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Examining Urban Poverty, Inequalities and Human View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Library of Open University of Tanzania EXAMINING URBAN POVERTY, INEQUALITIES AND HUMAN CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ADJUSTMENT: THE CASE OF VINGUNGUTI AND BUGURUNI SETTLEMENTS, DAR-ES-SALAAM CHRISTOPHER AWINIA-MUSHI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2013 ii CERTIFICATION I, the undersigned, do hereby certify that I have read this thesis, and I recommend to the Higher Degrees Committee this thesis titled ‘Examining Urban Poverty, Inequalities and Human Capability Development In The Context of Adjustment: The Case of Vingunguti and Buguruni Settlements, Dar-es-Salaam’ submitted by Christopher Awinia-Mushi in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ............................................................................ Dr. Juma Kiduanga (Ph.D) ............................................................. Date iii COPYRIGHT No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without acknowledging the author or the Open University of Tanzania in that behalf. iv DECLARATION I, Christopher Awinia-Mushi , declare that this thesis is entirely a result of my own work except where acknowledged in the text. To the best of my knowledge the work in this thesis has not been submitted to any other University for similar study or any other degree award. ………………………………….. Christopher Awinia-Mushi ………………………………….. Date v DEDICATION To My beloved late Father Agricultural Scientist AWINIA ABEL MUSHI B.Sc. Hons (East Africa); PGD Agric. Econ. (Rome) whose sudden and untimely death in the morning hours of 21 st April, 2008 reinvigorated my drive to complete this Thesis, and To my sons TIMOTHY and CHRISTOPHER Jr as an inspiration to continually strive for excellence vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of this thesis benefited from inputs from a number of individuals and institutions whose support was instrumental to its completion. My sincere gratitude goes to the Ilala Municipal Council which provided me with a research clearance to undertake field survey and data collection in the case-study areas of Buguruni and Vingunguti. I also acknowledge the assistance provided by Ward Executive Officers, Ward Community Development Officers and Mitaa Executive Officers in the case- study wards and “mitaas.” I am equally grateful to the various institutions which provided background information that was used in this study. Special thanks go to Research for Poverty Alleviation (REPOA), Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Ardhi University, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Open University of Tanzania and the Office of the Ilala Municipal Medical Officer. I equally thank residents of Buguruni and Vingunguti who participated in the field survey. I thank them for their sincerity, enthusiasm and commitment to respond to questions in search for a solution to attain sustainable urban development in Tanzania and elsewhere in the world, especially among Least Developed Countries. Their contribution to the knowledge and debate that this study will create is immeasurable. Special thanks go to my family including my dear wife Patricia and my sons Timothy and Christopher Junior for their love and support extended to me throughout the course of this study. I would especially like to remember my late vii father Awinia Abel Mushi who tirelessly encouraged me to strive to complete this thesis. I will remain indebted to him for the rest of my life. This thesis has been dedicated to him and my sons. Last but not least, I would like to thank my academic supervisor Dr. Juma Kiduanga (Ph.D) for providing academic instruction and challenging the assumptions and conclusions that I was bringing to the study. His instruction and close supervision made the study inventive and relevant to the ongoing discourse on urbanization and urban poverty in Tanzania. I would also like to thank Dr. Servecius Likwelile (Ph.D) and Dr. Longitunas Rutastara (Ph.D) who provided valuable comments and guidance at the inception stage of this thesis. viii ABSTRACT This study on “Examining Urban Poverty, Inequalities and Human Capability Development in the Context of Adjustment: The Case of Vingunguti and Buguruni Settlements, Dar-es-salaam” has investigated the association between three interrelated variables, namely human capability development levels in relation to urban housing and health conditions. It demonstrates how the three variables are associated in determining urban poverty levels. The study used the human capability approach to describe/explain how access to key capabilities enable individuals to function in ways that could improve their quality of life. This includes improving housing and health conditions. A background to the problem of the study led to isolation of social inequalities in housing and health conditions among households as key variables associated with urban poverty in the context of Tanzania and other Least Developed Countries. Empirical findings of the study showed there was positive correlation between low human capability development levels and poverty in housing and health conditions among households. Levels of education attained, access to participation in the urban informal sector, access to credit, assets and vocational skills and levels of income were main factors found to influence effectiveness of households to improve their housing and health conditions. The study recommends the need for urban policy planning and poverty reduction strategies, most notably MKUKUTA II and successor strategies to factor-in social inequalities and human capabilities analysis. It further recommends effective adoption of key measures to develop, repair and sustain human capabilities. The measures recommended include access to participation in the urban informal sector, credit services to the urban poor, upgrading skills through vocational training. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................................... ii COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................ iii DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the Problem................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Urbanization and Urban Poverty......................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Rural to Urban Migration .................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 National Strategies to Address Urban Poverty ................................................... 6 1.1.4 Urbanization and Social Inequalities ................................................................ 11 1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 14 1.3 Main Objective .................................................................................................. 15 1.3.1 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 15 1.4 Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 18 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 18 x 2.1 Review of Empirical Literature ....................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Definition of Key Concepts ............................................................................ 18 2.1.1.1 Poverty ........................................................................................................... 19 2.1.1.2 Adjustment Measures ..................................................................................... 19 2.1.1.3 Human Capabilities ........................................................................................ 20 2.1.1.4 Social Inequalities .......................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Urbanisation Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa, Developing
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