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Rethinking French Identity Through Literature

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Rethinking French Identity Through Literature RETHINKING FRENCH IDENTITY THROUGH LITERATURE: THE CASE OF FOUR 21ST CENTURY NOVELS _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _____________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by VIRGINIE BLENEAU Dr. Valerie Kaussen, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2015 © Copyright by Virginie Bléneau 2015 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled RETHINKING FRENCH IDENTITY THROUGH LITERATURE: THE CASE OF FOUR 21ST CENTURY NOVELS presented by Virginie Bléneau, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy of Romance Languages and Literatures, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Valerie Kaussen (adviser) Professor Mary Jo Muratore Professor Rangira (Béa) Gallimore Professor Carol Lazzaro-Weis Professor Rebecca Dingo I wish to thank my family for all their support throughout this journey. Merci Maman d’avoir soutenu mon rêve et de m’avoir permis d’étudier aux États-Unis. Merci Papy et Mamie de m’avoir accueillie tous les étés et d’être toujours là dès que j’ai besoin de quoi que ce soit. Je ne le dis pas assez, mais vous me manquez, et votre confiance en moi m’a poussée à me dépasser. Merci aussi Olivier de toujours penser à moi et de me faire suivre les actualités! Je vous aime. I also would like to thank my wonderful husband without whom I could never have dedicated this much time to my work. Thank you for being patient, for your delicious cooking, and for understanding my need to spend (a lot of) time in France. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot express enough thanks to my dissertation adviser, Professor Valerie Kaussen. I could not have dreamed of a better mentor, and I truly appreciate all the time you have spent reading my work. Your feedback was always given with such délicatesse that I never felt discouraged or anxious. Your enthusiasm made me believe in myself at times of doubt, which is no small feat! I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to the members of my committee, Professor Mary Jo Muratore, Professor Carol Lazzaro Weis, Professor Rangira (Béa) Gallimore, and Professor Rebecca Dingo. Thank you for letting my defense be an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions. I have been blessed to work with such esteemed scholars. A special thanks to Professor Flore Zéphir. Thank you for being my adviser during my Master’s program, and for being such a wonderful Chair during my Ph.D. Your passion for education and dedication to our department inspired me to come back to what I knew would be a nurturing and enriching environment, which is such an important part of a successful graduate career! ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: France and the Notion of Post-Revolutionary Equality in 40 Le Clézio's Révolutions Chapter 2: Unveiling the Racist Thought Process: Memory, History and 77 Metaphor in Alexis Jenni's L'Art français de la guerre Chapter 3: Identity in Motion: Azouz Begag's Le marteau pique-coeur 116 Chapter 4: Can Culture Survive Subjectivity? Eliette Abécassis's Sépharade 157 Conclusion 202 Bibliography 208 Vita 217 Introduction Notre obsession est d'être reconnu comme une personne originale, irremplaçable; nous le sommes réellement, mais nous ne sentons jamais assez que notre entourage en est conscient. Quel plus beau cadeau peut nous faire l' “autre” que de renforcer notre unicité, notre originalité?1 Albert Jacquart (1978:206-207) Nul imaginaire n'aide réellement à prévenir la misère, à s'opposer aux oppressions, à soutenir ceux qui ''supportent'' dans leur corps ou dans leur esprit. Mais l'imaginaire modifie les mentalités, si lentement qu'il en aille.2 Édouard Glissant (1990:197) Why study French identity? Reading French newspapers or watching TV broadcasts in the mid-teens of the twenty-first century, it is hard to deny or to ignore that France is currently (or still) undergoing an identity crisis. This crisis is of course not exactly a new phenomenon; many would indeed argue that the malaise originates from the waves of immigration that followed the Second World War and the dismantling of the colonial empire, leading second-generation immigrants to demonstrate, sometimes violently, against the unjust social realities of France in the 1980's and 1990's.3 In this dissertation, however, I will 1 Translation: “Our obsession is to be recognized as an original person, irreplaceable; we truly are original, but we can never feel it fully unless the people around us do as well. What better gift can the ‘other’ give us than reinforcing our uniqueness, our originality?” Please note that all the translations provided in this dissertation are mine, including those from books that have been translated into English, but of which I quote the original text in French. If the only version included is in English, then the citation will include the translator's information. 2 Translation: No imaginary really helps to prevent misery, to oppose oppression, to support those who “endure” in their bodies or in their minds. But the imaginary modifies mentalities, as slowly as it may. 3 The first major popular movement to protest against France's treatment of its foreign, and more particularly Maghrebi, workers is undoubtedly the 1983 Marche pour l'égalité et contre le racisme 1 argue that the current identity crisis is not the consequence of immigration alone, but rather a result of a conservative strand of Republicanism and its attendant colonial ideology within France (which I will discuss below). I will suggest why this Republican ideology (which does not tolerate racial and cultural difference) might be so influential now, and show that Republicanism's refusal of difference is closely linked to the idea of equality upon which modern France is founded. I will analyze four novels – JMG Le Clézio's Révolutions (2003), Alexis Jenni's L'Art français de la guerre (2011), Azouz Begag's Le Marteau pique-coeur (2004), and Éliette Abécassis's Sépharade (2009) – that show that the current state of affairs stems from a much older set of internal conflicts. Regardless of its cause, there is a discernible augmentation of the sense of malaise in French society today. As the French presidential elections of 2012 have shown, the question of identity is more than ever at the center of the political and everyday life of the people of France. Immigration, dual citizenship, gay marriage, freedom of religion, or the right to vote for permanent residents were key platforms in all of the three major candidates' campaigns, François Hollande, Nicolas Sarkozy and Marine Le Pen. More recently, the attack on the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo (January 2015) has rekindled issues of freedom of religion (or rather liberté de culte, which grants the freedom to worship as one wishes, rather than the freedom to believe in any particular [March for Equality and against Racism] in which 32 French-born men of Algerian origin left Marseille on foot with the goal of crossing France and reaching Paris at the end of their journey. In Paris, tens of thousands marched alongside the “marcheurs” [walkers] in support of their cause. See the following video archive for an overview of the Marche: http://www.ina.fr/video/CAB8301925401. In the following two decades, peaceful marches were replaced by violent riots, often in response to police brutality, and often in the Province, particularly in Lyon and its banlieues [disenfranchised suburbs]. 2005 marks the last wide-spread wave of riots in France, kindled by the death of two adolescents from the Parisian banlieue electrocuted during a police chase. 2 deity), citizenship (it was proposed that naturalized criminals should be stripped of their French citizenship), and racial inequalities (should the police have the right to stop someone based on their appearance, legalizing racial profiling?). Furthermore, considering that France's far-right party, Le Front National (FN), won 25% of the votes on the first round of the élections départementales4 of March 2015, and considering that one the FN's primary political engagements [promises], only second to boosting low incomes and retirement, is “stopper l'immigration et instaurer la priorité nationale5” (Le Pen, p.16), it is clear that national identity has become (or some would say remains) a critical concern for the French in 2015. Indeed, at the départementales, 25% voted for the Front National despite (or perhaps because of) its promise to ban “les manifestations de soutien aux clandestins6” (which would now be illegal), and to suppress “la possibilité, dans le droit français, de régulariser les immigrés clandestins,7” which would be eliminated alongside the droit du sol that guarantees French citizenship to anyone born on French soil.8 The FN also promises an increase of “des emplois dits 'de souverainenté' (…) où les professions seront réservées aux personnes ayant la nationalité française.9” 4 These local elections are very important in a decentralized France where the départements have much authority over the quotidian life of its constituents. 5 Translation: stop immigration and reinstate national priority. 6 Translation: demonstrations in support of illegal immigrants 7 Translation: the possibility, within French law, to regularize illegal immigrants 8 As noted by Patrick Geary in his The Myth of Nations (2002), France has two markers for determining nationality, the droit du sang (right of blood) and the droit du sol (right of land). The first anchors the nation in lineage, with the possibility of maintaining nationality through geographical displacement, whereas the second suggests that a nation belongs to a certain territory, no matter where its members originate.
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