First Lessons in Astronomy

6 2 6 1 0 3 (1 t % o n in th e ar 1 b e e ress e E nt r d ac co rding to Ac C g , y 872 , y E LIAS C O LBER T i f h f ! shin ton n the Offi ce o t e Librarian o Congress, at a g . T H E F IXE D S TA R S . This little work is offered as an e asy introdu ction to a I b r a study of the Heavens . t exhi its the el tive positions of the most promine nt stars ; and the most natural method of arran m r u a r n ra ging the in g o ps , to g ee With the ge e lly I l f accepted division into constell ations . t Wi l b e o und very convenient in th e out! door ex ercise of comparing the map or a . b ma us a n With its igin l in the sky The ook y be ed lo e , r w n a r m a t b o in con nection ith a st ono ic l tex ook . These maps have the advantage of being small and l l f m a u r w . n a n a ar o co p ct , Witho t c o ding They co t i the st s fir t e n r and f ur ma u a few the s , s co d , thi d o th gnit des , With fifh fa n fi ures c n umb r of the t . The old shio ed g Whi h e c e b and m r ar ma s are discard ed . the glo es , ost othe st p , The principal stars in e ach constellation are conn ected by lines f rm a s n u a can b e a ra e o ing di ti ctive o tline , th t , e sily t c d in ” sk and as ea r m mb r . ma r a the y, sily e e e ed The ps ove l p to a rab ab n u en a r adi conside le extent , en li g the st d t to p ss e ly n r r from one to a othe in the se ies . ° a of ma is ab u 20 in h The sc le the ps o t to the o . The names of constellations are printed in capital letters a few w r s ma r a a are nam of r r u o d in s lle c pit ls the es lesse g o ps , a f e ch o Which forms only a part of a constellation . The proper n ames of the most prominent stars are printed in the or nar . E in a few as s r c n of th di y type xcept c e , the di e tio e n am rr n of ar or a n e co espo ds to the position the st , constell tio , when on the meridian above the pole . T m 4 H E xnn STARS . The page opposite each map is intended to assist in th e u of a ma am f th r a st dy th t p . The n es o e p incipal constell n are w r E u a n s and tio s given , ith thei nglish e! iv le t ; the numb er of stars that can b e seen in the c onstellation With h e a ra na on a ar n in ab se of t ve ge ked eye , cle ight, the nce ns f one or m r of r n a the moon . The positio o o e the p i cip l stars in the constellation are also given ; fi rst the Greek r b ar n w r r nam if lette y Which the st is k o n , then the p ope e , an th e R t A s ur m nu and n and y ; igh scen ion in ho s , i tes seco ds , N r or S u na n in r and m u for the o th o th Decli tio , deg ees in tes , the b eginning ofthe year 1 875 ; and lastly the date When the ’ star is on the meridian ab ove the pole at nin e o clock in the m f m r f r n r n n . o a a a e o a a eve i g The ti e e idi n p ss g y othe d te , and th e me ofr and n ma b e f u b the aid ti s ising setti g , y o nd y of the following tables . There is no good reason for the general lack of ability to r n a fixed stars n we em in recogniz e the p i cip l , Whe see th the sky ; other than the absence of star maps simple enough to h admit of b eing stu died by the average b oy or girl . T ese ma s are n n fill and r ar th e wa for p i te ded to the void , p ep e y an understanding study of the sublime phenomena o f th e heavens . THE AUTHOR . IT D N UMB E R AND MA G N U E. The follo wing table shows the relative !uantities of light c fr m sun and m n and fr m an that we re eive o the oo , o average star of e ach magnitude visible with the naked eye numb r of ar a a and ara r also the e st s in e ch cl ss , the ch cte s used in the following maps to represent the principal stars mb r karacter N u e . C . Sun , F ul l Moo n , Siri ac 3 50 Fi st Ma i tud e 1 1 0 r gn , Seco d Ma nitude n g , 43 Thi d Ma ni tud e I 6 r g , % Fo u th Ma i tude 6 r gn , % Fifth Ma nitud e g , Sixth Ma i tude gn , Neb ul a , A line appe nded to a star! character ( thus 3 ) shows that can b e as ub w na e e or r u a it seen do le , ith the k d ey , th o gh Tw ma . o n a r s ll telescope li es indic te a t iple star. The number of stars of the sixth magnitude is variously stated ; from ab ou t to ne arly by different a ob servers . This cl ss i ncludes al l of le ss prominenc e than fifth a are b w a an n m the , th t visi le ith the n ked eye d the u b er n on n w r of n ua and on depe ds the seei g po e the i divid l , f, the condition o the atmosphere . The vision of some p er sons is much more p en etrating than that of others ; and the same p erson can see a greater numb er of stars from the top o f a m un a an fr m ba w s air b o t in th o its se , the lo e t eing the ur least p e . Hence the total numb er of stars visible with the naked eye ranges from about to of which only 685 b n first f ur a s s and are suffi cientl r m elo g to the o cl s e , y p o i n to b e n ce b u r ent oti d y the npracticed obse ver. ULMINATIO N R IS ING AND S ETT IN G. C , , The motion of the earth in h er orbit causes the stars to a ar a n on Sun d a in a ar or at ppe to g i the one y e ch ye , the r of w d a and an a t o ur er m or 3m. 563 . er te ho s p onth , p y ; y fixed ar ass s m r ar r ac d a a e 6 . st p the e idian 3m. 5 s e lie e h y th n on d a recedin w R the yp g. The following table sho s the ight A s n of m r an or th TIME at n on scen io the e idi , e STAR , oon , l st 1 1 th and 2l st a of a m n w two the , , d ys e ch o th , to ithin m nu ! for an : i tes, y year during the present century lst. Ilth. h m h 2 2 8 2 . 1 m . 3 . 3 7 . April 0 40 I I 9 May 2 38 3 1 7 i ne 4 4 I 5 2 0 Puly 6 39 7 1 8 August 8 4 1 9 2 0 September I O 44 1 I 2 3 Octob er 1 2 4 2 1 3 2 I N ov emb er I 4 44 1 5 2 3 Decemb er I 6 42 I 7 2 1 !anuary I 8 44 1 9 2 3 Feb ruary 2 0 46 2 1 2 5 If we subtract the right ascension of the meridian at n n fr m r a ns n f a ar r a e b 24 oo , o the ight sce io o st (inc e s d y ur if n ar r ma n r w b th e me af r ho s, ecess y) , the e i de ill e ti te w n r w If r ma noon he the sta ill pass the meridian .

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