Abbreviations Used in the Notes

Add.MSS British Museum, Additional Manuscripts ADM Public Record Office, Admiralty Files AIR Public Record Office, Air Ministry Files DBFP Documents on British Foreign Policy, First Series, 25 volumes (London, HMSO, 1947-84) CAB Public Record Office, Cabinet Files CID Committee of Imperial Defence CO Public Record Office, Colonial Office Files C.P. Cabinet Paper Curzon FCG Curzon's account of the fall of the Coalition Government, written at Lausanne, 30 November 1922, and continued later, Curzon Papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/319 FO Public Record Office, Foreign Office Files I.C.P. International Conference Papers L/P&S India Office Library, Viceroy's Political and Secret Depart• ment PD(C) Parliamentary Debates (Commons), 5th Series, 1919-24 PD(L) Parliamentary Debates (Lords), 5th Series, 1919-24 T Public Record Office, Treasury Files WO Public Record Office, War Office Files

202 Notes

1 LORD CURZON AND THE FOREIGN OFFICE

1. I. Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle: Memoirs (London, 1959), p. 33. 2. Lord Hardinge of Penshurst's memoirs, Old Diplomacy (London, 1947) leave little doubt as to Hardinge's thoughts on Curzon. 3. Sir O. O'Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London, 1954), pp. 59-60. 4. See A. J. Sharp, The Foreign Office in Eclipse 1919-22', History, vol. 61, 1976. 5. Curzon FCG. 6. Ibid. 7. C. J. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour: The Post- War Coalition 1918-1922 (London, 1990). 8. Speech by Cecil, 20 May 1920, PD(C), vol. 129, col. 1682. 9. Speech by Curzon, 10 February 1920, PD(L), vol. 39, col. 25. 10. Speech by Balfour, 17 June 1920, PD(C), vol. 130, col. 1507.

2 WESTERN EUROPEAN SECURITY

1. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919). 2. Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 21 December 1919, Austen Cham• berlain papers AC5/1/46. 3. See Roddie to Sir Almeric FitzRoy, 14 December 1919, circulated as C.P.322, CAB24/95; and Roddie to FitzRoy, 20 January 1920, C.P.598, CAB24/97, for example. 4. Hardinge to Curzon, 22 January 1920, Hardinge papers H.P.42. 5. Memorandum by the General Staff, 29 December 1919, circulated to the Cabinet with covering letter by Churchill, 8 January 1920, C.P. 428, CAB24/96. 6. Churchill to Lloyd George, 24 March 1920, Lloyd George papers, F/9/2/20. 7. See Curzon to Derby, 6 April 1920, DBFP vol. IX (London, 1960), pp. 324-5; & Cabinet conclusions, 8 April 1920, CAB23/21. 8. Arthur Henderson, Secretary of the Labour Party, to Lloyd George, 7 January 1920, Lloyd George papers F/27/3/39. 9. Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 29 January 1921, Austen Cham• berlain papers AC5/1/190. 10. Cabinet conclusions, 7 March 1921, CAB23/24. 11. H. Nicolson, Curzon: The Last Phase (London, 1934), p. 235. 12. Curzon to Col Percival (Oppeln), 22 March 1921, DBFP, vol. XVI, (London, 1968), p. 1. 13. Memorandum by Major Ottley on the Silesian situation, 20 July 1921, C14828/92/18, ibid., No. 236, p. 258. 14. Cabinet conclusions, 24 May 1921, CAB23/25.

203 204 Notes

15. Ibid. 16. See Curzon to Churchill, 13 June 1921, Lloyd George papers F/13/2/30; & Churchill to Curzon, 16 June 1921, Curzon papers, reproduced in M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion part 3 (London, 1976), p. 1510. 17. Derby to Lloyd George, 10 June 1921, Lloyd George papers F/14/5/27. 18. Speech to the Imperial Conference, 22 June 1921, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/308. 19. D'Abernon to King George V, 11 July 1921, D'Abernon papers 48922. 20. Treasury memorandum on German reparation, 16 November 1921, C.P.3556, CAB24/131. 21. Ibid. 22. Memorandum by R.S. Home, 28 November 1921, C.P.3612, CAB24/131. 23. Memorandum by Curzon, 28 December 1921, Curzon papers MSS.Eur. F. 112/242. 24. Curzon to Hardinge, 28 December 1921, Hardinge papers H.P.44. 25. For the key discussions at Cannes see DBFP, vol. XIX (London, 1974), pp. 1-136. See also H. H. Hall, 'Lloyd George, Briand and the Failure of the Anglo-French Entente', Journal of Modern History, vol. 50, 1978, supplementary article D1137. 26. Curzon to Balfour, 23 November 1921, No. 37, A8711/18/45, F0371/ 5623. 27. Hankey to his wife, 10 January 1922, Hankey papers HNKY.3/30. 28. Conversation between Lloyd George and Briand, 4 January 1922, DBFP, vol. XIX, No. 1, pp. 1-7 [p. 3]. 29. British Secretary's notes of a conversation between Lloyd George and Briand, 8 January 1922, ibid., pp. 56-8. 30. Cabinet conclusions, 10 January 1922, CAB23/29. 31. Hardinge to Curzon, 27 January 1922, Hardinge papers H.P. 45. 32. Cabinet memorandum by Curzon, 17 February 1922, C.P.3760, CAB24/ 133. 33. League of Nations Union, executive committee minutes, 9 February 1922, League of Nations Union papers, L.N.U. II 4. 34. Lloyd George to Derby, 18 February 1922, Derby papers 29/1. 35. Ibid., Derby diary, 18 February 1922. 36. Ibid., 20 February 1922. 37. Ibid., Curzon to Derby, 27 February 1922. 38. Curzon to Lloyd George, undated, MSS.Eur.F.l 12/319. 39. Curzon to Hardinge, 2 May 1922, Hardinge papers H.P.45. 40. Minute by Crowe, 29 March 1922, DBFP, vol.XX (London, 1976), p. 23. 41. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 243. 42. Ibid., p. 244. 43. Cabinet conclusions, 15 March 1922, CAB23/29. See also memorandum by Secretary of State for Air, 24 March 1922, C.P.3901, CAB24/136; and Air Ministry memorandum to CID, March 1922, Trenchard papers 76/1/21. 44. R. R. James, Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers 1910-37 (London, 1969), p. 143. 45. Memorandum by Hoare, February 1923, C.P.88, CAB24/158. Notes 205

46. Cabinet conclusions, 20 June 1923, CAB23/46. 47. D'Abernon to Curzon, 10 October 1922, D'Abernon papers 48924B. 48. Cabinet conclusions, 7 December 1922, CAB23/32. 49. Derby to Bonar Law, 7 December 1922, W0137/1. 50. Hardinge to Curzon, 13 December 1922, No. 660, C17146/99/18, T160/ 141/F5232/1. 51. Bonar Law to Smuts, 26 December 1922, Smuts papers, vol. 25, Item 135. 52. Diary entry, 3 January 1923, reproduced in K. Middlemas (ed.), Thomas Jones: Whitehall Diary (London, 1969), vol. 1, p. 225. 53. Davidson to Baldwin, 6 January 1923, in R. R. James, op. cit., pp. 144-6. 54. Neville Chamberlain diary, 10 January 1923, Neville Chamberlain pa• pers NC2/21. 55. Chamberlain to his wife, 11 January 1923, ibid., NCI/26/311. 56. Smuts to Bonar Law, 28 March 1923, Smuts papers, vol. 27, item 201. 57. Simon diary, 15 March 1923, Simon papers MS. Simon 5. 58. Morning Post, 12 January 1923. 59. Annual Conference of National Unionist Associations and of Liberal Unionist Associations, 25-26 October 1923, conference report, motion 16. 60. Derby to Crewe, 22 January 1923, Derby papers 35/2. 61. H. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 362-3. 62. Curzon to Crewe, 11 May 1923, Crewe papers C/12. 63. Neville Chamberlain diary, 20 July 1923, Neville Chamberlain papers NC2/21. 64. Cabinet conclusions, 9 August 1923, CAB23/46. 65. Derby to Baldwin, 15 August 1923, W0137/1. 66. Derby to Baldwin, 16 August 1923, ibid. 67. Davidson to Hoare, 30 August 1923, Davidson papers DAV159. 68. Neville Chamberlain diary, 24 September 1923, Neville Chamberlain papers NC 2/21. 69. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 372. 70. Curzon's statement to the Imperial Conference, 5 October 1923, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/312. 71. See Crowe's memorandum for Baldwin on a letter from Poincare, 8 Oc• tober 1923, Baldwin papers 108. 72. See note by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, 10 January 1924, C.P.29, CAB24/164.

3 EASTERN EUROPE. CORDON SANITAIRE OR POWDER-KEG?

1. M. L. Dockrill, J. D. Goold, Peace without Promise: Britain and The Peace Conferences, 1919-1923 (London, 1981), p. 128. 2. Speech by Bonar Law, 14 April 1920, PD(C), vol. 127, col. 1755. 3. Speech by Kenworthy, 20 April 1921, PD(C), vol. 140, col. 1921. 4. The Times, 6 December 1919. 5. Speech by Curzon, 13 April 1921, PD(L), vol. 44, col. 959. 6. Article by S. Hoare, 'Vienna and the State of Central Europe', Nine• teenth Century, March 1920, pp. 409-23. See also The Question of a 206 Notes

Danubian Confederation' by a Czech Socialist, The New Europe, 15 January 1920, pp. 15-17. 7. Wilson diary entry, 17 June 1919, Wilson papers HHW.28 DS.Misc 80, reel VIII. 8. E. Anderson, 'British Policy toward the Baltic States 1918-1920', Journal of Central European Affairs, vol. 19, No. 3, October 1959, pp. 276-89. 9. Cabinet conclusions, 12 November 1919, CAB23/18. 10. See, for example, memorandum by First Sea Lord, 4 November 1919, C.P.60, CAB24/92. 11. Memorandum by First Sea Lord, 20 May 1920, C.P.1332, CAB24/106. 12. Cabinet conclusions, 7 June 1920, CAB23/21. 13. Cabinet conclusions, 10 July 1920, CAB23/22. 14. Lloyd George to Churchill, 4 August 1920, Churchill papers 16/48, in M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion pt.2, (London, 1976), p. 1159. 15. In 1920 Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia concluded a defensive alliance. In 1921 Czechoslovakia and Roumania, and Roumania and Yugoslavia concluded alliances. The Little Entente was established with the support of France. Poland was linked to the Little Entente in 1921 with the sig• nature of a treaty of mutual assistance with Roumania which was di• rected against the Soviet Union. 16. Curzon to Muller, 19 March 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIII (London, 1981), pp. 807-8. 17. Young (Belgrade) to Curzon, 28 September 1922, ibid., pp. 108-9; Dering (Bucharest) to Curzon, 29 September 1922, ibid., p. 112. 18. Cabinet conclusions, 18 October 1920, CAB23/23. 19. Introduction to DBFP, vol. XXIII, p. vi. 20. Ibid., p. ix. 21. See DBFP, vol. XXIV (London, 1983), pp. 1-126. 22. See memorandum respecting M. Schanzer's proposals for an Anglo-Italian agreement, 22 June 1922, ibid., pp. 11-26. 23. Note of a conversation held at 10 Downing St, 7 July 1922, I.C.P. 249J, ibid., pp. 117-26. 24. Curzon to Bonar Law, 4 December 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/39. 25. Kennard (Rome) to Curzon, 30 August 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIV, p. 943. 26. League of Nations Journal, November 1923, covering the period 31 August- 29 September 1923. 27. Curzon to Cecil, 5 September 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIV, pp. 986-7. 28. Interestingly, Lord Cecil of Chelwood [Robert Cecil] had mixed impres• sions of the Corfu crisis. In A Great Experiment (London, 1941), pp. 148-51, he seems to have thought that the Corfu crisis represented a victory for the League. However, in All the Way, (London, 1949), p. 179, he regarded the crisis as an important defeat for the League. 29. Kennard (Rome) to Curzon, 6 September 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIV, pp. 995-6. 30. League of Nations Journal, November 1923, p. 1305. 31. A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (Cambridge, 1990), p. 310. 32. Cabinet conclusions, 27 January 1920, CAB23/20. Notes 207

33. Memorandum by Sir William Goode, 17 December 1920, circulated as C.P.2318, CAB24/117. 34. Cabinet conclusions, 4 July 1922, CAB23/30. 35. The Times, 24 August 1922. 36. League of Nations Journal, November 1922, p. 1458. 37. Memorandum by Cecil, 27 December 1923, C.P.482, CAB24/162.

4 THE BOLSHEVIK EMPIRE

1. Speech by Lt-Col Malone, 23 February 1920, PD(C), vol. 125, cols 1417-18. Elected as a Coalition Liberal, Malone eventually announced that he had become a Communist. 2. Speech by W. Adamson, 22 December 1920, PD(C), vol. 136, col. 1852. 3. Lloyd George to Churchill, 22 September 1919, Lloyd George papers F/ 9/1/20. 4. Speech by Lloyd George, 7 June 1920, PD(C), vol. 130, col. 170. 5. Lloyd George to Churchill, 22 September 1919, Lloyd George papers F/ 9/1/20. 6. Ibid. 7. Manchester Guardian, 6 November 1919. 8. See S. White, Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Study in the Poli• tics of Diplomacy 1920-1924 (London, 1979), pp. 146-7. 9. Memorandum by Curzon, 9 February 1920, C.P.594, CAB24/97. 10. Memorandum by Churchill, 28 April 1920, C.P.1194, CAB24/104. 11. O'Grady to Lloyd George, 1 February 1920, Lothian papers GD40/17/ 799/3. 12. Cabinet conclusions, 29 January 1920, CAB23/20. 13. Memorandum for the Prime Minister by Kerr, 8 February 1920, Lothian papers GD40/17/801. 14. Chamberlain to his sisters, 28 February 1920, Austen Chamberlain papers AC5/1/151. 15. Manchester Guardian, 23 February 1920. 16. Memorandum by Churchill, 11 May 1920, C.P.1309, CAB24/106. 17. See memorandum on Russian policy by O'Malley, 20 May 1920, 202895, F0371/3961. 18. Fisher diary, 27 May 1920, Fisher papers MS.Fisher 16. 19. Note by Lord Curzon, 27 May 1920, C.P.1350, CAB24/106. 20. Cabinet conclusions, 28 May 1920, CAB23/21. 21. Note by Lloyd George, 31 May 1920, C.P.1421, CAB24/107. 22. Curzon to Lloyd George, 3 March 1920, Lloyd George papers Fl2/3/13. 23. The Times, 4 June 1920. 24. Long to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/199. 25. Memorandum by Curzon, 2 September 1920, Balfour papers Add.MSS. 49734. 26. Director of Naval Intelligence to J. T. Davies, 9 September 1920, Lloyd George papers F34/1/43. 27. Ibid. 28. Fisher diary, 9 September 1920, MS.Fisher 16. 208 Notes

29. Intelligence Department (Naval Staff) to Hankey, 22 March 1921, Lloyd George papers F25/1/20. 30. S. White, op. cit., p. 15, citing White Paper Cmd. 2740 (1926), p. 50. 31. Hankey to Curzon, 12 November 1920, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/ 217A. 32. Cabinet conclusions, 17 November 1920, CAB23/23. 33. Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement, 16 March 1921, C.P.2724, CAB24/121. 34. See letter, presented with the above, by Home to Krassin, 16 March 1921, in R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917-1921, vol. 3, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton, 1972), pp. 479-82. 35. Curzon to Lloyd George, 5 August 1921, Lloyd George papers Fl3/2/38. 36. Cabinet conclusions, 16 December 1921, CAB23/27. 37. Churchill to Curzon, 24 December 1921, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/ 219A. 38. Crowe to Curzon, 28 December 1921, ibid., MSS.Eur.F.l 12/219B. 39. Chamberlain to Lloyd George, 21 March 1922, Lloyd George papers F/ 7/5/20. 40. Lloyd George to Home, 22 March 1922, ibid., F/7/5/21. 41. Lloyd George to Chamberlain, 22 March 1922, Austen Chamberlain papers AC23/6/19. 42. Chamberlain to Lloyd George, 23 March 1922, Lloyd George papers F/ 7/5/22. 43. Home to Lloyd George, 23 March 1922, ibid., F/27/6/58. 44. Hankey to Chamberlain, 27 April 1922, Davidson papers DAV/128. 45. Chamberlain to Worthington-Evans, 3 May 1922, Austen Chamberlain papers AC23/6/32. 46. Curzon to Chamberlain, 13 May 1922, ibid., AC23/6/34. 47. Memorandum by Sanders, 8 February 1923, C.P.86, CAB24/158. 48. Hodgson to Curzon, 1 April 1923, DBFP, vol. XXV (London, 1984), p. 58. 49. Cabinet conclusions, 25 April 1923, CAB23/45. 50. Appendix 1, Cabinet conclusions, 2 May 1923, CAB23/45. 51. Speech by Banks, 15 May 1923, PD(C), vol. 164, col. 330. 52. C. Keeble, Britain and the Soviet Union 1917-1989 (London, 1990), p. 92. 53. Cabinet conclusions, 11 June 1923, CAB23/46. 54. Curzon to Crewe, 13 June 1923, Crewe papers C/12. 55. Cabinet conclusions, 23 January 1924, CAB23/47. 56. F. S. Northedge, The Troubled Giant: Britain among the Great Powers 1916-1939 (London, 1966), p. 210.

5 TURKS V. GREEKS IN ASIA MINOR

1. Cabinet memorandum by Churchill, 25 October 1919, Churchill papers 16/18, in Gilbert, M., Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion pt 2, pp. 937-9. 2. See Curzon to Balfour, 20 June 1919, in Earl of Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon (3 vols, London, 1928), vol. Ill, pp. 267-8. 3. De Robeck to Curzon, 18 November 1919, De Robeck papers DRBK 6/1. 4. See Montagu to Lloyd George, 15 April 1919, in S. D. Waley, Edwin Notes 209

Montagu: A Memoir and an Account of his Visits to India (London, 1964), pp. 240-1. 5. Telegram from the Viceroy, 30 October 1919, No. 146856, F0371/4231. 6. Minute by Hardinge, 14 October 1919, on memorandum by the Aga Khan, approximately 3 October 1919, 140890, F0371/4215. 7. Milner to Montagu, 30 August 1919, Montagu papers AS 1/6/54. 8. Milner to Montagu, 2 December 1919, Montagu papers AS 1/6/55. 9. Montagu to Lloyd George, 11 December 1919, Montagu papers AS4/3/30. 10. W.S. Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath (London, 1929), p. 373. 11. Memorandum by Montagu, 1 January 1920, C.P.382, CAB24/95. 12. Curzon to Milner, 3 January 1920, Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.449. 13. Cabinet conclusions, 6 January 1920, CAB23/20. 14. Montagu to Fisher, 17 February 1920, Montagu papers AS 1/12/3. 15. Fisher to Montagu, 18 February 1920, ibid., AS 1/12/2. 16. Curzon to De Robeck, 18 May 1920, De Robeck papers DRBK 6/1. 17. Memorandum by Kerr of conversation with Venizelos, 8 March 1920, Lothian papers GD40/17/1127. 18. De Robeck (Valletta) to Long, 1 March 1921, Long papers Add.MSS.62426. 19. Curzon FCG. The same file also contains some of the intercepted pa• pers. 20. Memorandum by Churchill, 26 October 1921, C.P.3447, CAB24/129. 21. See Viceroy to Montagu, 9 November 1921, PI099, Reading papers MSS.Eur.E.238/10. 22. Lloyd George to Montagu, 9 March 1922, Montagu papers AS6/1 1/12. 23 The Times, 13 March 1922. 24. Wedgwood Benn diary entry, 14 March 1922, Stansgate papers ST/66. 25. Chamberlain to Lloyd George, 15 March 1922, Lloyd George papers F/ 7/5/8. 26. Memorandum by L. Worthington-Evans, 29 July 1922, C.P.4131, CAB24/ 138. 27. Bentinck (Athens) to Balfour, 8 August 1922, No. 307, E7824/5/44, F0371/ 7869. 28. See W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath, pp. 426-7. See also C.P.4200, CAB24/138, covering telegram from Churchill to the Dominions, 15 September 1922, and replies. 29. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 272. 30. Governor-General of Australia to Colonial Secretary, 20 September 1922, in C.P.4200, CAB24/138. 31. Curzon to the Cabinet, telephone message, 20 September 1922, C.P.4202, CAB24/139. 32. See D. Walder, The Chanak Affair (London, 1969), p. 182; and M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, p. 834. See C.P.4219, CAB24/139 for minutes of Lloyd George's meeting with the TUC delegation on 23 Sep• tember 1922. 33. Cabinet conclusions, 23 September 1922, CAB23/31. 34. The Morning Post, 28 September 1922. 35. Cabinet conclusions, 29 September 1922, CAB23/31. 36. General Staff appreciation of the situation in Gallipoli and Chanak dur• ing October 1922, WO 106/709. 210 Notes

37. Cabinet conclusions, 30 September 1922, CAB23/31. 38. Hardinge to Curzon, 2 October 1922, Hardinge papers H.P.45. 39. Chamberlain to Griffith-Boscawen, 5 October 1922, Griffith-Boscawen papers MS.Eng.hist c.396. 40. The Times, 1 October 1922. 41. Speech by Pollock at Leamington, 7 October 1922, reproduced as a pamphlet, Hanworth papers MS.Eng.hist.d.432. 42. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 283. 43. Derby to Salisbury, 17 November 1922, W0137/5. 44. Neville Chamberlain diary, 10 January 1923, Neville Chamberlain pa• pers NC2/21. 45. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 334. 46. Rumbold to Oliphant, 18 July 1923, cited M. Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat 1869-1941 (London, 1973), p. 290. For some of the intercepts, see Davidson papers, DAV 144. 47. Curzon to Bonar Law, 26 December 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/52. 48. Cabinet conclusions, 15 January 1923, CAB23/45. 49. Derby to Hankey, 23 January 1923, WO 137/5. See also memorandum by Balfour on interview with Poincare, 29 January 1923, Balfour papers (Whittingehame MSS) GD433/2/11. 50. Cabinet conclusions, 5 February 1923, CAB23/45. 51. M. L. Dockrill, J. D. Goold, op. cit., p. 245. 52. Curzon to Bonar Law, 20 November 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/34. 53. A. E. Montgomery, 'Lloyd George and the Greek Question, 1918-22', in A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (London, 1971), p. 284.

6 THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST

1. J. Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War 1918-1922 (London, 1981), pp. 143-69. 2. See, for example, I. Friedman, 'The MacMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the Question of Palestine', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 5, No. 2, 1970, pp. 83-122; and E. Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The MacMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations 1914- 1939 (Cambridge, 1976). 3. Diary of 9th Duke of Devonshire, 27 March 1923, Chatsworth MSS. 4. J. Darwin, op. cit., p. 143. 5. Memorandum by the petroleum department, Foreign Office, December 1918, L/P&S/l 1/151, paper 2120. 6. B. Wasserstein, The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and the Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929 (London, 1978), pp. 10-14. 7. See, for example, Sutherland to Lloyd George, 9 July 1920, cited M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, pp. 402-3. 8. War Cabinet memorandum by Curzon, 26 October 1917, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/266. 9. B. Wasserstein, op. cit., pp. 2ff. 10. Long-Berenger oil agreement, introductory note, DBFP, vol. IV, (Lon• don, 1952), p. 1089. Notes 211

11. Admiralty memorandum to Foreign Office, 22 January 1919, 12790, F0368/ 2095. 12. Lloyd George to Clemenceau, 12 June 1919, Lloyd George papers, F/12/ I/25(a). 13. See G. H. Bennett, 'Britain's Relations with France after Versailles: The Problem of Tangier 1919-23', European History Quarterly, vol. 24, No. 1, 1994, pp. 53-84. 14. Curzon to Grahame (Paris), 28 July 1920, DBFP, vol. XIII (London, 1963), pp. 320-2. 15. Minute by H. W. Young, 23 July 1920, E8761/2/44, FO371/5037. 16. Cabinet conclusions, 23 March 1920, CAB23/20. 17. Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers, 23 January 1920, ibid. 18. Speech by Curzon, 10 February 1920, PD(L), vol. 39, col. 30. 19. Speech by Asquith, 25 March 1920, PD(C), vol. 127, cols 644-5. 20. Speech by Lloyd George, 25 March 1920, ibid., col. 662. 21. The Times, 27 March 1920. 22. Manchester Guardian, 19 July 1920. 23. The Times, 1 August 1920. 24. Assistant Secretary to the Secretary of State for War to Chief of the Air Staff, 19 February 1920, Trenchard papers 76/1/36. See also D. E. Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939 (Man• chester, 1990), particularly pp. 18-38. 25. Winterton, Guinness and Ormsby-Gore to Harry St John Philby, 21 May 1920, enclosing petition, Harry St John Philby papers box V, file 3; reproduced as Cabinet memorandum, 26 May 1920, C.P.I372, CAB24/ 106. 26. See C.P.I320, by Churchill, 1 May 1920, CAB24/106; C.P. 1402, by Montagu, 2 June, ibid.; C.P.1434, by Curzon, 8 June, CAB24/107; and C.P.1512, by Milner, 17 June, CAB24/108. 27. Memorandum by Curzon, 16 August 1920, C.P.1777, CAB24/110. 28. Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers, 1 December 1920, CAB23/ 23. 29. Montagu to Cox, 1 December 1920, L/P&S/l 1/172, paper 3795. 30. Montagu to Churchill, 6 December 1920, Davidson papers DAV.l 19/759. 31. Speech by W. Ormsby-Gore, 15 December 1920, PD(C), vol. 136, col. 572. 32. Anglo-French convention of 23 December 1920, El6081/4164/44, F0371/ 6376. 33. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, pp. 526-7. 34. Telegram from Wilson, 31 July 1920, No. 9249, in Cabinet memoran• dum by Montagu, 2 August 1920, C.P.1723, CAB24/110. 35. Report on Middle East Conference held in Cairo and Jerusalem, 12-30 March 1921, C.P.2866, CAB24/122. 36. Cabinet conclusions, 22 March 1921, CAB23/24. 37. Cox to Churchill, 1 July 1921, No. 250, CO730/3. 38. Cabinet conclusions, 5 October 1922, CAB23/31. See also Cox to Churchill, 10 October 1922, No. 719, reproduced as C.P.4274, CAB24/139. 39. Cabinet conclusions, 17 August 1921, CAB23/26. 40. Speech by Sydenham, 14 February 1922, PD(L), vol. 49, cols 145-6. 212 Notes

41. Speech by Islington, 21 June 1922, ibid., vol. 50, col. 994. 42. Minute by Forbes Adam, 5 May 1921, E5173/382/93, FO371/6360. 43. Churchill to Lloyd George, 9 June 1921, in Lord Beaverbrook, The De• cline and Fall of Lloyd George (London, 1963), p. 252. 44. Lloyd George to Churchill, 11 June 1921, ibid., p. 254. 45. Churchill to Hankey, 20 June 1921, in C.P.3077, CAB24/125. 46. Cabinet memorandum by Churchill, 13 March 1922, C.P.3832, CAB24/ 134. 47. Comparison of forces in Mesopotamia between 1920 and 1925, Trenchard papers 76/1/36. 48. Fisher diary, 9 February 1922, MS. Fisher 18. 49. Peel to Reading, 13 December 1922, Reading papers MSS.Eur.F.238/5. 50. Derby to Devonshire, 8 December 1922, WO 137/12. 51. McNeill to Curzon, 29 November 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/ 286. 52. Note by Trenchard, 9 November 1922, C.P.4300, CAB24/139. 53. Shuckburgh to Curzon, 15 November 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/ 294. 54. Cabinet conclusions, 16 November 1922, CAB23/32. 55. McNeill to Curzon, 29 November 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/ 286. 56. Amery to Curzon, 8 December 1922, ibid., MSS.Eur.F.l 12/295. 57. Amery to Curzon, 13 December 1922, ibid., MSS.Eur.F.l 12/286. 58. Bonar Law to Curzon, 8 January 1923, Bonar Law Papers 111/12/57. 59. Neville Chamberlain diary, 28 March 1923, Neville Chamberlain papers NC2/21. 60. Cabinet conclusions, 26 April 1923, CAB23/45. 61. Report of the Committee on Palestine, 27 July 1923, C.P.351(23), CAB24/ 161.

7 PERSIA AND THE PERSIAN PROBLEM

1. Memorandum by Curzon, 9 August 1919, 114911/150/34, F0371/3862. 2. Ibid. 3. Cox to Viceroy, 17 January 1920, P.25, Chelmsford papers MSS.Eur.E.264/ 16. 4. Viceroy to Montagu, 2 February 1920, N.1282, C.P.575, CAB24/97. 5. Cox to Viceroy, 21 February 1920, P.83, Chelmsford papers MSS.Eur.E.264/ 16. 6. Montagu to Curzon, 14 April 1920, Montagu papers AS 1/12/121; & Curzon to Montagu, 14 April 1920, ibid., AS1/12/120. 7. For evidence of this see Norman to Curzon, 18 June 1920, No. 39, 204772, F0371/3873. 8. Curzon to Bonar Law, 30 June 1920, Bonar Law papers 99/2/16. 9. Curzon to Norman, 31 July 1920, No. 401, C2785/82/34, FO371/4908. 10. Cabinet Finance Committee conclusions, 12 August 1920, CAB23/22. 11. Minute by Hardinge, n.d., approximately 18-19 September 1920, C6676/ 56/34, F0371/4905. Notes 213

12. Curzon to Norman, 5 November 1920, DBFP, vol. XIII, pp. 632-3. 13. The Times, 2 November 1920. 14. Viceroy to Montagu, 6 December 1920, C13549/82/34, FO371/4910. 15. Cabinet conclusions, 4 January 1921, CAB23/24. 16. Memorandum by Lord Lee of Fareham, 26 July 1921, C.P.3165, CAB24/ 126. 17. Viceroy to Montagu, 22 January 1921, P.509, El 196/2/34, FO371/6400. 18. Minute by R. Lindsay, 6 June 1921, E6361/76/34, F0371/6414. 19. Minute by Curzon, 29 July 1921, E8788/76/34, F0371/6415. 20. For example, see Curzon to Bridgeman, 10 December 1921, No. 473, El3225/76/34, T160 469 Fl0207/2. 21. Minute by Crowe, 21 December 1921, E14278/76/34, F0371/6419. 22. Curzon to Loraine, 30 May 1922, in G. Waterfield, Professional Diplo• mat: Sir Percy Loraine of Kirkharle Bt. 1880-1961 (London, 1973), p. 63. 23. Balfour to Loraine, 25 July 1922, No. 273, E7030/7/34, F0371/7817. 24. Loraine to Curzon, 31 January 1922, No. 62, E3074/6/34, FO371/7804. 25. Minute by Oliphant, 1 June 1922, E5585/7/34, F0371/7816. 26. Loraine to Curzon, 11 December 1922, No. 719, El 110/77/34, F0371/ 9024. 27. Minute by Curzon, 25 June 1923, E6353/77/34, ibid.

8 IMPERIAL SECURITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

1. Minute by Crowe, 26 October 1921, Wl 1338/2263/36, FO371/7108. 2. Minute by G. Villiers, 28 September 1923, W7602/623/41, FO371/9490. 3. See G. H. Bennett, 'Britain's Relations with France after Versailles: The Problem of Tangier 1919-23', European History Quarterly, vol. 24, No. 1, 1994, pp. 53-84. 4. CID paper No. 256B, note by the General Staff, 12 August 1920, Curzon Papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/238. 5. Hardinge to Curzon, 11 April 1922, No. 917, W3186/197/28, F0371/ 8344. 6. Minute by Curzon, 13 April 1922, W3186/197/28, F0371/8344. 7. Minute by Crowe, 8 February 1923, W1008/1/28, F0371/9458. 8. Minute by Curzon, 8 February 1923, ibid. 9. Minute by Crowe, 30 June 1923, W5220/1/28, F0371/9459. 10. Air Staff memorandum, February 1921, C.P.2622, CAB24/120. 11. Confidential Memorandum for Lord Allenby's Guidance, enclosed in Curzon to Allenby, 15 October 1919, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/208A. 12. Editorial, Manchester Guardian, 26 November 1919. 13. Allenby to Curzon, 17 November 1919, No. 1594, 152819, FO371/3720. 14. Milner recorded his conversations with Egyptian politicians in diary form, Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.448. 15. Reproduced from Al Misr, 3 January 1920, Allenby papers 7/3/7. 16. Milner to Lloyd George, enclosed in Allenby to Curzon, 19 February 1920, No. 150, FO800/153. 17. Memorandum on the Future of Egypt by Loder and Murray, 23 January 1920, 173083, F0371/3722. 214 Notes

18. Hardinge to Sir Valentine Chirol, 12 January 1920. Hardinge papers H.P.42. 19. Milner to Curzon, 10 December 1919, Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.449. 20. 'Report of the Special Mission to Egypt - General Conclusions', 3 March 1920, E12578/6/16, FO371/4980. 21. Record of conversation at the Colonial Office, 21 June 1920, Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.454/2. 22. Memorandum, 18 August 1920, ibid. 23. Curzon to Milner, 17 August 1920, ibid. 24. Bonar Law to Curzon, 20 August 1920, El0237/6/16, F0371/4979. 25. Prime Minister of Australia to Lloyd George, 18 November 1920, C.P.2158. CAB24/U5. 26. Cabinet conclusions, 29 December 1920, CAB23/23. 27. Fisher Diary, 29 December 1920, Fisher papers, MS. Fisher 15. 28. Cabinet conclusions, 22 February 1921, CAB23/24. 29. Curzon to Montagu, 1 April 1921, Montagu papers Box 5, AS 1/12/21. 30. Curzon to Hardinge, 21 October 1921, Hardinge papers H.P.44. 31. Kerr to Lloyd George, 28 October 1921, Lloyd George papers F/32/2/9. 32. Editorial, The Times, 29 October 1921, p. 9. 33. Cabinet conclusions, 3 November 1921, CAB23/27. 34. Chamberlain to Curzon, note in Cabinet, 4 November 1921, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/317. 35. Curzon to Allenby, 19 November 1921, C.P.3505, CAB24/131. 36. Allenby to Curzon, 12 January 1922, No. 18, E467/1/16, FO371/7730. 37. Allenby's telegram was circulated to the Cabinet on 21 January 1922 as C.P.3643, CAB24/132. 38. Curzon to Allenby, 28 January 1922, giving summary of press release, El040/1/16, F0371/7730. 39. See memoranda of conversations, 15 February 1922, E1964/1/16 and E1965/ 1/16, F0371/7731. 40. Draft declaration to Egypt, 16 February 1922, C.P.3743A, CAB24/133. 41. Minute by Murray, 11 October 1922, E10805/1/16, F0371/7738. 42. Drummond to Tufton, 9 November 1922, E12634/1/16, F0371/7739. 43. See memorandum by Murray, 6 March 1923, with minutes by Crowe and Curzon, E2512/10/16, F0371/8960. 44. Amery to Baldwin, 29 June 1923, Baldwin papers 114. 45. Foreign Office to War Office, 19 September 1923, E9134/1761/16, F0371/ 8983. 46. Derby to Salisbury, 1 October 1923, WO 137/2; and CID minutes, 2 Oc• tober 1923, CAB2/4. 47. Cabinet conclusions, 15 October 1923, CAB23/46.

9 BRITAIN, THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST

1. Speech by O'Neill, 4 November 1921, PD(C), vol. 147, cols 2110-11. 2. Admiralty memorandum, 24 October 1919, quoted in memorandum by Long, 22 November 1920, C.P.2176, CAB24/115. 3. See Curzon to Grey, 9 September 1919, DBFP, vol. V (London, 1954), pp. 997-1000. Notes 215

4. Ibid., p. 999. 5. Grey to Curzon, 4 October 1919, ibid., p. 1003. 6. Speech by Curzon, 23 June 1921, PD(L), vol. 45, col. 786. 7. F. C. Costigliola, 'Anglo-American Financial Rivalry in the 1920s', Journal of Economic History, vol. 37, 1977. 8. Memorandum to the Cabinet, 6 January 1922, C.P.3637, CAB24/132. 9. Grey to Lloyd George, 17 October 1919, C.P.89, CAB24/92. 10. Grey to Northcliffe, 4 September 1919, in R. Pound, G. Harmsworth, Northcliffe (London, 1959), p. 752. 11. Speech by Geddes, 17 March 1920, in The Times, 18 March 1920. 12. E. Davies, 'Britain in the Far East, 1922-1931: A Study in Foreign and Defence Policy', unpublished PhD thesis, Birmingham, 1973, p. 15. 13. Speech by Hoare, 17 June 1921, PD(C), vol. 143, col. 792. 14. Admiralty memorandum, 31 October 1919, C.P.54, CAB24/92. 15. Memorandum by Wellesley, 1 June 1920, DBFP, vol. XIV (London, 1966), p. 33; see pp. 32-6 for full text. 16. Memorandum by Wellesley, 1 September 1920, ibid., pp. 106-13. 17. Geddes to Curzon, 3 December 1920, ibid., p. 188; see pp. 187-9 for full text. 18. Cabinet conclusions, 18 February 1921, CAB23/24. 19. Ibid. 20. Memorandum by Lampson, 8 April 1921, DBFP, vol. XIV, pp. 271-6. 21. Cabinet conclusions, 30 May 1921, CAB23/25. 22. Speech by Lloyd George at the Imperial Conference on 20 June 1921, in The Times, 21 June 1921. 23. Curzon to Geddes, 9 July 1921, giving account of conversation with US ambassador on 5 July 1921, No. 416, F2461/63/23, F0371/6675. 24. Curzon to Geddes, 14 July 1921, No. 942, A5169/18/45, F0371/5617. 25. Speech by Hughes, 12 November 1921, in US Congress (Senate), Con• ference on the Limitation of Armament, Senate document 126, 2nd Ses• sion, 67th Congress (Washington, 1922), p. 46. 26. Balfour to Lloyd George, 11 November 1921, DBFP, vol. XIV, p. 467. 27. Speech by Curzon, 7 February 1922, PD(L), vol. 49, col. 22. 28. Speech by Ashley, 24 March 1922, PD(C), vol. 152, col. 842. 29. Memorandum by Curzon, 17 April 1920, C.P.1093, CAB24/103. 30. Memorandum by Churchill, 23 April 1920, C.P.I 156, CAB24/104. 31. The Times, 8 February 1921. 32. Cabinet conclusions, 10 May 1921, CAB23/25. 33. F. Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times (London, 1954), pp. 629-30. 34. Cabinet conclusions, 15 January 1923, CAB23/45. 35. Derby diary, 30 January 1923, Derby papers 920/DER(17)/29/l. 36. Diary of 9th Duke of Devonshire, 31 January 1923, Chatsworth MSS.

10 CONCLUSION: AIMS - CONSTRAINTS - CRITICISMS

1. Speech by Cecil, 3 April 1922, PD(C), vol. 152, col. 1951. 2. Speech by Herbert, 12 February 1920, ibid., vol. 125, col. 347. 216 Notes

3. Speech by Wolmer, 5 April 1922, ibid., vol. 152, col. 2376. 4. Speech by Mosley, 13 March 1923, ibid., vol. 161, col. 1360. 5. Speech by Salisbury, 27 March 1923, PD(L), vol. 53, col. 667. 6. Speech by Shaw, 16 January 1924, PD(C), vol. 169, col. 157. 7. See F. S. Northedge, op. cit., pp. 617ff; and P. A. Reynolds, British Foreign Policy in the Inter-War Years (London, 1954), p. 167. 8. Lord Beaverbrook, Politicians and the War 1914-1916 (London, 1928); Men and Power 1917-1918 (London, 1956); The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George (London, 1963). 9. D. Gilmour, Curzon (London, 1994), p. xii. 10. W. S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries (London, 1941), pp. 242-3. 11. Lord Hardinge, Old Diplomacy: The Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst (London, 1947), p. 275. 12. Draft letter of resignation, 14 October 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/ 319; and Earl of Ronaldshay, op. cit., vol. Ill, pp. 316-17. 13. H. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 60-1. 14. N. Goradia, Lord Curzon: The Last of the British Moghuls (Delhi, 1993), pp. 33ff. 15. K. Middlemas, J. Barnes, Baldwin: A Biography (London, 1969), p. 178. 16. Ibid., p. 179. 17. R. Lamb, The Drift to War 1922-1939 (London, 1989), p. 12. 18. Curzon to Bonar Law, 9 November 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/33. 19. Curzon to Bonar Law, 25 April 1923, ibid., 112/15/2. 20. K. Middlemas, J. Barnes, op. cit., p. 179. 21. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923, vol. Ill (London, 1966), p. 344. 22. D. Gilmour, op. cit., p. 513. 23. See A. J. Sharp, 'The Foreign Office in Eclipse, 1919-22', History, vol. 61, 1976. 24. K. O. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government 1918-1922 (Oxford, 1979), p. 114. 25. Ibid. 26. J. A. Jacobsen, 'Is there a New International History of the 1920s?', American Historical Review, vol. 88, 1983, pp. 617-45. 27. Speech by Wilson, 18 May 1920 (approx.), quoted in a speech by Sir Donald Maclean, 20 May 1920, PD(C), vol. 129, col. 1659. 28. Speech by Curzon, 16 November 1920, PD(L), vol. 42, cols 278-9. See also speech by Lloyd George, 21 July 1920, PD(C), vol. 132, cols 477-95. 29. Speech by Bonar Law, 13 February 1923, ibid., vol. 160, col. 37. 30. Montagu to Balfour, 28 December 1918, FO800/215. 31. M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924 (Cambridge, 1971), p. 242. 32. Curzon's speech at the London Conservative and Unionist Association, 8 November 1922, The Times, 9 November 1922. 33. C. J. Bartlett, British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (London, 1989), p. 30. 34. Speech by Salisbury, 23 November 1922, PD(L), vol. 52, col. 26. 35. Speech by Morel, 14 December 1922, PD(C), vol. 159, col. 3254. 36. Curzon's speech at the London Conservative and Unionist Association, 8 November 1922, The Times, 9 November 1922. Notes 217

37. Speech by Baldwin, 21 January 1924, PD(C), vol. 169, col. 630. 38. W. N. Medlicott, British Foreign Policy since Versailles (London, 2nd edition, 1968), p. 44. 39. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 157. 40. Speech by G.A. Spencer, 16 August 1920, PD(C), vol. 133, col. 732. 41. Curzon's speech to the Imperial Conference, 5 October 1923, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/312. 42. Speech by Balfour, 12 February 1920, PD(C), vol. 125, cols 310-11. 43. Speech by Birkenhead, 11 July 1923, PD(L), vol. 54, col. 962. 44. Manchester Guardian, 25 October 1919. 45. Speech by Grey, 21 March 1923, PD(L), vol. 53, col. 501. 46. Speech by Chamberlain, 8 February 1922, PD(C), vol. 150, col. 195. Select Bibliography

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UNPUBLISHED PRIVATE PAPERS

C. Addison (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Lord Allenby (Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives) H. H. Asquith (Bodleian Library, Oxford) S. Baldwin (Cambridge University Library) A. J. Balfour (British Library) A. J. Balfour (Public Record Office) A. J. Balfour (Whittingehame MSS. Microfilm, Scottish Record Office) Earl Beatty (National Maritime Museum) W. Wedgwood Benn (House of Lords Record Office) J. S. Bradbury (Public Record Office) Lord Cave (British Library) Lord H. Cecil (Hatfield House, Quickswood papers) Lord R. Cecil (British Library, Cecil of Chelwood papers) Lord R. Cecil (Hatfield House) A. Chamberlain (Birmingham University Library) N. Chamberlain (Birmingham University Library) Lord Chelmsford (India Office Library) Lord Crewe (Cambridge University Library) H. P. Croft (Churchill College, Cambridge) E. Crowe (Public Record Office) P. Cunliffe-Lister (Churchill College, Cambridge) Lord Curzon (India Office Library) Lord Curzon (Public Record Office) Lord Cushendun (Public Record Office) Lord D'Abernon (British Library) H. Dalton (British Library of Pol. and Econ. Science) J. C. C. Davidson (House of Lords Record Office) G. G. Dawson (Bodleian Library, Oxford)

218 Select Bibliography 219

J. De Robeck (Churchill College, Cambridge) Lord Derby (Record Office, Liverpool Central Library) Lord Derby (Public Record Office) Duke of Devonshire (Chatsworth House) H. A. L. Fisher (Bodleian Library, Oxford) D. Lloyd George (House of Lords Record Office) A. Griffith-Boscawen (Bodleian Library, Oxford) E. W. Grigg (Bodleian Library, Oxford) H. A. Gwynne (Bodleian Library, Oxford) M. Hankey (Churchill College, Cambridge) P. Hannon (House of Lords Record Office) Lord Hardinge (Cambridge University Library) S. Hoare (Cambridge University Library) Lord Howard of Penrith (Cumbria County Record Office, Carlisle) P. Kerr (Scottish Record Office, Lothian papers) A. Bonar Law (House of Lords Record Office) L. of Nations Union (British Library of Pol. and Econ. Science) Lord Lee of Fareham (Courtauld Institute) W. H. Long (British Library) W. H. Long (Public Record Office) Lord Milner (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Lord Milner (Public Record Office) E. S. Montagu (Trinity College, Cambridge) E. S. Montagu (India Office Library) O. E. Niemeyer (Public Record Office) Lord Northcliffe (British Library) L. Oliphant (Public Record Office) Lord Peel (India Office Library) H. St.J. Philby (Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford) E. Phipps (Churchill College, Cambridge) E. M. Pollock (Bodleian Library, Oxford, Hanworth papers) Lord Reading (India Office Library) Lord Rennell of Rodd (British Library) H. Rumbold (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Marquess of Salisbury (Hatfield House) H. Samuel (House of Lords Record Office) R. A. Sanders (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Earl of Selborne (2) (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Earl of Selborne (3) (Bodleian Library, Oxford) J. Simon (Bodleian Library, Oxford) J. C. Smuts (Cambridge University Library) A. Steel-Maitland (Scottish Record Office) J. St. Loe Strachey (House of Lords Record Office) Lord Trenchard (Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon) Sir H. Wilson (Imperial War Museum) E. F. L. Wood (Hickleton House MSS. Microfilm, Churchill Col• lege Library, Cambridge) L. Worthington-Evans (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Marquess of Zetland (India Office Library) 220 Select Bibliography

CONTEMPORARY PUBLICATIONS - 1919-24

Annual Register Asia Atlantic Monthly Contemporary Review Current History Daily Express Daily Herald Daily Mail Edinburgh Review Foreign Affairs International Affairs League of Nations Official Journal Manchester Guardian Morning Post New Europe Nineteenth Century Parliamentary Debates (Commons), 5th Series Parliamentary Debates (Lords), 5th Series Times

PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS [Published in London unless otherwise shown]

Gilbert, M., Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion pts 1-3, 1976-1977. Great Britain, Government, Documents on British Foreign Policy, First Series, 25 vols, various editors, 1947-84. Jeffery, K., The Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson 1918-1922, 1985. US Congress (Senate), Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Senate Document 126, 2nd Session, 67th Congress, Washington, 1922.

DIARIES AND MEMOIRS [Published in London unless otherwise shown]

Barnes, J., Nicholson, D. (eds), The Leo Amery Diaries, vol. I, 1896-1929, 1980. Boyce, D. G, The Crisis of British Unionism: Lord Selborne s Domestic Political Papers, 1885-1922, 1987. Call well, Major General Sir C. E., Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, 2 vols, 1927. Cecil, Viscount, A Great Experiment: An Autobiography, 1941. Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount, All the Way, 1949. Clark, A. (ed.), (A Good Innings': The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham, 1974. Curzon, Marchioness, Reminiscences, 1955. Select Bibliography 221

D'Abernon, Lord, An Ambassador of Peace: Pages from the Diary of Vis• count D'Abernon, vols 1-3, 1929-30. Hankey, Lord, Diplomacy by Conference: Studies in Public Affairs 1920-1946, 1946. Hardinge of Penshurst, Lord, The Old Diplomacy: The Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, 1947. James, R. R., Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers, 1910-37, 1969. Kirkpatrick, I., The Inner Circle: Memoirs, 1959. Lloyd George, D., The Truth about Reparations and War Debts, 1932. Lloyd George, D., The Truth about the Peace Treaties, 2 vols, 1938. Lloyd George, D., War Memoirs, 2 vols, new edition 1938. Meinertzhagen, Col R., Middle East Diary 1917-1956, 1959. Middlemas, K. (ed.), Thomas Jones: Whitehall Diary, vol. 1, 1916-1925, 1969. Mosley, O., My Life, 1968. Nicolson, H., Peacemaking 1919, 1933. O'Malley, Sir O., The Phantom Caravan, 1954. Ramsden, J., Real Old Tory Politics: The Political Diaries of Sir Robert Sanders, Lord Bayford, 1910-35, 1984. Riddel 1, Lord, Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After 1918-1923, 1933. Vansittart, Lord, The Mist Procession: The Autobiography of Lord Vansittart, 1958. Vincent, J. (ed.), The Crawford Papers; The Journals of David Lindsay Twenty- Seventh Earl of Crawford and Tenth Earl of Balcarres 1871-1940, Man• chester, 1984. Williamson, P., The Modernisation of Conservative Politics: The Diaries and Letters of William Bridgeman 1904-1935, 1988.

BIOGRAPHICAL [Published in London unless otherwise shown]

Birkenhead, Earl of, Contemporary Personalities, 1924. Birkenhead, 2nd Earl of, 'F.E.' The Life of F.E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead, 1959. Birkenhead, 2nd Earl of, Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax, 1965. Blake, R., The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law 1858-1923, 1955. Butler, J. R. M., Lord Lothian, 1960. Charmley, J., Churchill: The End of Glory, 1993. Charmley, J., Duff Cooper: The Authorised Biography, 1986. Churchill, R. S., Lord Derby: 'King of Lancashire', 1959. Churchill, W. S., Great Contemporaries, 1941 edition. Colvin, I. C, Vansittart in Office, 1965. Cross, J. A., Sir Samuel Hoare, 1977. Cross, J. A., Lord Swinton, Oxford, 1982. Crowe, S., Corp, E., Our Ablest Public Servant: Sir Eyre Crowe 1864-1925, Devon. 1993. 222 Select Bibliography

Dilks, D., Neville Chamberlain, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1984. Dilks, D., Curzon in India, 2 vols, 1969. Dugdale, B. E. C, Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour 1906-30, 2 vols, 1936. Dutton, D., Austen Chamberlain: Gentleman in Politics, 1985. Feiling, K., Neville Chamberlain, 1946. Gilbert, M., Winston S. Churchill: Volume IV. 1916-1922, 1975. Gilbert, M., Winston S. Churchill: Volume V, 1922-1939, 1976. Gilbert, M., Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat 1869-1941, 1973. Gilmour, D., Curzon, 1994. Gollin, A. M., Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power, 1964. Goradia, N., Lord Curzon: The Last of the British Moghuls, Delhi, 1993. James, R. R., Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900-1939, 1970. Jenkins, R., Asquith, 1964. Jenkins, R., Baldwin, 1987. Judd, D., Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860-1935, 1982. Koss, S., Asquith, 1972. Lees-Milne, J., Harold Nicolson: A Biography, vol. 1., paperback 1987. Mackay, R. F., Balfour: Intellectual Statesman, Oxford, 1985. McKercher, B. J. C, Esme Howard: A Diplomatic Biography, Cambridge, 1989. Mackintosh, J. P. (ed.), British Prime Ministers in the Twentieth Century, vol. 1., 1977. Marlowe, J., Milner: Apostle of Empire: A Life of Alfred George, the Right Honourable Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1976. Marquand, D., Ramsay MacDonald, 1977. Middlemas, K., Barnes, J., Baldwin: A Biography, 1969. Morgan, K. O., David Lloyd George 1863-1945, Wales, 1981. Mosley, L., Curzon: The End of an Epoch, 1960. Naylor, J. F., A Man and an Institution: Sir Maurice Hankey, the Cabinet Secretariat and the Custody of Cabinet Secrecy, Cambridge, 1984. Nicolson, H., Curzon: The Last Phase 1919-1925: A Study in Post-War Dip• lomacy, 1934. O'Brien, T. H., Milner: Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town 1854- 1925, 1979. Owen, F., Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times, 1954. Petrie, Sir C, Life and Letters of the Rt Hon. Sir Austen Chamberlain, 2 vols, 1939, 1940. Pope-Hennessy, J., Lord Crewe 1858-1945: The Likeness of a Liberal, 1955. Pound, R., Harmsworth, G, Northcliffe, 1959. Pugh, M., Lloyd George, 1988. Roberts, A., 'The Holy Fox'; A Biography of Lord Halifax, 1991. Ronaldshay, Earl of, The Life of Lord Curzon, 3 vols, 1928. Rose, K., Curzon: A Most Superior Person, paperback, 1985. Rose, K., The Later Cecils, 1975. Rose, N., Vansittart: Study of a Diplomat, 1978. Roskill, S., Hankey; Man of Secrets, 3 vols, 1970-74. Select Bibliography 223

Rowland, P., Lloyd George, 1975. Taylor, A. J. P., Lloyd George: Rise and Fall, Cambridge, 1961. Taylor, A. J. P., Beaverbrook, 1972. Thorpe, D. R., The Uncrowned Prime Ministers, 1980. Waley, S. D., Edwin Montagu: A Memoir and an Account of his Visits to India, 1964. Waterfield, G, Professional Diplomat: Sir Percy Loraine of Kirkharle Bt. 1880-1961, 1973. Young, G. M., Stanley Baldwin, 1952. Young, K., Stanley Baldwin, 1976. Young, K., Arthur James Balfour, 1962.

MONOGRAPHS [Published in London unless otherwise shown]

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ARTICLES

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Aaland Islands, 50-1, 54, 58 88-91, 94, 95-6, 101-4, 110, Abdullah, Emir of Transjordan, 115, 117, 120, 140-2, 164, 110, 112, 113 166, 170, 175, 176-8, 182, Abyssinia, 52 183, 189, 198, 200-1 Adamson, William, MP, 61 Anglo-French Guarantee Pact, Aden, 107 proposed, 13-14, 17-18, 20-4, Adly Pasha, Egyptian Prime 26-9, 49, 67, 139-40, 142, Minister, 147, 149-53 163, 182, 201 Admiralty, 52, 102, 118, 129, 156, Anglo-Iraq Treaty (1922), 113, 116, 161, 167, 168, 169 118-20 Adriatic Sea, 42, 51-2 Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 154, 165 Aegean Sea, 81 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902), 6, Afghanistan, 64, 67, 73, 82, 122, 41, 156, 166-71, 174, 178, 189, 195 183, 186, 196 Air Ministry, 118 Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919), 1, Albania, 44, 51, 52 123-9, 134, 164, 186, 193 Aleppo, 103 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 116, Alexander, King of the Hellenes, 81 122, 124, 127-30, 164 Alexandria, 149, 152, 157 Anglo-Russian Trade Agreement Algeciras, Act of (1906), 139 (1921), 65, 67-75, 130, 176, Allenby, Field Marshal 1st 194 Viscount, High Commissioner Anglo-Saudi Treaty (1915), 99 for Egypt (1919-25), 99, 144, Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1926), 119 146-9, 151-8 Ankara, 81, 82 Allenstein plebiscite, 54 Arabia, 98-9, 107, 109, 121, 193, Alsace-Lorraine, 14, 26, 42, 43 see also individual states Alston, Sir Beilby Francis, Minister Arabian Sea, 186 to China, 167 Arabs, 6, 77-8, 92, 95-7, 99-106, Ambassadors, Conference of, see 110-14, 116, 120-1, 134, 150, Conference of Ambassadors 193 Amery, Leopold C. M. S., MP, 4, Armenia, 64-5, 75, 77, 80, 92 111, 160 Army, British, 5-6, 35, 36, 40, 42, First Lord of the Admiralty 44, 46, 54, 61, 64-5, 76, 79, (1922-24), 118-19, 156 80-1, 85-8, 90, 93, 95, 97-8, Amritsar massacre, 6, 189 101-3, 105-12, 116-18, 121, Anatolia, 76-80, 82-5, 92-4, 96 122, 125-31, 134-5, 143, 146, Anglo-Belgian Security Pact, 149-52, 155-8, 183-4, 186, proposed, 17-18, 24 194-5, 197, 199, 200 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, proposed, Ashley, Lt-Col Wilfrid William, 146-7 MP, 170 Anglo-French Entente, fluctuations Asia, 60-1, 63-5, 69-70, 73-5, 82, in, 9, 10, 12-14, 16, 17-18, 97, 109, 122, 136, 158, 185-6, 19-24, 28, 30-1, 33-4, 37-9, 189, 194, see also individual 50, 58, 71, 76, 79, 82-6, states

229 230 Index

Asquith, Herbert Henry, MP, x, 4, Banks, Sir Reginald Mitchell, MP, 73 105, see also Liberal Party Bartlett, C. J., 187 Athens, 85, 93 Basra, 97, 98, 105-6, 109, 117 Atlantic Ocean, 136, 138, 161, 174 Batum, 64-6, 126 Australia, 6, 86, 149, 166 Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet Earl, Austria, 41, 44, 48, 55-8, 193 First Sea Lord (1919-27), 46 Austro-Hungarian Empire Beaverbrook, Lord, 178-80 (Habsburg Empire), 2, 13, Bekaa Valley, 103 41-4, 190, 198, 200 Belgium, 12, 14, 17-18, 19, 24, Azerbaijan, 64-5, 75 32-3, 36-7, 91, 177 Benn, William Wedgwood, MP, 84 Baghdad, 97, 105, 111, 129 Bentinck, Charles Henry, Counsellor Baku, 64, 67-8 at Athens (1920-24), 85 Baldwin, Stanley, MP, Berlin, 31, 45, 197 Chancellor of the Exchequer Bessarabia, 48 (1922-23), 33, 174 Birkenhead, 1st Earl of, Lord Prime Minister (1923-24), 3, 36, Chancellor (1919-22), 71, 89, 37-8, 40, 62, 94, 120, 156, 94, 194 177-8, 180-1, 188, 192, 197, Black Sea, 92 200 Blackett, Sir Basil, 55 Prime Minister (1924-29), 201 blockade, 45, 53, 66, 161, 175 Balfour, Arthur James, MP (1st Earl Board of Trade, 80, 172 of Balfour, 1922) Bolshevik propaganda, 61, 62, 64, Foreign Secretary (1916-19), 1, 66-74, 130, 132, 194 3, 4, 5 Bolshevism, concern about, 8, 15, Lord President of the Council 16, 17, 21, 41, 45, 47-8, 56, (1919-22), 27 57, 60-1, 63-4, 74, 114, 126, on Austrian loan, 55-6 130-1, 135, 137, 183, 185, Balfour Declaration on 189, 198, 199, see also Russia Palestine, 96, 99-100, Bombay, 79 113-14, 120 Bonar Law, Andrew, see Law, Balfour note on inter-Allied Andrew Bonar debts (1922), 30, 173 Borden, Sir Robert, former on Britain's financial problems, Canadian Prime Minister, 168 192 Boulogne Conference (1920), 17 & Egypt, 144 Brezhnev, Leonid Uyitch, 73 temporary Foreign Secretary Briand, Aristide, French Prime (1922), 28-9 Minister, 22-6, 28, 39, 84, on League of Nations, 10, 54 139-40, 182 on trade with Russia, 69 Britain, see Great Britain & Tangier, 140 Brussels Conference (1920), 17; anti-Turkish views, 78-9, 93 (1921), 18-19 & USA, 161 Bulgaria, 41, 42, 48, 58 at Washington Conference Burgenland plebiscite, 54 (1921-22), 169-70, 186 Burma, 122, 185 Balkans, 41-2, 49, 54, 57-8, 86, Burmah Oil Co., 164 see also individual states Baltic Sea, 42, 45-6, 195 Cabinet Finance Committee, 108, Baltic States, 41-2, 45-6, 185 109, 125, 127, 128 Index 231

Cabinet meetings, 15-16, 17, 19, Chelmsford, Lord (Viscount, 1921), 20-1, 24, 26, 29-30, 34, 36, Viceroy of India (1916-21), 6, 37, 45, 47, 49, 55-6, 57, 64, 78-9, 82, 125, 129, 196 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, China, 166-8, 195 72-4, 79-80, 82, 85-8, 91, Churchill, Winston Leonard 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, Spencer, MP, 114, 116, 118, 120, 126, 128, Secretary of State for War & Air 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, (1918-21), 157, 168, 169, 172-3, 174 & Baltic States, 45 Cabinet Secretariat, 4, 179-80 & Curzon, see Curzon Cairo, 110, 143-4, 146, 149, 152, & Egypt, 143, 148-9 155-8 on Germany, 16-17, 20-1 Cairo Conference (1921), 110-13 & Iraq, 107, 109 Calegeropoulos M., Prime Minister & Middle East, 100, 108 of Greece, 83 & Persia, 125-6, 128-9, 131, Caliphate, 78-9, 84, 189 134 Cambridge Liberal Club, 84 & Russia, 60, 62-3, 66, 68-9 Canada, 6, 86, 166, 168-9, 171, & Trans-Caucasia, 64-6 195, 196 & Turkey, 76, 79, Cannes Conference (1922), 22-5, & war criminals, 15 30, 70, 139, 201 Secretary of State for the Colonies Carlton Club, 89 (1921-22), 110-12, 115, 150 Carnegie, Hon. Sir Lancelot, on Anglo-French Pact, 17, 20, Minister to Portugal, 137 21-2 Carr, E. H., 182 & Cairo Conference (1921), Caspian Sea, 65, 125-6 111-12 Cavan, Field Marshal 10th Earl of, & Curzon, see Curzon CIGS (1922-26), 87 on debts, inter-Allied, 172 Cave, 1st Viscount, Lord & Egypt, 150-3 Chancellor (1922-24), 174 & France, 83 Cecil, Lord Robert, MP, 1, 9-10, & Iraq, 111-12, 115-16 52-4, 176 & Japan, 168 Central Powers, 15, 41, 42, 43, 55, & Middle East, 116, 121 58, 60, 62, 97, 197, see also & Palestine, 112-14, 115-16 separate states & Russia, 70-2, 74-5 Chamberlain, Arthur Neville, MP, & Transjordan, 112 33, 38, 90, 120 & Turkey, 83, 85-7, 89-90, 94 Chamberlain, Joseph Austen, MP, & USA, 115 Chancellor of the Exchequer Clemenceau, Georges, French Prime (1919-21), 15, 18, 55, 66, Minister, .8, 13, 101, 102 67, 160, 172-3 Cologne, 35 Lord Privy Seal (1921-22), 21, Colonial Office, 108-10, 111-12, 27, 70-1, 83, 84, 88, 89, 94, 114-16, 118-19, 121, 150 152, 200 Committee of Imperial Defence Foreign Secretary (1924-29), 201 (CID), 120, 138, 156-7, 170 Chanak, 85-8, 90, 92, 94, 177, 191, Conferences, international, 9, 13, 195, 196 18, 29, 32, 168-9, 180, 182, Cheetham, Sir Milne, Minister in 190, see also individual Paris (1921-22), 140 locations 232 Index

Conference of Ambassadors, 11, 19, 26-7, 67, 139-40, 142, 35, 50, 51, 53, 190 182, 201 Conservative Party, 3, 9, 13, 23, as author, x, 63, 122, 29, 31-2, 34-5, 61, 64, 70-1, & Baldwin, 3, 38, 94, 180-1 72, 73, 74, 77, 89, 94, 99, 100, & Balfour, x, 28 103-9, 114, 117, 121, 143, & Bonar Law, 3, 31, 89-91, 150, 152, 180, 187, 192 94, 180-1 Constantine, King of the Hellenes, & Cannes Conference (1922), 81-2, 93 22-3, 201 Constantinople, 76, 78, 79-81, 85, & Churchill, 20, 64, 66, 69, 88, 89, 90, 92, 126 70, 109, 111, 115-16, 126, Constanza, 49 131, 149-51, 153, 179-80 Copenhagen, 65 death, 201 cordon sanitaire, 41-3, 46-9, 57-9, on debts, inter-Allied, 38, 171-2 66, 69, 75, 181 & the Eastern Committee, 97, Corfu, 52-4, 58, 184 101, 103, 120 Costigliola, F. C, 164 & Eastern Europe, 43-4 Councils of Action, 47, 191 & Egypt, 143-6, 148-57, 159 Cox, Maj.-Gen. Sir Percy & Foreign Office, 1-2 Zachariah, & Franco-Belgian occupation acting Minister to Persia of the Ruhr, 32, 34-8, 40 (1918-20), 123-5 & Franco-German problem, High Commissioner in Iraq 183 (1920-23), 108, 113, 116, & Germany, 21, 183 120, 129 & Greece, 93 Crewe, 1st Marquess of, health problems, 28-9, 71, 84 Liberal Leader in House of Lords & Imperial Conference (1921), (1918-22), 105 21; (1923), 38 Ambassador to France (1922-28), & imperialism, 63, 67, 75, 101, 35, 36-7, 73, 197 103, 119, 123, 143, 145, Cromer, 2nd Earl of, 145 159, 160, 182, 183, 186, Crowe, Sir Eyre, Foreign Office 189 Permanent Under-Secretary, & Iraq, 105-6, 116-20 (1920-25), 2, 28, 70, 119, 131, & Italy, 52, 53-4, 58 137, 140, 141, 142, 153, 156 & Japan, 167-9, 183 Curzon, George Nathaniel, (Baron, on League of Nations, 10, 49, 1898; Earl Curzon of 183 Kedleston, 1911; 1st Marquess, & Little Entente, 49 1922) & Lloyd George, 1,3-5, 11, early career, x-xi 27-8, 39, 48, 64, 69, 75, & Viceroyalty, x, 122 82-3, 89, 93-4, 109-10, Lloyd George's War Cabinet 178-84 (1916-18), x-xi & Memel, 50 Deputy Foreign Secretary (1919), & Middle Eastern Department, 1, 123 108-9, 114 Foreign Secretary, (1919-24), ix, & Middle East mandates, 1, 4, 10-11, 89 115-17, 120 & Aaland Islands, 50 pacific goals, 11, 12, 40, 187 & Anglo-French Pact, 21-3, & pacifism, 191 Index 233

& Persia, 1, 122-35, 183, 189 Secretary of State for War personal qualities, 1-2, 39, 93, (1922-24), 32, 35, 37, 90, 179-80, 197 117, 118-20, 157 record as Foreign Secretary, De Robeck, Admiral Sir John, High 176-87, 189, 197, 199-201 Commissioner at Constantinople & reparations, 19, 30, 37 (1920), 78, 81, 82 & Russia, 47-8, 60, 62-9, 71-5, Devonshire, 9th Duke of, Colonial 181-3 Secretary (1922-4), 97, 118, & Spain and Portugal, 137-8 120, 174 & Tangier, 139-42, 159, 182 diplomacy, 8-9, 11, 12, 29, 35, 39, & Turkey, 30-2, 77-87, 89-94, 45, 48, 49, 58, 59, 64, 70, 83, 116-17, 176, 182-3 85, 92, 94, 100, 124, 131, 161, underlying policy problems, 164, 181, 182, 190, 195, 197 2-11 disarmament, 16, 22, 23, 42, 56, & Upper Silesia plebiscite, 19, 162, 166, 169-70 183 Dobrudja, 48 & USA, 115-16, 130, 162-3, Dockrill, Michael L. & Goold, 168-9, 172 J. Douglas, 43, 92 & Vilna, 49-50 Dodecanese Islands, 52 & war criminals, 15 Dorpat, Treaties of (1920), 46 & Zionism, 99-100 Drummond, Sir James Eric, Curzon, Grace, Marchioness, 179 Sec.-Gen. of League of Cyrenaica, 52 Nations, 155 Czech Legion, 60 Dyer, Brigadier-General Reginald, Czechoslovakia, 23, 41-2, 48, 50, 6, 189 56, 57 Eastern Committee, x, 97, 101, 103, D'Abernon, 1st Baron, Ambassador 120 to Germany (1920-26), 15, 21, Egypt, 6, 12, 52, 76, 87, 96-7, 100, 31, 47, 197 107, 109, 118, 136, 142-59, Daily Herald, 61, 68 176, 185, 189, 192, 196, 198 Daily Mail, 87 Egypt, Sultan of (subsequently King Damascus, 95, 101, 103 of), 149, 157-8 Danube Economic Federation, Eliot, Sir Charles, Ambassador to suggested, 44, 55 Japan (1919-26), 167 Danube, River, 57 English Speaking Union, 165 Darmstadt, French occupation Enzeli, 64, 125-6 (1920), 17 Estonia, 46 Davidson, John Colin Campbell, Europe, see also individual states, MP, 33, 37 Eastern, 8, 13, 24, 41, 42-5, Dawes Plan (1924), 184 48-9, 54-9, 64, 66, 178, debts, inter-Allied, 30, 38-9, 160-1, 181, 184, 185, 189, 198 171-5, 186, 192, 193-4, 199 Western, 12, 17, 22, 30, 34, 39. Denikin, General Anton I., 60-1, 40, 65, 177, 178, 181, 183, 64, 66, 126 185, 188, 198 Denmark, 14 Exchequer, see Treasury Derby, 17th Earl of, Ambassador to France (1918-20), Far East, 41, 160, 166-70, see also 20-1, 27, 197 individual states 234 Index

Feisal Emir, & Tangier, 138-42 & Syria, 101, 103-4, 110 & Transjordan, 110 King of Iraq (1921), 111-13, & Turkey, 79, 81-8, 90-1, 96, 116, 118-20 117 Finland, 41, 46, 50-1 & Vilna, 49-50 First World War, see World War I & Washington Conference Fisher, Herbert A. L., MP, (1921-22), 23, 169-70 President of the Board of Franklin-Bouillon, Henri, 83, 94 Education (1916-22), 66-7, 68, Frankfurt, French occupation 80, 117, 143-4, 148-9, 151 (1920), 17 Fiume, 51-2, 164 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 43, 94 Gallipoli, 77 Foreign Office, British, ix, 1-5, 11, Gandhi, Mahatma, 196 12-13, 15, 19, 20, 28, 38, 43, 'Garden Suburb', see Prime 58, 62, 65, 66, 72, 75, 77, 79, Minister's Secretariat 81, 89, 98, 99, 103, 107-9, Geddes, Sir Auckland Campbell, 111, 115, 117, 118, 124-7, President of the Board of Trade 129-34, 137, 139-42, 143, (1919-20), 172 145, 146, 155-6, 157, 159, Ambassador to USA (1920-24), 167, 168, 179-81, 188, 189, 165, 167-9, 197 193, 194, 197 Geddes, Sir Eric Campbell, Minister France, see also Anglo-French of Transport (1919-21), 149 Entente; Anglo-French Pact; Genoa Conference (1922), 28-9, Reparations; Ruhr, 55, 70-2, 74, 140, 185 air force, 29, 31, 198 George, David Lloyd, see Lloyd & Baltic States, 46 George, David & Corfu, 53 George V, King, 21 & Czechoslovakia, 23 Georgia, 64-5, 75 & debts, inter-Allied, 173 Germany, see also Reparations; & Eastern Europe, 13, 24, 44-5, Rhineland; Ruhr, 48-9, 58 & Austria, 57 & Germany, 8, 12-14, 16-21, & Baltic States, 41, 45-6 24-5, 28-9, 38-40, 48-9, former colonies, 6, 166, 196 184, 201 & Czechoslovakia, 42 hegemony, French aim suspected defeat (1918), 176, 186, 198, 200 by Britain, 13, 18, 19, 21, & Eastern Europe, 42, 44, 57-9 23, 28-9, 31, 38, 57-8, 94, & Egypt, 155 139, 176, 183, 188-9, 198, financial problems, 21-2, 31, 33, 200 37, 39-40 & Iraq, 111-12, 115 & Finland, 46 & League of Nations, 10, 141 fleet scuttled (1919), 18, 161 & Little Entente, 48-9, 58 & France, 8, 12-14, 16-21, 24-5, & Long-Berenger Oil Agreement, 28-9, 38-40, 48-9, 184, 201 102 & Great Britain, 7, 14-17, 20-1, & Memel, 50 33-5, 38, 181-3, 187, 192, & Poland, 20, 23, 47-8, 58 193 & Russia, 70 & League of Nations, 9 & Spain, 137 & Poland 47 & Syria, 95-6, 101-4, 115 political stability & disarmament. Index 235

14-17, 19, 21, 39, 45, 188, national economy, 7, 15, 18, 25, 190, 198 63, 68-9, 104, 161, 175, 183, & Russia, 16, 29, 41, 60-1, 71, 74 187, 189, 192-4, 199, 200 & Upper Silesia, 19-20 overseas trade, 7, 14-15, 39-40, Gibraltar, 136, 138, 156 43, 55, 58, 61-2, 65, 66, Gilmour, David, 178 68-70, 75, 98, 138, 164, 166, Goode, Sir William, 43, 55-6 175, 176, 187-8, 192-4, 200 Goradia, Nayana, 179 Parliament, influence on foreign Gough, Lt-Gen. Sir Hubert de la affairs, 7, 9, 17, 20, 23, 25, Poer, 66 31, 32, 47, 61, 66, 70, 77, Government Code and Cypher 80, 95, 104-7, 108-9, 114, School, 68, 83, 91 117, 121, 128, 134-5, 152, Graham, Sir Ronald, Minister to the 155, 166, 176-7, 187-8, Netherlands (1919-21), 15, 191-3, 198-9, see also Grand Mufti, 146 names of political parties & Great Britain, politicians armed forces, see name of service press, 9, 25, 34, 48, 61, 63, 77, Dominions, self-governing, 6, 18, 87, 106, 121, 145, 153-4, 20, 25, 86, 136, 158, 166-9, 174, 191, see also individual 195-8, see also individual publications names public opinion, influence on Empire, ix, 1, 2, 5-6, 18, 40, 49, foreign affairs, 7, 9, 11, 12, 55, 63, 67, 69, 74-5, 78-9, 13, 20, 27, 34-5, 37-8, 40, 89. 95, 97-8, 100, 101, 103, 43, 44, 47, 48, 60-1, 63, 66, 113, 117, 118, 120-1, 122-3, 68-9, 77, 80, 87, 90, 99, 128, 132, 134, 136, 143-5, 108, 172, 180, 187, 191-2, 149, 153-4, 158-9, 161, 164, 195, 198-9 168, 170, 175, 176, 183, unemployment, 7, 40, 68-9, 75, 185-6, 189, 193, 195-8, 200 183,' 187-8, 192, 194 expenditure, pressure for Greece, 51, 52-4, 77-8, 80-86, reduction in, 7, 25, 42, 63, 92-3, 183, 194 76, 100, 104-13, 116-17, Gretton, Colonel John, MP, 87 119-21, 124-6, 129, 131, Grey of Falloden, 1st Viscount, 134-5, 137, 146, 150, 167, former Foreign Secretary, 4, 170, 186, 192-4, 197, 198 197-8 foreign policy, pacific aims of, Special Ambassador to USA 2-3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 39, 40, 43, (1919-20), 162-3, 165 45, 47, 54, 58, 66, 71, 99, Guinness, Hon. Walter MP, 108 100, 185-8, 191, 200-1 foreign relations, see individual Habsburg Empire, see Austro- states and issues Hungarian Empire government, see Baldwin, Law, Hackwood, 86 Lloyd George, and Cabinet Hague Conferences (1922), 72 meetings Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca), 98 government departments, see Hama, 95, 103 individual names 'Hands off Russia' campaign, 62, 191 League of Nations, attitude to, Hankey, Sir Maurice, Secretary to 9-10, 54, 58, 190 the Cabinet (1916-38), 4, 5, ministers, see individual names 23, 68, 74, 116 236 Index

Harding, Warren G, US President Imperial Cabinet, 149, 170 (1921-23), 163, 169, 172 Imperial Conference (1921), 21, Hardinge of Penshurst, 1st Baron, 150, 168, 169; (1923), 38, 196 Permanent Under-Secretary, imperialism, 7, 52, 160, 164, Foreign Office (1916-20), 2, 195-6, see also Curzon; Great 15-16, 79, 127, 146 Britain (Empire) Ambassador to France (1920-22), India, 6, 41, 61, 63-4, 65, 67, 73, 22, 26, 88, 139-40, 197 78-80, 82-4, 97, 98, 100, 118, memoirs (1947), 179 119, 122-3, 129, 136, 143, Harington, Lt-Gen. Sir Charles, 144, 146, 148, 152, 169, 176, GOC Army of the Black Sea 186, 189, 192, 195, 196 (1920-23), 85-6, 88 India Act, Government of (1935), Hedjaz, 99, 108, 109 196 Herbert, Hon. Aubrey, MP, 44, 176 India Office, 79, 107-8, 124 Hindu opinion, 83, 189 Indo-Afghan War (1919), 64, 189 Hitler, Adolf, German Chancellor, 12 Iraq (Mesopotamia), 41, 76, 95, Hoare, Sir Samuel J. G, MP, 80, 97-8, 100-13, 115-21, 122, 166-7, 192 135, 176, 185-6, 189, 193 Secretary of State for Air Iraq Committee, 118-20 (1922-24), 31 Ireland, 5, 6, 40, 74, 115, 144, Hodgson, Robert Macleod, British 151-2, 154, 156, 160, 162-3, Agent in Russia (1921-24), 72 165-6, 171, 174, 176, 192, Holland, see Netherlands 196, 198 Horns, 95, 103 Irkutsk, 60 Hong Kong, 167 Irwin, 1st Baron, Viceroy of India Home, Sir Robert S., MP, (1926-31), 196 President of the Board of Trade Islam, see Muslim opinion (1920-21), 67, 69 Islington, 1st Baron, 114 Chancellor of the Exchequer Ismet Pasha, 91, 176 (1921-22), 21, 71, 173 Ismid Peninsula, 81, 85, 89, 90 Howard, Sir Esme W., Ambassador Italy, 8, 32, 41, 44-5, 51-4, 58, to Spain (1919-24), 137, 139, 76-7, 81-4, 90-1, 115, 137-8, 142 164, 184 Hughes, Charles Evans, US Secretary of State (1921-25), Japan, 6, 9, 41, 143, 156, 160, 169 166-71, 174, 178, 183, 186, Hughes, William Morris, Australian 193, 196 Prime Minister (1915-23), 149 Jerusalem, 111, 112 Hungary, 41-4, 48, 56-8 Jews, see Zionism Hurst, Cecil, 145 Jones, Tom, 33 Hussein, Sherif of Mecca and King Jordan, River, 110 of the Hedjaz, 96, 99, 101, Joynson-Hicks, Sir William, MP, 105, 110, 112, 121 114 Hythe Conference (1920), 17 Jubaland, 52

Iberian peninsula, 136-7, see also Karl, ex-King of Hungary & Portugal; Spain ex-Emperor of Austria, 56 Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd, 99, 112, Kawam-es-Sultaneh, Persian Prime 121 Minister, 130-2 Index 237

Kazvin, 126 League of Nations, 6-7, 9-11, 18, Keeble, Curtis, Ambassador to 19, 43, 49-51, 52-4, 55-8, 76, Russia (1978-82), 73 80, 104-6, 113, 115-16, Kemal Pasha, Turkish Nationalist 119-20, 123, 126, 140-1, 155, leader, 76-7, 81-3, 86-8, 92-4, 162-3, 166-8, 180, 183, 190 117, 185, 189 League of Nations Union, 27 Kennard, Howard William, Lebanon, 101-3 Counsellor in Rome (1919-25), Lee of Fareham, 1st Viscount, 53 First Lord of the Admiralty Kenworthy, Lieutenant-Commander (1921-22), 129, 168-9 Joseph, MP, 43, 44, 72 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyitch, President Kerensky, Alexander, Russian of Soviet of People's Prime Minister, 62 Commissars, 46, 61, 75 Kermanshah, 126 Leverhulme, 1st Viscount, 80 Kerr, Philip Henry, Secretary to Liberal Party, Prime Minister (1916-21), 4-5, Asquithian (the 'Wee Frees'), 3, 66, 81, 83, 151-2 9, 18, 23, 34-5, 61, 72, 75, Keynes, John Maynard, 8, 15, 171 77, 80, 100, 105-7, 109, Kiev, 47 121, 187, 191-2 Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 2 Coalition (Lloyd George), 3, 23, Kitchener, Field Marshal Earl, x 105, 107, 109, 121, 143, Kolchak, Admiral A. V., 60-1 187, 192 Krasnovodsk, 64 Lithuania, 42, 46, 49-50 Krassin, Leonid, leader of Russian Little Entente, 48-9, 58 Trade delegation, 64, 67-9, Litvinov, Maxim, Deputy Commissar 126 for Foreign Affairs, 67 Lindsay, Ronald, Foreign Office Labour Government (1924), 3, 74, Under-Secretary (1921-24), 130 75, 157-8, 178, 188 Lisbon, 137 Labour Party, 3, 9, 18, 23, 34-5, Lloyd George, David, MP, Prime 47, 61-2, 63, 69, 72, 75, 77, Minister (1916-22), 100, 106-7, 109, 121, 157, appoints Churchill to Colonial 187, 191-2 Office, 110 Lamb, Richard, 180 & Cannes Conference (1922), Latvia, 46 22-5, 70, 201 Lausanne Conference (1922-23), coalition government, x-xi, 3, 9, 32, 36, 72, 89, 90-3, 118-19, 12, 23, 31, 70, 86-7, 89, 94, 176, 181 106-7, 117, 154, 173, 176-8, Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 92-4, 181, 184, 192, 197 184, 199, 200 & Curzon, 1, 3-5, 11, 27-8, 39, Law, Andrew Bonar, MP, 48, 64, 69, 75, 82-3, 89, Lord Privy Seal (1919-21), 43, 93-4, 109-10, 178-84 126, 148, 160 & Eastern Europe, 43, 181 out of office (1921-22), 88-9, 90 & Egypt, 143, 148-9, 151-2, 154 Prime Minister (1922-23), 3, foreign policy, aims of, x, 2, 11, 31-3, 36, 40, 52, 62, 72-3, 30, 39-40, 71 89, 90, 91, 94, 111, 117-18, foreign policy, assessment of, 119, 120, 174, 177-8, 180-1, 176-9, 181-5, 188, 197, 185, 188, 192, 197, 200 200-1 238 Index

foreign policy, indiscreet Prime Minister (1924), 158, interventions in, 3-5, 27-8, 188 81-3, 94, 178-81, 182 Madrid, 137, 138, 142 & France, 14, 21, 27, 183 Magyars, see Hungary & Genoa Conference (1922), Malay Archipelago, 171 28-9, 70-2, 185 Malone, Lt-Col Cecil L'Estrange, & Germany, 14, 19, 30-1, 70, MP, 61 181, 182, 183 Manchester Guardian, 61, 63, 66, & Greece and Turkey, 76-9, 106, 145, 196 81-90, 93-4, 176, 182-3 mandates, 6-7, 95, 101-6, 110, & Iraq, 105-6 112-17, 120, 122, 160, 164-5, & Japan, 168-9, 183 178, 185, 193, 196 & Long-Berenger Oil Agreement, Manuel, ex-King of Portugal, 137 102 Marienwerder plebiscite, 54 & Middle East, 108, 115-16 Maxwell, Sir John, 145 at Paris Peace Conference, 5, 8, McMahon, Sir Henry, High 14, 39, 161-2, 178 Commissioner in Egypt personal qualities, 4, 39, 188 (1914-16), 96, 99 & Poland, 43, 47-8, 183 McNeill, Ronald, MP, Under• resignation, 31, 89 secretary for Foreign Affairs & Russia, 22, 47-8, 60, 62-4, (1922-24), 72, 117-20, 177 65-72, 74-5, 181, 183, 185 Mecca, 96, 98-9 & Syria, 101-3 Medina, 98-9 & USA, 115-16, 161, 163, 183 Mediterranean Sea, 77, 136, 138, & Zionism, 99 142, 158-9, 185 Lloyd-Greame, Sir Philip, MP, Medlicott, W. N., 188 Secretary of Overseas Trade Meighen, Arthur, Prime Minister of Department (1921-22), 131, Canada (1920-21), 168-9 164 Mejliss (Persian parliament), 123-4, President of the Board of Trade 126-9 (1922-23), 119, 174 Memel, 50 Locarno, Treaties of (1925), 40, Merv, 64 184, 201 Meshed, 64 London, Bishop of, 80 Mesopotamia, see Iraq London Conferences: (Feb. 1921), Middle East, 8, 39, 76-7, 95-9, 18-19; (March 1921), 82-3; 100-13, 115-18, 120-1, 134, (Aug. 1922), 30; (Dec. 1922), 144, 149-50, 160, 162, 163, 32; (1923), 141 164-5, 178, 189, 192, 193, London money market, 56-7, 193 200, see also individual states London, Treaty of (1915), 76 and territories Long-Berenger Oil Agreement Middle East Conference (1921), see (1919), 102, 115 Cairo Conference Long, Walter Hume, MP, First Lord Middle Eastern Department, 107-11, of the Admiralty (1919-21), 114, 118, 121, 150 67, 102 Middlemas, Keith, & Barnes, J., Loraine, Sir Percy, Minister to 180, 181 Persia (1921-26), 132-5 Milner, 1st Viscount, Colonial Secretary (1919-21), 15, MacDonald, James Ramsay, MP, 60, 79, 108, 109 Index 239

Milner Mission to Egypt Niemayer, Sir Otto, 55 (1919-20), 144-9, 153 Norman, Herman Cameron, Minister Milner-Zaghlul Memorandum to Persia (1920-21), 126-9, (1920), 148, 150-1 131-2, 134 Minto, 4th Earl of, Viceroy of India Northcliffe, 1st Viscount, 165 (1905-10), 196 Northedge, F. S., 75 Mohammedans, see Muslim opinion Novar, 1st Viscount, Secretary of Mohammerah, Sheikh of, 133 State for Scotland (1922-24), Montagu, Edwin Samuel, MP, 119 Secretary of State for India Novorossisk, 61 (1917-22), 6, 69, 78-80, 82-4, 99-100, 108-9, 146, 148, 153, O'Grady, James, MP, 65 155, 168, 186, 196 oil, 98-102, 105-6, 115-17, 122-32, Morel, Edmund D., MP, 72, 187 160, 164-5, 171, 185 Morgan, Kenneth, 183 Oliphant, Lancelot, 133 Morley, 1st Viscount, Secretary of O'Neill, Major Hugh, MP, 160 State for India (1905-10), 196 Ormsby-Gore, Hon. William, MP, Morning Post, 34 44, 108, 109, 111, 192 Morocco, 12, 138-9 Otranto, Straits of, 51 Moscow, 73, 126, 132 Ottley, Major, 20 Moslems, see Muslim opinion Ottoman Empire, see Turkish Mosley, Oswald, MP, 177 Empire Mosul, 91, 95, 97, 101, 106, 118-19 Overseas Trade (Credits and Mudania Conference (1922), 88-9 Insurance) Act (1920), 55 Munich Crisis (1938), 43 Murmansk, 60 Pacific Ocean, 6, 9, 143, 156, 158, Mushir-ed-Dowlah, Persian Prime 166-7, 169-71, 193 Minister, 124-7 Palatinate, 38 Muslim opinion, 78-9, 82-3, 98-100, Palestine, 76, 95-105, 107, 109-10, 129, 140, 152, 183, 189 112-17, 120-1, 122, 176, 177, Mussolini, Benito, Italian Prime 185, 192 Minister, 52-3, 91 Paris, 37, 84, 86, 103, 139, 140-1, Mustapha Kemal, see Kemal Pasha 197 Paris Conference (1923), 32-3, 181 Nationalism, 6, 40-1, 52, 77, 83, Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), 86, 92-3, 96, 103, 113, 116, 1, 5, 8-9, 11, 13, 14, 39, 41, 120, 131-4, 143-7, 150-3, 43, 44, 47, 51-2, 76-7, 78, 79, 155-6, 158, 185, 189, 192, 95, 101, 105, 138, 160, 162, 195-6, 199 164, 166, 178, 182 Near East, 26, 29, 30, 39, 76-7, 79, Peking, 167 82-4, 86-90, 93-4, 140, 155, Peel, 2nd Viscount, Secretary of 163, 177, 182-3, 190 State for India (1922-24), 119 Nejd, 99 Peking, 167 Netherlands, 15-16, 169 Persia, 1, 41, 63-5, 67, 73, 98, 109, Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 42 122-35, 160, 164-5, 183-6, New Zealand, 6, 86, 166 189, 193, 195, 198 Nicholas II, ex-Czar of Russia, 61 Persia, Imperial Bank of, 127-9, 131 Nicolson, Harold, ix, 19, 29, 36, Persian Cossack Brigade, 124, 127, 90, 91, 179, 189 129 240 Index

Persian Gulf, 97-8, 185 Royal Dutch Shell Oil Co., 164 Persia, Shah of, 133 Royal Navy, 6, 35, 42, 45-7, 52, plebiscites, 54, 190, see also 54, 68, 72, 80, 94, 98, 129, specific locations 137, 138, 143, 156, 161-2, Poincare, Raymond, Prime Minister 167, 170, 186, 193-5, 198-9 of France (1922-24), 25-30, Ruhr, Franco-Belgian occupation of 31-3, 36-8, 53, 70, 84, 86, 88, (1923-24), 30, 32-8, 40, 53, 94, 140, 173, 181 91, 142, 177-8, 181, 184, 188 Poland, 14, 19-20, 23, 41-2, 43, Rumbold, Sir Horace, High 46, 47-50, 58, 67-9, 74, 178, Commissioner at 183, 184, 185, 191, 195 Constantinople (1920-24), Polish-Roumanian Treaty (1921), 48 85-6, 88, 92 Pollock, Sir Ernest Murray, MP, Russia, see also Bolshevik Attorney-General (1922), 89 propaganda; Bolshevism, Portugal, 136-7 Allied intervention in, 2-3, 43, Prague, 189 45, 60-3, 64, 65, 176, 183-4, Prime Minister's Secretariat 194, 198 ('Garden Suburb'), 4, 66, & Baltic States, 41, 45-6, 185 179-80, 182 & Bolshevik government, 8, 13, Primo de Rivera, General, Spanish 60-1, 66 dictator, 137-8, 142 & Eastern Europe, 41-2, 44, 57-9 protectionism, 3, 164, 175, 188, 199 & League of Nations, 9 Lenin's New Economic Policy, 75 Quai D'Orsay (French Foreign & Middle East, 120 Office), 26 & Germany, 16, 29, 41, 60-1, 71, 74 Rapallo, Treaties of, & Great Britain, 47-8, 60-75, Italo-Yugoslav (1920), 52 130, 164, 176, 178, 181-3, Russo-German (1922), 29, 71, 74 184-5, 187, 191, 192, 194, Reading, 1st Earl of, Viceroy of 198 India (1921-26), 84 & Persia, 65, 73, 122, 124-6, Red Sea, 98 128-32, 134-5, 186 Reparations, 14-15, 16, 17, 18-25, & Poland, 42, 47-8, 58, 67-9, 28-37, 39-40, 42, 70, 91, 140, 184, 185, 191, 195 163, 173, 180, 182, 190, 192 recognition, problem of, 22, 39, Reza Khan, Persian Prime Minister, 66, 70, 72, 74-5 129, 132-4 & Turkey, 76, 90, 96 Rhineland, 13-14, 19, 20, 35-6, & USA, 60, 70, 163 38-9 & 'war communism', 75 Riga, 189 Robertson, Malcolm Arnold, St Germain, Treaty of (1919), 42 Consul-General, Tangier St Jean de Maurienne, Treaty of (1921-25), 141 (1917), 76 Rodd, Sir Rennell, 145 Salandra, Antonio, Italian Roddie, Lt-Col Stuart, 15 statesman, 53 Ronaldshay, Earl of, 179 Salisbury, 4th Marquess of, Lord Roumania, 41, 42, 48, 49, 102 President of the Council Royal Air Force (RAF), 29, 31, (1922-24), 90, 120, 177, 187, 107, 111-12, 116, 121, 143 188 Index 241

Samuel, Sir Herbert, High Standard Oil Company (US), 116, Commissioner for Palestine 124, 130, 164-5 (1920-25), 112, 113 Starosselsky, Colonel, 124 Sanders, Sir Robert, MP, Minister Straits (Dardanelles & Bosphorus), of Agriculture & Fisheries 76, 81, 85-6, 90, 92, 183 (1922-24), 72 submarines, 23-4, 170, 182, 195, San Remo Conference (1920), 66, 198 80, 102, 105, 115, 164 successor states, 2, 13, 41-2, 44, Sarwat Pasha, Egyptian Prime 45, 49, 55-6, 59, 189, see also Minister, 153, 158 individual states Scandinavia, 41, 44, 54, 57, see Sudan, 107, 154, 157-8 also individual states Suez Canal, 97-8, 136, 143-4, Schleswig plebiscite, 54 149-51, 154, 156-7, 159 Second World War, see World War Sultan of Egypt, see Egypt, Sultan of II Sultan of Turkey, see Turkey, self-determination, 20, 42, 51, 77, Sultan of 96, 143, 165, 190, 195, 196 Supreme Council of the Allied Serbia, 42, 43 Powers, 10-11, 19, 44, 50, Sevres, Treaty of (1920), 80-3, 55-6, 66, 77, 80, 93, 103, 105, 85-6, 92-3, 94, 115, 176 181, 190 Seyyid-Zia-ed-Din, Persian Prime Sweden, 50-1 Minister, 129-30 Switzerland, 89 Shah of Persia, 133 Sydenham, 1st Baron, 114 Sharp, A. J., 178, 180 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 76, Shaw, Thomas, MP, 177 95-6, 101-2 Shuckburgh, Sir John Evelyn, 118 Syria, 95-6, 97, 101-4, 110, 111, Siam, see Thailand 115, 189 Siberia, 60 Silesia, Upper, plebiscite in, 19-21, Tabriz, 126 54, 183, 185 Tangier, 24, 26, 102, 138-42, 159, Simon, Sir John, MP, 34 182, 194 Singapore, 170, 193 Tangier Agreement (1923), 142, 199 Sinn Fein, 152 Teheran, 64, 123-4, 126, 129-32 Siphardar-i-Azam, Persian Prime Teschen, 42, 50, 185 Minister, 127-9 Thailand (Siam), 12, 122, 185 Smith, Armitage, financial adviser Thrace, 92 to Persia, 124-5, 129 Tibet, 168 Smuts, General Jan Christian, Prime Times, The, 44, 67, 80, 88, 90, 106, Minister of South Africa 128, 152, 165, 172 (1919-24), 33, 34 Tokyo, 143, 167 Smyrna, 76-7, 82-3, 85, 92, 93 Trans-Caspia, 41, 60, 122, 186 Solomon Islands, 69 Trans-Caucasia, 41, 60, 64-7, 75, South Africa, Union of, 33, 34, 86 122, 186, see also individual South China Sea, 171 states Southampton, 174 Transjordan, 110, 112-13 South Persia Rifles, 129 Transylvania, 48 Soviet Union, see Russia Treasury, 19, 21, 38, 53, 100, 107, Spa Conference (1920), 17 112, 121, 123, 124, 129, 131, Spain, 136-9, 141-2, 194 134, 137, 171-3, 180, 182, 193 242 Index

Trenchard, Air-Marshal Sir Hugh, & oil, 102, 115-16, 117, 130-1, Chief of the Air Staff 160, 164-5, 171 (1918-29), 107, 112, 118 overseas trade, 161, 164, 175 Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 42, 43, & Persia, 130-3, 160 56 & Poland, 47 Trotsky, Leon, 62 & reparations, 36, 38, 163 Turkey, 30-2, 41, 49, 52, 57, 59, & Russia, 60, 70, 163 76-94, 96, 101, 111-12, 116-20, Senate, 13, 160, 162-3 122, 140, 163, 176, 183, 184, State Department, 115, 130 185-6, 189, 190, 194, 195, 200 Treasury, 173 Turkey, Sultan of, Caliph, 76, 78-81, & Turkish peace negotiations, 163 93, 94, 185 & Washington Conference Turkish Empire, 6, 76-9, 81-3, 92, (1920-21), 23, 166, 169-71 93, 95, 97, 100-1, 106, 120, Washington Treaties (1921), 185, 190, 196 170-1, 175 Turkish Petroleum Company, 98, & World War I, 160, 161, 175 115-16 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 136

Ukraine, 47 Venizelos, Eleutherios, Greek Prime Ulster, 162 Minister, 77, 81, 93-4 unemployment, see Great Britain Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 8, 12, (Unemployment) 13-15, 16-17, 30, 42, 45, 71, Unionist Party, see Conservative 76, 93, 94, 160, 162-3, 165, Party 176, 178, 182, 184, 185, 196 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vienna, 55 (USSR), see Russia Villiers, Gerald Hyde, 137, 141 United States of America (USA), Vilna, 42, 49-50, 185 & the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Vossugh-ed-Dowlah, Persian Prime 6, 166-71, 174, 186, 196 Minister, 123-6 & Canada, 6, 166, 168, 171, 195, 196 war criminals, 15-16 Congress, 162, 165 War Office, 15, 16, 63-4, 76, 81, & debts, inter-Allied, 30, 38, 161, 88, 90, 107-8, 110, 117-19, 171-4, 175, 186, 192-4 125, 156, 168, 182 & European relief, 43 Warsaw, 47, 48, 58, 67, 189 & France, unratified Guarantee Washington, 197 Pact to, 13-14, 17, 163 Washington Conference (1921-22), & Fiume, 164 23, 166, 169-71, 186 & Great Britain, 115-16, 117, Washington Five-Power Naval 160-75, 176, 183, 186, 196 Treaty (1922), 170-1, 175 & Ireland, 160, 162, 163, 165-6, Washington Four-Power Pacific 171, 174 Pact (1922), 170-1 isolationism, 12, 39, 40, 161, Wasserstein, Bernard, 100 162, 163, 171 White, Stephen, 68 & League of Nations, 9, 162-3 Wilhelm II, German Kaiser, 15-16 & Middle East, 96, 102, 115-16, Williams, Aneurin, MP, 80 117, 120-1, 160, 162 Wilson, Lt-Col Arnold Talbot, Navy, 160-2, 166, 170, 183, 186, Acting Civil Commissioner 198-9 Persian Gulf, 111 Index 243

Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry, World War II (1939-45), 8, 59, Chief of Imperial General Staff 159, 170, 177-8, 197 (1918-22), 5, 44, 80, 126, 184 Worthington-Evans, Sir Laming, Wilson, Woodrow, US President Minister without Portfolio (1913-21), 8-9, 18, 52, 76-7, (1920-21), 149 143, 160-3, 166, 190, 195 Secretary of State for War Winchester, 16th Marquess of, 181 (1921-22), 71, 84-5 Wingate, Sir Reginald, High Commissioner for Egypt Yangtse River, 166 (1917-19), 144 York, Archbishop of, 80 Winterton, 6th Earl, MP, 106, 108, Young, Hubert Winthrop, 103 111, 192 Yugoslavia, 41-2, 44, 48, 49, 51-2, Wolmer, Viscount, MP, 176 56 World War I (1914-18), ix, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12, 34, 41, 60-1, 77, 81, Zaghlul Pasha (Saad Zaghlul), 143, 92, 95-9, 101, 108, 122, 136, 147-53, 156-8 143, 160-1, 175, 176, 183-4, Zeligowski, General, 49 185, 188, 189, 190, 191-2, Zionism, 96, 99-100, 112, 113-14. 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200-1 121