia. He achieved this goal, with a martial hand. Erenak bek joined the divided Kyrgyz uluses and Kishtym tracts around the political center «Kyrgyz land» or «Kyrgyz state». At that time, it was difficult to differentiate real border between the Kyrgyz ulus «state Kyrgyz» and the new northern neighbor the Moscow state. Erenak bek zealously defended the boundaries of his Kishtym tracts, which were the source of the economic power of the Kyrgyz kings (beks). He tried to gather all the Kyrgyz race into a single khanate, he was fighting to save his own power and for the independence of Kyrgyz princes from the Russian state, while gravitating toward an alliance with the Dzungar Khanate (Butanaev, Butanaeva 2003:165). Prince Erenak bek was a cruel and treacherous ruler. He did not spare the traitors and tortured them without remorse: crucified in the Erenak bek. XVII century. Engraving trees, boiled in hot water boilers etc. In the summer of 1666, a year before the defeat of the Altan Khan state by the Dzungars, he crossed the Yenisei river with a detachment of 300 men and began a war against the Kyshtyms who had ac- cepted citizenship of the Moscow State, captured the Udinsk burg from the Russians. On the way back the Kyrgyzs were caught up with the soldier Elisei Tyumentsev with 100 men on the ships. Sep- tember 2, 1666, on the Ishta River Yule Erenak bek defeated and, left the cannons,-horses and captives and he saved his life by retreating battlefield. At the same year, the Krasnoyarsk general G.P. Niki- tin sent ‘ambassadors to Kyrgyz». Erenak’s brother Aikan Isheev told the Russian ambassadors that the The fortress of Kuznetsk (XVIIth c.) Kyrgyz paid a contribution to the Kalmyk (Dzhun- gar) khan of Senge-taisha. During those meetings, Erenak, regularly jumped up and scolded the Cos- In May 1667, Erenak bek, along with the sacks in rude words. In 1665, the Russian embassy, dzungars, makes a march to Krasnoyarsk (Kyzyl- led by Roman Starkov and Stepan Bobarykin (Ab- Jar). Russian military governors knew about the dykalykov 1968:101), in their way from Tomsk preparations for the campaign and prepared for the to Altan khan, was hostilely greeted in the Erenak defense. On May 13, the siege of the city began. bek district, as according to earlier agreements, the Krasnoyarsk lost 125 people from the garrison, 48 Russians had not provided Kyrgyz people with the volunteers, 17 suburban Tatars and nine people 6 Хабаршы. Тарих сериясы. №1 (88). 2018 Karatayev O. from the auxiliary detachment sent from Yeniseysk. irreconcilable position and refused to the oath, and The surrounding villages were completely burned, he continued demanding yasak from the Kachins horses and cattle were driven away, but the Kyrgyz and Arinians for the Jungarian huntajah Galdan were not able to take the fortified fortress. The Tseren and threatened by war if they refused. In Dzungars and Kyrgyz agreed to lift the siege on the September 1673 the Kyrgyz-Dzungarian troops condition of exchange of hostages. At September marched in two directions. One unit led by Erenak of the same year (i.e. 1667), Erenak bek repeated bek and the Dzhungar taiji Dolzhin on September the raid on the Krasnoyars, town (Kyrgyz Kyzyl- 15 went to the Kuznetsk fortress. The second Zhar). August 15, 1668, ambassador Matvey detachment under the command of Prince Altysar Rzhitsky travelled from Tomsk to the Dzungarian Prince Shanda Senchikenev appeared on September khan, who had unsuccessfully expressed a protest 20 near Tomsk, then in the Yenisei Uyezd. In 1675 about the actions of the Kyrgyz prince Erenak bek on the island of Karagas (Pine), slightly below the (Boronin 2002:58). In the spring of 1669 Erenak bek mouth of the Abakan River, the Russians built a tried to settle relations with the Russian authorities.
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