252 Avian Families
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PTAČÍ FYLOGENEZE Dovnitř Patří Šplhavci
E Afroaves – řada linií této skupiny je velmi rozrůzněna v Africe a pro Afriku stepokur kropenatý typická (vlhy, zoborožci, mandelíci), ale fosilie africký původ nepodporují. Mnoho (Pterocles burchelli) linií bylo řazeno do řádu srostloprstých, ale ten není monofyletický, poněvadž PTAČÍ FYLOGENEZE dovnitř patří šplhavci. Patří sem i myšáci (Coliiformes) a trogoni. F Australaves – obdobně jako u Afroaves dnes sice řada linií žije jen FYLOGENEZE NA HRUBÉ ÚROVNI A PTAČÍ ŘÁDY v australasijské oblasti, ale fosilní zástupci byli nalezeni všude možně, takže o původu skupiny těžko něco soudit. Zobrazený fylogenetický stromeček zahrnuje jen velké skupiny, přičemž co je „velká“ skupina, je docela arbitrární. Aby vůbec bylo možné dělat O Passerimorphae (nebo Psittacopasserae) – papoušci korektní fylogenetické analýzy, nesmí být těch skupin moc a zároveň je potřeba, aby to byly skupiny, o nichž se předpokládá, že jsou a pěvci sdílejí řadu znaků, například schopnost učit se zpěvu, která byla monofyletické. Reálně se totiž sekvenují samozřejmě jednotliví zástupci (tedy jeden druh, respektive přímo jeden jedinec z dané skupiny), považovaná za klíčovou pro jejich sloučení (pokládala se za znak vzniklý jen a potřebujeme tedy, aby skutečně skupinu reprezentovali. Proto by nestačilo brát zástupce tradičních ptačích řádů, které známe z učebnic, jednou u jejich společného předka, tedy synapomorfii). Ovšem vzhledem k tomu, jelikož se ukázalo, že řada z nich monofyletických není. Tradiční „dravci“ byli například polyfyletičtí, poněvadž zahrnovali monofyletickou že u pěvců je s jistotou známa jen ve skupině Oscines (zpěvní) a navíc se vyskytuje skupinu složenou z orlů, jestřábů, káňat apod. (včetně kondorů), ale taky sokolovité (poštolky, sokoly apod.), kteří jsou ve skutečnosti blízce také u zcela nezávislých kolibříků, musela vzniknout víckrát konvergentně, a to příbuzní pěvcům a papouškům. -
Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a Gastrointestinal Disease Characterized by Acute Or Chronic Diarrhea, Is Caused by Protozoan Parasites in the Genus Giardia
Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease characterized by acute or chronic diarrhea, is caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Giardia. Giardia duodenalis is the major Giardia Enteritis, species found in mammals, and the only species known to cause illness in humans. This Lambliasis, organism is carried in the intestinal tract of many animals and people, with clinical signs Beaver Fever developing in some individuals, but many others remaining asymptomatic. In addition to diarrhea, the presence of G. duodenalis can result in malabsorption; some studies have implicated this organism in decreased growth in some infected children and Last Updated: December 2012 possibly decreased productivity in young livestock. Outbreaks are occasionally reported in people, as the result of mass exposure to contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals (e.g., in child care centers). People are considered to be the most important reservoir hosts for human giardiasis. The predominant genetic types of G. duodenalis usually differ in humans and domesticated animals (livestock and pets), and zoonotic transmission is currently thought to be of minor significance in causing human illness. Nevertheless, there is evidence that certain isolates may sometimes be shared, and some genetic types of G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B) should be considered potentially zoonotic. Etiology The protozoan genus Giardia (Family Giardiidae, order Giardiida) contains at least six species that infect animals and/or humans. In most mammals, giardiasis is caused by Giardia duodenalis, which is also called G. intestinalis. Both names are in current use, although the validity of the name G. intestinalis depends on the interpretation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. -
The Tarsometatarsus of the Middle Eocene Loon Colymbiculus Udovichenkoi
– 17 – Paleornithological Research 2013 Proceed. 8th Inter nat. Meeting Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution Ursula B. Göhlich & Andreas Kroh (Eds) The tarsometatarsus of the Middle Eocene loon Colymbiculus udovichenkoi GERALD MAYR1, LEONID GOROBETS2 & EVGENIJ ZVONOK3 1 Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Kiev, Ukraine 3 Institute of Geological Sciences of NAS of Ukraine, Branch of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Kiev, Ukraine Abstract — We describe the previously unknown tarsometatarsus of the earliest unambiguously identified loon, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, from the Middle Eocene of the Ukraine. Except for being more elongate and apart from details of the hypotarsus morphology, the bone resembles the tarsometatarsus of the Early Miocene Colym- boides minutus. We consider the hypotarsus morphology of Colymbiculus to be plesiomorphic for Gaviiformes. Colymboides and crown group Gaviiformes are each characterized by an autapomorphic hypotarsus morphology, which precludes the former from being directly ancestral to the latter. The similarities shared by C. udovichenkoi and C. minutus, including their small size, are likely to be plesiomorphic for Gaviiformes. Although the disap- pearance of small stem group Gaviiformes may be related to the retreat of loons to cold Northern latitudes, more data are needed to firmly establish this hypothesis. We finally note that early Paleogene stem group Gaviiformes markedly differ from putative Late Cretaceous loons, whose identification needs to be verified by further fossil specimens. Key words: Colymbiculus, Colymboides, fossil birds, Gaviiformes, Eocene, Lutetian, Ukraine Introduction 1982 from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic (ŠVEC 1982), the earliest stem line- Loons (Gaviiformes) have a fairly comprehen- age representative, being distinctly smaller than sive Neogene fossil record (OLSON 1985; MAYR its modern congeners. -
Review Article Nematodes of Birds of Armenia
Annals of Parasitology 2020, 66(4), 447–455 Copyright© 2020 Polish Parasitological Society doi: 10.17420/ap6604.285 Review article Nematodes of birds of Armenia Sergey O. MOVSESYAN1,2, Egor A. VLASOV3, Manya A. NIKOGHOSIAN2, Rosa A. PETROSIAN2, Mamikon G. GHASABYAN2,4, Dmitry N. KUZNETSOV1,5 1Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow 119071, Russia 2Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RA, P. Sevak 7, Yerevan 0014, Armenia 3V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Zapovednyi, Kursk district, Kursk region, 305528, Russia 4Armenian Society for the Protection of Birds (ASPB), G. Njdeh, 27/2, apt.10, Yerevan 0026, Armenia 5All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants - a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 28, Moscow 117218, Russia Corresponding Author: Dmitry N. KUZNETSOV; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The review provides data on species composition of nematodes in 50 species of birds from Armenia (South of Lesser Caucasus). Most of the studied birds belong to Passeriformes and Charadriiformes orders. One of the studied species of birds (Larus armenicus) is an endemic. The taxonomy and host-specificity of nematodes reported in original papers are discussed with a regard to current knowledge about this point. In total, 52 nematode species parasitizing birds in Armenia are reported. Most of the reported species of nematodes are quite common in birds outside of Armenia. One species (Desmidocercella incognita from great cormorant) was first identified in Armenia. -
Tinamiformes – Falconiformes
LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA. Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct. TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma -
Proceedings of the United States National Museum
— THE ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE TONGUE IN BIRDS By Leon L. Gardner, Of the United States Army Medical Corps Since the work of Lucas 1 there has been little systematic investiga- tion on the tongues of birds, and with the exception of an occasional description the subject has been largely neglected. It is in the hope of reopening interest in the subject that this paper is written. As is well known the tongue is an exceptionally variable organ in the Class Aves, as is to be expected from the fact that it is so inti- mately related with the birds' most important problem, that of obtaining food. For this function it must serve as a probe or spear (woodpeckers and nuthatches), a sieve (ducks), a capillary tube (sunbirds and hummers), a brush (Trichoglossidae), a rasp (vul- tures, hawks, and owls), as a barbed organ to hold slippery prey (penguins), as a finger (parrots and sparrows), and perhaps as a tactile organ in long-billed birds, such as sandpipers, herons, and the like. The material upon which this paper is based is the very extensive alcoholic collection of birds in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, for the use of which and for his abundant aid in numberless ways I am very much indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond, associate curator of the Division of Birds. To Dr. Alexander Wetmore, assistant secretary in charge of the United States National Museum, I wish to express my thanks for his kind assistance in reviewing the paper and for his help in its preparation. -
AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America
AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2016-C No. Page Title 01 02 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark 02 06 Recognize Lilian’s Meadowlark Sturnella lilianae as a separate species from S. magna 03 20 Change the English name of Euplectes franciscanus to Northern Red Bishop 04 25 Transfer Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis to Antigone 05 29 Add Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris to the U.S. list 06 31 Revise our higher-level linear sequence as follows: (a) Move Strigiformes to precede Trogoniformes; (b) Move Accipitriformes to precede Strigiformes; (c) Move Gaviiformes to precede Procellariiformes; (d) Move Eurypygiformes and Phaethontiformes to precede Gaviiformes; (e) Reverse the linear sequence of Podicipediformes and Phoenicopteriformes; (f) Move Pterocliformes and Columbiformes to follow Podicipediformes; (g) Move Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes, and Apodiformes to follow Columbiformes; and (h) Move Charadriiformes and Gruiformes to precede Eurypygiformes 07 45 Transfer Neocrex to Mustelirallus 08 48 (a) Split Ardenna from Puffinus, and (b) Revise the linear sequence of species of Ardenna 09 51 Separate Cathartiformes from Accipitriformes 10 58 Recognize Colibri cyanotus as a separate species from C. thalassinus 11 61 Change the English name “Brush-Finch” to “Brushfinch” 12 62 Change the English name of Ramphastos ambiguus 13 63 Split Plain Wren Cantorchilus modestus into three species 14 71 Recognize the genus Cercomacroides (Thamnophilidae) 15 74 Split Oceanodroma cheimomnestes and O. socorroensis from Leach’s Storm- Petrel O. leucorhoa 2016-C-1 N&MA Classification Committee p. 453 Change the English name of Alauda arvensis to Eurasian Skylark There are a dizzying number of larks (Alaudidae) worldwide and a first-time visitor to Africa or Mongolia might confront 10 or more species across several genera. -
Leptosomiformes ~ Trogoniformes ~ Bucerotiformes ~ Piciformes
Birds of the World part 6 Afroaves The core landbirds originating in Africa TELLURAVES: AFROAVES – core landbirds originating in Africa (8 orders) • ORDER ACCIPITRIFORMES – hawks and allies (4 families, 265 species) – Family Cathartidae – New World vultures (7 species) – Family Sagittariidae – secretarybird (1 species) – Family Pandionidae – ospreys (2 species) – Family Accipitridae – kites, hawks, and eagles (255 species) • ORDER STRIGIFORMES – owls (2 families, 241 species) – Family Tytonidae – barn owls (19 species) – Family Strigidae – owls (222 species) • ORDER COLIIFORMES (1 family, 6 species) – Family Coliidae – mousebirds (6 species) • ORDER LEPTOSOMIFORMES (1 family, 1 species) – Family Leptosomidae – cuckoo-roller (1 species) • ORDER TROGONIFORMES (1 family, 43 species) – Family Trogonidae – trogons (43 species) • ORDER BUCEROTIFORMES – hornbills and hoopoes (4 families, 74 species) – Family Upupidae – hoopoes (4 species) – Family Phoeniculidae – wood hoopoes (9 species) – Family Bucorvidae – ground hornbills (2 species) – Family Bucerotidae – hornbills (59 species) • ORDER PICIFORMES – woodpeckers and allies (9 families, 443 species) – Family Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species) – Family Bucconidae – puffbirds (37 species) – Family Capitonidae – New World barbets (15 species) – Family Semnornithidae – toucan barbets (2 species) – Family Ramphastidae – toucans (46 species) – Family Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (32 species) – Family Lybiidae – African barbets (42 species) – Family Indicatoridae – honeyguides (17 species) – Family -
Wqfm: Statistically Consistent Genome-Scale Species Tree Estimation from Weighted Quartets
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.30.403352; this version posted December 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. wQFM: Statistically Consistent Genome-scale Species Tree Estimation from Weighted Quartets Mahim Mahbub1;y, Zahin Wahab1;y, Rezwana Reaz1;y, M. Saifur Rahman1, and Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid1,* 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh yThese authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: shams [email protected] Abstract Motivation: Species tree estimation from genes sampled from throughout the whole genome is complicated due to the gene tree-species tree discordance. Incom- plete lineage sorting (ILS) is one of the most frequent causes for this discordance, where alleles can coexist in populations for periods that may span several speciation events. Quartet-based summary methods for estimating species trees from a collec- tion of gene trees are becoming popular due to their high accuracy and statistical guarantee under ILS. Generating quartets with appropriate weights, where weights correspond to the relative importance of quartets, and subsequently amalgamating the weighted quartets to infer a single coherent species tree allows for a statistically consistent way of estimating species trees. However, handling weighted quartets is challenging. Results: We propose wQFM, a highly accurate method for species tree es- timation from multi-locus data, by extending the quartet FM (QFM) algorithm to a weighted setting. -
Review of Zoonotic Pathogens in Ambient Waters
EPA 822-R-09-002 REVIEW OF ZOONOTIC PATHOGENS IN AMBIENT WATERS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Health and Ecological Criteria Division February 2009 [this page intentionally left blank] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DISCLAIMER This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. February 2009 i [this page intentionally left blank] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to the EPA Work Assignment Manager: John Ravenscroft USEPA Headquarters Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Mail Code: 4304T Washington, DC 20460 Phone: 202-566-1101 Email: [email protected] This literature review was managed under EPA Contract EP-C-07-036 to Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc. The following individuals contributed to the development of the report: Lead writer: Audrey Ichida ICF International Leiran Biton ICF International Alexis Castrovinci ICF International Jennifer Clancy Clancy Environmental Consultants Mary Clark ICF International Elizabeth Dederick ICF International Kelly Hammerle ICF International Walter Jakubowski WaltJay Consulting Margaret McVey ICF International Michelle Moser ICF International Jeffery Rosen Clancy Environmental Consultants Tina Rouse ICF International Jennifer Welham ICF International -
Volume 2 Book with NUMBER 1-402
FLORA OF KARNATAKA A Checklist Volume - 2 : Gymnosperms & Angiosperms CITATION Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019. FLORA OF KARNATAKA, A Checklist, Volume – 2: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. 1 - 1002 (Published by Karnataka Biodiversity Board) Published: December, 2019. ISBN - 978-81-939228-1-1 © Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this book, or plates therein, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. DISCLAIMER • THE CONTENTS INCLUDING TEXT, PLATES AND OTHER INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE BOOK ARE SOLELY THE AUTHOR’S RESPONSIBILITY AND BOARD DOES NOT HOLD ANY LIABILITY. PRICE: ` 2000/- (Two thousand rupees only). Printed by : Peacock Advertising India Pvt Ltd. # 158 & 159, 3rd Main, 7th Cross, Chamarajpet, Bengaluru – 560 018 | Ph: 080 - 2662 0566 Web: www.peacockgroup.in FOREWORD About 60% of the Western Ghats is present in Karnataka State, with this large part of the peninsular green cover coupled with inland forest plateau enriched by the seven river systems, the State of Karnataka showcases a wider floral wealth harboring highest number of apex predators all of which is conserved by a framework of various statutes. -
Verbalizing Phylogenomic Conflict: Representation of Node Congruence Across Competing Reconstructions of the Neoavian Explosion
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/233973; this version posted December 14, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Tempe, December 12, 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE (1st submission) Verbalizing phylogenomic conflict: Representation of node congruence across competing reconstructions of the neoavian explosion Nico M. Franz1*, Lukas J. Musher2, Joseph W. Brown3, Shizhuo Yu4, Bertram Ludäscher5 1 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America 2 Richard Gilder Graduate School and Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America 3 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 4 Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America 5 School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Short title: Verbalizing phylogenomic conflict Abstract Phylogenomic research is accelerating the publication of landmark studies that aim to resolve deep divergences of major organismal groups. Meanwhile, systems for identifying and integrating the novel products of phylogenomic inference – such as newly supported clade concepts – have not kept pace. However, the ability to verbalize both node concept congruence and conflict across multiple, (in effect) simultaneously endorsed phylogenomic hypotheses, is a critical prerequisite for building synthetic data environments for biological systematics, thereby also benefitting other domains impacted by these (conflicting) inferences.