JAPAN – LEADER in CSR for the 21ST CENTURY Inaugural

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JAPAN – LEADER in CSR for the 21ST CENTURY Inaugural Fachgebiet: Kommunikationswissenschaft JAPAN – LEADER IN CSR FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Inaugural- Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Dominique Drausnick, MALS Jakarta 2012 i Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15. September 2008 Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Christian Pietsch ii Topic of Dissertation: Japan - Leader in CSR for the 21st century Zusammenfassung Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), oftmals als ein anglo - amerikanisches Konzept angesehen, ist ein Kommunikationswerkzeug mit dem Unternehmen ihren Geschäftsin- teressenten zusichern, dass sie verantwortlich innerhalb des Ihnen von der Gesellschaft gesetzten sozialen, politischen und rechtlichen Umfelds handeln. Dabei handelt es sich bei CSR nicht um eine neue Erfindung, sondern wird in seiner heutigen Begriffs- bestimmung schon seit den siebziger Jahren zwischen Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesell- schaft diskutiert. Die hier vorgelegte Dissertation untersucht, ausgehend von den kulturellen und gesell- schaftlichen Wurzeln, z.B. der Bedeutung des Konfuzianismus, die Stellung von CSR in japanischen Unternehmen. Wie die Analysen dabei zeigen sind die Ideen von CSR, ge- fördert durch die gesellschaftliche Bedeutung der Gemeinschaft im Gegensatz zu einer eher individualistisch zu bezeichnenden Sichtweise in der westlichen Kultur, schon seit langem in japanischen Unternehmen belegt, wenn gleich sie aufgrund großer Unter- schiede in den Kommunikationsstilen zu den in den USA und Europa beheimateten Unternehmungen, nicht sofort offensichtlich sind und auch unterschiedlich bezeichnet werden. Bei Berücksichtigung dieser Unterschiede kann man heute sogar die Auffas- sung vertreten, dass Japan nach westlichem Standard eine Art Führungsrolle in CSR einnimmt. Ausgehend von einem ersten kritischen Blick auf das Konzept von Corporate Social Responsibility durch Milton Friedman, der, vereinfacht ausgedrückt, die soziale Ver- antwortung der Unternehmung in erster Linie in der Verbesserung ihrer Gewinne sah, wird in Kapitel eins der Arbeit zu Beginn die Ausgangslage von CSR in Japan dargelegt und im Anschluss die Relevanz einer wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung abgeleitet, sowie eine Arbeitshypothese entwickelt. Der dritte Abschnitt im ersten Kapitel befasst sich mit den gebräuchlichen Definitionen von CSR und dessen Ausprägungen. Das zweite Kapitel beinhaltet die je unterschiedlichen historischen Entwicklungen von CSR in Zentraleuropa, den Vereinigten Staaten und Japan. So wurde die Entwicklung von CSR in den USA zu einem bedeutenden Anteil durch die drei mächtigen Wirt- schaftsführer Carnegie, Rockefeller und Ford beeinflusst. In Europa lassen sich als iii Motor der Entwicklung zunächst religiöse Überlegungen erkennen, während in Japan die Umwälzungen und Begleiterscheinungen der Industrialisierung eine große Rolle spielten. Neben den kulturell - historisch bedingten Unterschieden wird in diesem Kapitel auch gesondert auf die erkennbaren theoretischen Ansätze von CSR eingegan- gen und die Motive und die international vereinbarten CSR Standards dargestellt. Im dritten Abschnitt liegt der Focus auf den Kommunikationsarten in Japan und auf ei- nem Einblick in die ethischen Grundsätze im Wirtschaftsleben in Japan. Die Art wie CSR den Interessensgruppen der Unternehmen gegenüber vertreten wird, unterscheidet Japan von z.B. den USA, so besonders erwähnenswert die hohe Bedeutung der nonver- balen Kommunikation in einem weit weniger offenen gesellschaftlichen Kontext. Im Anschluss führt der Autor die drei japanischen, global agierenden, Unternehmen, die er als Untersuchungsobjekte seiner Arbeit ausgewählt hat kurz ein und erläutert weshalb sie geeignet sind CSR in Japan zu verstehen. Die CSR Ansätze von Mitsubishi, Toyota und Canon stehen im darauf folgenden Ka- pitel im Einzelnen im Vordergrund. Schwerpunktmäßig werden für jede Unternehmung das Engagement in CSR, die Formen und Ausprägungen wie CSR in den Gesellschaften gehandhabt wird, deren Wirkung auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene und das Ver- hältnis der Firmen zu Nichtregierungsorganisationen und offenen Interessentengruppen dargestellt. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion nicht gelöster CSR Gesichtspunkte und aktu- eller Gegebenheiten, welche auch zur weiteren Verbesserung im Bereich CSR aufge- griffen werden können. Diese finden sich zum Teil auch in den vom Autor vorgestellten möglichen Forschungsschwerpunkten. In der abschließenden Würdigung des CSR Kon- zepts wird deutlich gemacht, dass CSR nicht als Marketing Trick oder eine Taktik in der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit gesehen werden sollte, sondern als ein soziales Engagement von Unternehmen sich verantwortlich gegenüber dem gesamten Umfeld, in dem sie agieren, zu verhalten und somit CSR auch als ein immaterielles Wirtschaftsgut zur Ergebnisver- besserung zu nutzen. iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 7 1. Background of the Problem................................................................................... 9 1.1. The End of Lifetime Employment.................................................................... 9 1.2. Women Entering the Job Market...................................................................... 9 1.3. Corporate Scandals ......................................................................................... 11 1.3.1. Sokaiya.................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2. Food Scandals......................................................................................... 11 1.4. Increasing Power and Influence of NPO/NGOs ............................................. 12 1.5. Foreign Shareholding in Japanese Corporations ............................................ 13 2. Statement of the Problem..................................................................................... 13 3. Preliminary Research Hypothesis ....................................................................... 13 4. Importance of the Study....................................................................................... 14 5. Definition of Terms............................................................................................... 14 5.1. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in General ........................................ 14 5.1.1. Experts’ Definition of CSR..................................................................... 15 5.1.2. Author’s Working Definition of CSR..................................................... 17 5.2. Forms of CSR ................................................................................................. 17 5.3. Communication............................................................................................... 20 5.3.1. Characteristics of Communication.......................................................... 20 5.3.2. Types of Communication Practiced by Companies................................ 23 5.4. Public Relations (PR)...................................................................................... 23 5.5. CSR Communication...................................................................................... 24 5.5.1. Key Elements for Effective Communications ........................................ 25 5.5.2. Phases and Steps within the CSR Process .............................................. 32 5.5.3. CSR Communication Approaches.......................................................... 34 5.5.4. CSR Communication Issues and Challenges.......................................... 37 5.5.5. Critical Elements of CSR Communication............................................. 40 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................... 56 6. Early Commercial Attitudes................................................................................ 56 6.1. Historical Origins of Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe................... 56 6.1.1. The Medieval Pattern (500-1500)........................................................... 56 6.1.2. The Age of Mercantilism (1500-1800)................................................... 58 6.1.3. The Age of Industrialism (1800-1950 ).................................................. 59 6.2. Historical Origins of CSR in the United States. ............................................. 61 6.2.1. Andrew Carnegie and the Investment Model ......................................... 62 6.2.2. John Rockefeller and the Civic Model ................................................... 64 6.2.3. Henry Ford and the Household Model ................................................... 65 1 6.3. Historical Origins of CSR in Japan................................................................. 66 6.3.1. Meiji Era (1867-1911) ............................................................................ 66 6.3.2. Pre-war Period (1911-1945) ................................................................... 68 6.3.3. Post-war Period (1945-1989 ).................................................................. 69 6.3.4. Present Time (1991- ) ............................................................................. 72 7. Four Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility............................................. 74 7.1. Social Contract Theory..................................................................................
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