Saving the Self Post-Soviet Russia's Search for Ontological Security

CEU eTD Collection

In partialIn fulfilment ofrequirements the for the degree Ma of Department ofInternational Relations and European Studies International Relations and European Studies Supervisor: Professor Post for Ontological Security - Central European University Saving theSelf Soviet Russia's Search Word count: 16, Budapest, Hungary Andrey Dubinsky Submitted to 2013 By

Xymena Kurowska

7 41

ster Artsof in

CEU eTD Collection analyzing Russian films of era.the domestic society, it introduces an interdisciplinary approach and seeks insights on Russian publics by society andRussia‟s foreign policy during the transition. To explore views of the Russia‟sWest in Mitzen, Brent and Steele, among others, onontological security by examining Russian dom elites. thesisThis seeks to add existing to scholarship by Anthony Ayse Giddens, Zarakol, Jennifer shift, it is important to consider society, which seeks restoreto a coherent historical narrative of itself. It argues that to understand the explain Russia‟s behavior as response a ontologicalto security andidentity needs its domesticof aspects Russianof foreign policy, yet their analysis is sometimes incomplete. This bringing against the West. Yet some i of improve economy. its was it When important for its interests, itcontinued, however, to balance Under Putin, Russia resumed cooperation with the West in order to restore its great power status and integrate within the Western liberal world order failed, it resumed perce international arena, initially and Russi When Sovietthe Union collapsed, Russia became embroiled in turmoil. Its economy crashed material ans‟ dreams becoming of anormal, Western country not did come to fruition. In the

benefits , thus appearing irrational. Mainstream theories are able explainto certain ,

Russia strove for cooperation with the West, yet as its attempts to ts actionsts

the experiences of the Russian people and the socialization of its

balancing Abstract

the the West have undermined its soft power without i

iving the West as a threat. thesis aims to estic estic ,

CEU eTD Collection their support.their for Kusic Katarina and Gurgurova, Natalia Larsen, Joe especially colleagues, IRES my thank to like help dedicated thank to like would I Additionally, Akcali, Emel Astrov, Alex woul IAdditionally, project. this finish to able patience,advice,dedication and madethispossible.thesis her Withouthavesupport,notI been would my express to like would I

. I am also very grateful to Academic Writing Advisor, John Harbord. Lastly, I would I Lastly, Harbord. John Advisor, Writing Academic to grateful very also am I .

deepest and

Michael Merlingen, Michael gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xymena Kurowska, whose Kurowska, Xymena Professor supervisor, my to gratitude Acknowled rsi Makszin Kristin

d like to thank Professors Matteo Fumagalli, Paul Roe,Paul Fumagalli, Matteo Professors thank to like d gements who met with me and helped me with advice. with me helped and me with met who ii

n Ncoa Bre fr hi dlgn and diligent their for Barker Nicholas and

CEU eTD Collection Table of Contents Filmography Bibliography Conclusion Chapter 3: Afterthe Collapse Chapter 2: Identity Search in Russian Society: a Study Russianof Films Chapter 1: IR Theory and Ontological Security asTheoretical a Lens Introduction Acknowledgements Abstract Post SavingSelf the Glasnost Perestroika Film and Politics Crisis, Shame,Rational Action, Stigma WideningGaze the Ontological Security in IR What is Ontological Security Ontological Security: Overview IdentitiesElite in Russia Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism Society, Culture, Purpose,Theory, and Case Selection Putin’s Search for Ontological Security andNew a Mythology European and Asian, Friendlyand Misunderstood: NikitaMikhalkov’s Russia Russia’s Nationalist Moment: The Dystopian Fantasies of Balabanov CinemaThe Crisis in Russia Honeymoon “The hasCometo an End” Fantasies Integrationof and TheirFailure Continuity intheNew World: “Yeltsin, Yeltsin” N This Is Intergirl - Soviet Russia's Search for Ontological Security

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o Way to Live

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...... Socialist Dystopia

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...... From Yeltsin to Putin It Rains Again on Brighton Beach ......

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american urse in Russian film, using it to gain a better understanding of discourse in Russia. in discourse of understanding better a gain to it using film, Russian in urse the miserable state of Russia‟s orphanages.Russia‟s of miserablestate the , Theory, , yt hs approach this yet , as ia‟s international behavior. With the end of the Cold War, Russia sought to increaseRussiasought its to Cold War, the ia‟sof end internationalbehavior.Withthe . - iy lens rity Modernity and Modernity self families/. traditional IRtraditional policy foreign Russian

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identity: self society in modern and late age the The Cold War discourse created a routine that was threatening the to ald and failed

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toward the West can seem erratic, shifting from cooperation from shifting erratic, seem can West the toward is t is created o show that show o

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8 Social construction Social of identitiespolitics: international policies, & Moscow, 1999 1955and foreign

tion between states, between tion IR Ayşe Zarakol has looked at it as well as at looked it Ayşe Zarakol has . 10

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film industry follows a similar trajectory to that of the Russian state. Exuberantstate. Russian the of that to trajectorysimilar a follows industry film nte usa case Russian the in (IR)

domestic culture and how it influenced the ht hr ae diinl eal ta ae vial t te R coa from scholar IR the to available are that details additional are there that

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movie industry, like the country, struggled to come up with a with up come to struggled country, the like industry, movie

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ical security, how it was expressed in expressed was it how security, ical e funding making movies making funding e

CEU eTD Collection 16 Security International 15 14 for Institute Strate 13 Addison 12 105. 2000. 11 over absolute value to states prompting cooperation, from benefit to stand that groups domestic globalization that argues but security for search the the international system. w case a was here as collapse, Soviet explain cannot simply explanation realist structural that asserts that proposition domes to and 1960s and 1950s the English, for example, traces Gorbachev‟s new thinking revi the to neo West, the with work and interests Soviet background. the in always war of threat the survival. is interest primary their and rational unchanging balance power and t scholars, realist to Constructivism Liberalism, Realism, security. examining lenses theoretical dominant on reflect

Pursiainen, Pursiainen, Christer. Pursiainen, English, Robert D. "Power,English,RobertD. AndIdeas,New War's A The EvidenceOn AndWohlforth."Cold ReplyTo Brooks End: Ibid. Mearsheimer,J. John Waltz,Neal. "The Kenneth Struct Anarchic Chapter 1

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Russian Foreign Policy and gic Studies, gic1994. Studies, consist of of consist maximizing :

here domestic level causes in the Soviet Union brought about structural changes in changes structural about brought Union Soviet the in causes level domestic here 26, 26, 470 no. (2002):

Russian foreign relations international policy and theory cnet hsoy ad oetc oit ae unimportant are society domestic and history, context, ; IR The false internationalpromise of institutions he behavior of states can be can states of behavior he

Theory and Ontological Security as Theoreticala Lens 16

- 106. , 122 ,

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power relative t - els ter fis o fe a aifig xlnto. Robert explanation. satisfying a offer to fails theory realist

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g CEU eTD Collection 24 23 174. 22 21 Organization 20 19 18 www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/primer.doc 2013).(accessed June 2, 17 by showing how its identity shapes its interest and what tha anarchy.” than dangerous more witho behavior,” of patterns predictable ensure to stable sufficiently are that identities intersubjective require states between expectations “durable that writes He order. and predictability interaction. through develop „other‟, an value, yet identities change can through cooperation. Identities, which include self sense of the against Wendt examinesinterests intersubjective constantidentities.of the theories and constitution interestsand of move away from West the West the with relationshipcomplicated its and history unique Russia‟s consideration into take to fail theories Liberal progress. with correlates and values universal liberal Additionally, West. the balancing toward back and cooperation from away move Russia‟s explain to fails liberalism does so cooperation, greater prompt that identities and interests in changes explain to struggles realism Andrei Yet transition. the in role a played clearly model market free democratic, the of attractiveness The collapse. Union‟s Soviet the for reasons the about explanations intere their gains. relative

Pursiainen, Pursiainen, Ibid. Ibid. Ted.Hopf, "The ofPromise Constructivism Relations Theory." International in Ibid. Alexander. Wendt, What"Anarchy St Is SeeTsygankov, Moravcsik,Andrew. "Li

ut identity is a world of chaos, a world of pervasive and irremediable uncertainty, a world much world uncertainty,a irremediablepervasive and of world a chaos, of world a is identityut

argues that when interests and identities are stable, realist models have significant explanatorysignificant have models realist stable, are identities and interests when that argues mostprominentstructuraladvocateforthat rejects analysis rationalist the Alexanderis Wendt

46, no. 02 (1992): no. 46, 391. 02 Russian Foreign Policy sts 17 Russia’s Foreign Policy Foreign Russia’s ed to lead

If states and domestic institutions are connected through a web of interdependence, of web a through connected are institutions domestic and states If beral TheoriesberalRelations: of International APrimer."

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International International 23, no. no. (1998), 23, 1

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CEU eTD Collection 31 Routledge, 9 2010. 30 Contemporary“ Russia. Institutionalism Andrei."From Revolutionary International to Expansionism 29 2013). Asia 28 27 26 25 interaction useful sociological render approaches constructivist of prominence others. among issues, environmental and oppression, political crises, economic with do to more have to seen now is societies and individuals means has studies security of School Copenhagen The security. and Overview Security: Ontological political leaders would occasionally switch loyalties to appeal to different constituencies. Russian e the to belonging areas traditional as seen are what toward especially resources, strategic over control gain challengeexpandhegemony,and Westerntraditional values,to to seek protect They and security, stability, for need the emphasize and autonomy. power great a as respected is Russia that capabilities. world realist a to adhere Statists West. the with up catchingof capable is and to hasdevelopment retarded to due that power European and superior n Russia that believe being as values political and cultural, economic, Western accept Westernizers The Russia in Elite Identities pr, uh s h Suh acss n Cnrl Asia. Central and Caucasus South the as such mpire,

Peoples, Columba, Nick Peoples, Williams.and Booth, Ken. "SecurityBooth, Emancipation." and amore For complete examinationof theseidentity types,see Tsygankov, example, For Alexander"Neo Marlène. see: theEurasianist on Laruell, Russia Dugin 5 Ibid, 5 Ibid, Tsygankov, - Caucasus Analyst|Asia Caucasus Central

. 30 - - 7. 7. oftheoriesdominant to According identity. of types major three are there yet facets, many has identity national elites‟ Russian

l, military Old, 27 Russia’s Foreign Policy, Foreign Russia’s 26

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for IRfor scholarship

Mershon Review Studies International Mershon eeds to adopt these values in order to prosper. to order in values these adopt to eeds do not seek hegemony and hegemony seek not do - epltcl het lk ivso sil xs, u te het experienced threat the but exist, still invasion like threats geopolitical -

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, the primary interest of the state is to ensure its survivalits ensure to is state theof primaryinterest the , h epai o idvda security individual on emphasis The view Russia as a state with a unique national destiny. national unique a with state a as Russia view

r not are 41, no. (1997): 41, 2 247no. 7 tp://old.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/4928(accessed 2, June

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Russia’s ForeignPolicy Russia’s and psychological approaches studying approaches psychological and : The Foreign Policy Discourse of PolicyThe : Foreign Discourse

17, 17, 4313 no. (1991): expanded 25 . . Oxon: Abingdon, Milton Park, –

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h rs to rise the by CEU eTD Collection 36 35 34 Review Studies International 33 32 consciousness, practical “a with complemented is it society, modern in existence individual‟s while that argues He rational the modernity. and awareness, to reflexive responses its and society of examination an to concept the shared by others. expe his of world the envision to unable is and hierarchy,symbolic different a through question." in hisconfidenceof auto degree in a possess not does hand, other the on insecurity, ontological experiencing person A identity. own of loss without other the encountering way, holistic a in world the in integrate and socialize to ability being.” of derivative “adjectival Security Ontological What is inability to recognize one‟s place in identity sudd socialization of decades After identity. new a seek to Russians stagnation. in mired often yet modernization Eastconflictedidentitya beingof both Empire." Russian the without and Union Soviet the without is Russia "what of question the answers it until strategy securityterm long consistent a have cannot Russia that states.Western established system of a join and past recent a with links its sever

Ibid. 42 Ibid, Laing,D. R. InternationalTsygankov, RelationsAndrei Theory:"SelfIn AndOther From Learning Russian in Quoted Tsygankov,Institutionalism,” “International 248. enly collapsed, transitioning from socialist identity that stands in opposition to the West to a new a to West the toopposition in stands identitythat socialist transitioningfrom collapsed, enly

, applies Giddens Giddens. Anthony by 1991 in reexamined was theory psychological Laing‟s an as ontological defines who Laing, R.D. psychiatrist Scottish by introduced was term The to trying is that Russia like state a examine we when complicated is security of concept The

render The The self divided 35

The ontologically insecure person interprets everyday occurrences in his environment his in occurrences everyday interprets person insecure ontologically The ing 36

old routines of interaction with the world useless. The violation of routines and theand routines violation of Theuseless. world thewith interactionof routines old

10, no. (2008): 10, 4 762no. . New . Books, 39. 1969. Pantheon York:

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Civilizational Debates." Civilizational Eugene Rumer notesRumer Eugene ao o a person's a of cator rience as beingas rience te nation the ,

CEU eTD Collection 46 45 Relations 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 1991. University 36. Press, 37 Mitzen security. Jennifer ontological undermining introduced, is uncertainty of element an stranger, a becomes that suggests unknown,” the of fear in Security Ontological ontological security. self our relate and trust to ability the undermines practices, and agents social and cultural, political, economic, of networks complex their with globalization, and shame,experiencesc agent stemming of fromlack When self. of sense stable and continuous individual‟s the for role critical a real everyday the in Trust world. surrounding the of stability the in trust of lack a by manufactured is it in. sets that individuals internalize and project others.to reality.” of framework people between interaction that argues Giddens persons.” other of and things of reality very the of sense a of “loss a chaos, is there Outside, world. behaviorandroutines of individuals, protectsthemoutside fromisknown their what experience the in activities.” everyday of continuity the within incorporated

Ibid. 240. Ibid, Huysmans,J 183 Ibid, 66. Ibid, 37. Ibid, 54. Ibid, Ibid. Ibid. Anthony. Giddens, ity and in the identity of self in relations to others, as achieved through routinized interaction, hasinteraction, routinized through achieved as others, to relations in self of identity the in and ity

“a have states that suggests He relations.international to concept the introducesHuysman Jef t on rely to ability the in disruption a is there When 4,no

Anxiety differs from fear by being diffused, rather than dependant on a particular threatparticular a on dependant than rather diffused, being by fromfear differs Anxiety -

208. . . . (1998), 2 235.

"Security!YouFromWhatMean?: Do To Concept ThickSignifier."

identity is defined against a certain threat.certain a against defined is identity takes Modernity and Modernity self 43

39 44 h cnet ute ad use and further concept the

To be ontologically secure is to have a feeling of “biographical continuity” “biographical of feeling a have to is secure ontologically be To hc smtms s oe hetnn ta a la tra t scrt. He security. to threat clear a than threatening more is sometimes which IR

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trust is threatened, the threatened, is trust okn a hw states how at looking narrative. 42

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Steele, Br Steele, 361. Ibid, 343. Ibid, 344. Ibid, J. Mitzen, "Ontological World IdentityStatePolitics: SecurityIn And The Security Dilemma." Ontological Ontological Security, the with interactionthrough onlyformed are identitiescollective that idea the critiques Steele Kinnvall Catarina and Steele, Brent Zarakol, Ayse

ent J. ent

he locates ontological security as being formed within state interactions yet identity vis identity yet interactions state within formedbeing as securityontological locates he ; Ontologicalsecurity international self in relations

ner self is a “dialectical community “dialectical a is self ner hn dniy s epy id o conflict a to tied deeply is identity when 47

12, no. no. (2006): 12, 3 343

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for eouin f said of resolution employ a more contextual analysis when analysis contextual more a employ a comforting cocoon or a dire prison.” dire a or cocoon comforting a

a aayi, ouig n hierarchical on focusing analysis, cal tts fe prit n ofit u to due conflict in persist often States describing due to

. London: . Routledge, 2008, h itrainl system. international the 50 ,

By treating the state as state the treating By as identity is the nexus the isidentity as ontological insecurity. ofit a “generate can conflict European Journal of European 51

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CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 61 60 38. 59 58 57 56 55 54 Psychology Political 53 undertaken.” was it which for goals the intelligible made have to means cites Steele ignored. are security biography.”coherent a sustainsindividual the which of means by narrative the of adequacy the about “anxiety an shame, avoiding is materiboth for motivation certain undermine may pursuit this an if with even identity, incompatible held actions internally avoid and security ontological pursue particular, in elites agents, insecure to due thei that event insecurity ontological causing crisis the is West values. traditional meaningfrom fear). in anxiety to ( leads identityand routines.” “institutionalized disturbing while individuals of number large a effectingunpredictableevent radical, a as described is Crisis security.ontological and Action Rational Crisis, Shame, global environment threatens established routines, habits, andvalues. o for trigger a as globalization security." ontological self. the of part former a is and self the that theorize to literaturepsychoanalytical uses and concurs, Kinnvall

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din Steele, Ontological Ontological Security, 5. Ontological Security, Ontological Security, Ontological Security, 57 that crisis a of role Giddens‟ with engage also Zarakol and Kinnvall, Steele,

After Defeat, Defeat, After 63

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tee Knvl, n Zrkl olw idn i lctn mdriy and modernity locating in Giddens follow Zarakol and Kinnvall, Steele,

12 12. 43; “Globalization Kinnvall, and Religious Nationalism.”

13. unlike a crisis that threatens the physical survival of the state and resultsand state survivalphysical the of threatens the that crisis a unlike ous Nationalism ous

ntological insecurity (albeit at different levels of analysis) as the new the as analysis) of levels different at (albeit insecurity ntological 58

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. Cambridge: Cambridge. 2011, University Press, 56

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is an is CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 prevalent states in that were greatpowersand struggling are acommunity in fit where to they states of shed.” ina “external, an as stigma and the treats belonging approach of One sense agency. a regain and insecurity ontological this overcome to attempt states how t lacks it and environment, new role," international its a define to which upon in relations foreign of borders history "authoritative new with state new a is Russia that notes Richter socialization childhood through acquired becomingWestern. truly ontological insecurity, shame as becomes associated nationalwith characteristics keep that developed truly being not as them to attached was that stigma theescape not could theyyet join, to wanted communitytheythe of norms the internalize to expected comers late which from states, European among identity linked a created which system, Westphalian the of beginning the to process this traces She discourse. normative Western hegemonic the to belonging partially Kinnvall. border the by occupy that states providedin insecurity ontological security ontological of examination nuanced more and policies as a form rational of interest. self throughpursued are theyand interestsfact in communityare a values of identityintrinsic on irrational. as perceived be may that actions rational value and actions ra instrumentally between differentiates who Weber, Max by delineated as behavior, rational he stigma more influential and alive in Russia's view of itself and its environment. Zarakol examinesZarakolenvironment. its and itself of view Russia's in alive and influential more stigma he

Zarakol, i Quoted 96. Ibid, 95. Ibid, 60. Ibid, 66. Ibid, Zarakol, Steele, in Quoted Steele, 73 Ontological Ontological Security, Mitzen and Wendt like scholars oriented system between gap the bridge to attempts Zarakol

nTsygankov Institutionalism,”“International 248. After Defeat,After Defeat, After nte apoc ntoa nraie tk i ebaig h sim. hs s especially is This stigma. the embracing is take narratives national approach Another OntologicalSecurity,

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45.

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- from help CEU eTD Collection 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 population unless itspresence is justified by ahistorical national narrative. elites, the by manufactured being "other" the and agency lacking population domestic the see may account constructivist critical identit state enable and "constrain these and first, practices social through constituted is identity state a because insufficient, is level state the politics.” global in action state and identity state to matter should that politics analysis.” si that." for dearly paid We enemies. no have we that illusion the to Russia," t that 1992 in stated Kozyrev role. this reconfiguring in identity self succeedGorbachev did other, containeach continuedto and roles fromtheir awaybreak to difficult it of process political interesting very the on contestation.” out miss we society all a to security of ontological members “reifying by that notes also Steele Brent theory. security ontological re takes state a role the on impact little has society domestic that omission) (by argument her yet point, starting the provides Mitzen policy foreign promoteto as foreign and reconfiguration of the self as possessor of an alternative morality. seenare as lackin

mplifies the analysis but undermines a theory‟s explanatory power. Ibid, 195 Ibid, Ibid. 195. Ibid, “PromiseHopf, of Constructivis Zarakol, in Quoted Tsygankov Institutionalism,”“International 250. Steele, 104. Ibid,

Ontological Ontological Security, of level systemic the at long too far remained “has constructivism that argues Hopf Ted in security ontological on literature nascent still the use I here, From 76 After Defeat,After -

196 yet only seven years later, Putin told security officials that "several years ago we fell prey fell we ago years "several that officials security told Putin later, years seven only yet

A constructivist approach could “expose those features of domestic society, culture, and culture, society, domestic of features those “expose could approach constructivist A

nlecn ad en ifune b te domestic the by influenced being and influencing While the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the U.S. under Reagan and Bush foundBush and Reagan under U.S. the Gorbachevand under Union Soviet the While g agency.Embracing stigma the rejection leads to of the norms the environment tries

230.

17. m,”194.

blee ht uh ohr wl nt e cetd y h domesti the by accepted be not will „other‟ such that believe I moves a great amount of possible details from the application of application the from details possible of amount great a moves

y, interests, and actions abroad." actions and interests, y,

he Western countries, were "natural allies of allies "natural were countries, Western he

eln of feeling

Treating states as abstract agents abstract as states Treating 80

While a post structural or structural post a While

79 nooia insecurity ontological I R

For Hopf, looking at looking Hopf, For

to look at Russia‟s at look to

c . CEU eTD Collection 84 Cambridge19. 1998. University Press, 83 82 helm andAmerican advisors charting the cou its at Yeltsin with oligarchs by ruled state, corrupt the anxieties: of source new a to due insecurity ontological experienced groups these unstable, and threatening appear to started environment new It new„other‟ a needed that would define the Initially self. was it communistthe How past. After collapse the the of Soviet Union by out carried turbulent 1990s, and had an understanding how of Russians yearned for a coherent identity. KGB background, and that certainly influenced his socialization, but hehas a socialized. are politicians where is this because society, and political cohesion. creating and identity national anchoring of role the serving policy foreign with world, the to society post on emphasis greater by accompaniedemphasizing Russia‟s was West the of balancing greater toward politics foreign Russian in shift The restored. be could it that suggesting and power Eurasian empowering society, Russian within shame of histor unique Russia‟semphasize narrativesthat counter present sense to communists and nationalists deep a in resulted this inferiority, their i stigma the on focus Zarakol‟s self as seeking security ontological on focus Steele‟s insecurity. ontological of heart the at is that agency agency.” their in impaired are future a to meaningfully it connect and present the

Prizel, Ilya. Prizel, J in Quoted Steele, ackson, Nicole, - help suggests why Russia would undermine its power to maintain a certain view of its identity. its of view certain a maintain to power its undermine would Russia why suggests help soci and state the both on routines The also but society to individual the link to only not serves claims, Prizel Ilya identity, National ever the from past the recall cannot who “those that notes Kratochwil National identityandpolicy National nationalismforeign and in Poland, leadership andRussia, Ukraine

a strong, paternalistic state, paternalistic strong, a Russian andCIS:foreign theories,the debatespolicy and actions OntologicalSecurity, 83

Nicole Nicole Jackson notes ashift in great powerpast and its

iprat s el hl Rsi‟ Wsenzr iiily accepted initially Westernizers Russia‟s While well. as important s

56.

, Russian society adapt anew, unfamiliar hadto environment.

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CEU eTD Collection Press, 22Press, 1985. the social composition of groupssm of amongthe patriotic 88 11Press, 1999, 87 86 85 ontological insecurity was expressed within Russia‟s domestic society through film. coales artifacts cultural and symbols these sees stage final The nation. the within masses the among disseminated are formulations these Then, self. national the of distinction the identify that traditions and symbols loc the with begins process The mythology. national guard and represent to able or willing longer no are elites where states in particularly process, stage three state‟s the undermining symbols, authority these appropriate will agent societal another „other‟, and self symbols. historical and national appropriates that mythology" the interests." by of dynamic pushed been has action which along tracks "the determine ideas by created images world

Prizel, Prizel, Prizel, Neumann,Iver B. in Quoted Prizel, National National identity National identity the interests, by driven is policy while that noting policy, with ideas connects Weber Max

as protector of the national. the of protector as - - 23. 12. e n society. in ce

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Social Social nationalrevivalpreconditionsin Europe: of a comparativeanalysis Miroslav Hroch charts the creation of a national identity as a as identity national a of creation the charts Hroch Miroslav

allernations European 15 heir authority by using a certain "legitimizing certain a using by authority heir ity formation

86 l nelgnsa exmnn national reexamining intelligentsia al If the state fails to define a coherent a define to fails state the If .Minneapolis: University Minnesota of . Cambridgeshire: . CambridgeUniversity

CEU eTD Collection 94 nplusonemag.com/pussy 93 92 91 Rowman &9. Littlefield,2006. 90 fromSuggestions Buffyverse." the 89 elite than “better often them, produces that society the in norms events. and identities, of values, interpretation particular particular a support further can which mirror, a as Lost identifie artists, as but dissidents politics. impact directly may culture knowledge to access only their thus and cit Russian average an even (and citizen representations. stereotypical more through events world real certain generalizing by provides culture politics. world of understanding better a for necessary is representation politics. global of understandings internationalthe arena.scholars Variousadvocahave vis identity Russian about Film an Russian society during that time to failed but system at look I meaning. of empty when ruptured apparatus, ideological powerful a through socialized identity, the I

Nexon and Neumann, and Nexon Tolokonnikova,Nadezhda 11. Ibid, 6 Ibid, H.,Daniel Nexon, and Iver Neumann. B. "Introduction." In example, Christina For Weldes,and Rowley.see Jutta, security ofeveryday: "Theinternational the evolution studies and Chapter 2

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hi at iety nlecd Russia‟s influenced directly art their .

Gorbachev‟s move toward toward move Gorbachev‟s 89

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Pussy Riot, for example, see themselves not simply as as simply not themselves see example, for Riot, Pussy about it about

identity crisis identity 43, no. no. (2012): 43, 6 513

n eaie ht im cn hw bu te rss in crisis the about show can films what examine and Neumann nd Maria Alyokhina. "Pussy nd Closing Statements." Riot N+1.

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94 era and how and era

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91 the stagnant the behavior in behavior

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CEU eTD Collection 102 28. 101 100 Theater 99 http://www.othercinema.com/otherzine/?issueid=15&article_id=33. 98 http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/jan/17.htm. 97 96 95 Soviet the on discourse the redefine to him pushed concerns social and political, economic, power, neg to leading economic resisted cadre his and Brezhnev identity. Soviet of part constitutive Perestroika dailyour and unrecognizableand strange it make indisputable. ideol an presents products, cultural other like cinema, hand, one On etc. director, its of upbringing sociological the production, its of that whether reality, mirrors analogical, dangerous and healing gaze. closed a in participant a subject, a as viewer cinema.” where going.it is ontologi with struggling wound, collective a nursing crisis, a through going society a in telling particularly behavior. policy foreign state‟s a predict and understand discourse.”

Barthes, Roland. "Leaving Roland. Barthes, Theater."Movie the S J.M Magrini, Lenin, "Directives FilmVladimir. the Business." Marxists Internet on 14. Ibid, 13. Ibid,

Malia, MartinMalia, E. "Making SeeGinzburg,Carlo. Things The Strange: aLiteraryPrehistory of Device." SeeAllen, Graham. "Semiology." In - Barthes. a as „other‟ threatening a as West the of promotion on focused Union Soviet Brezhnev‟s the is us for important most the arts the all “of that quipped Lenin that wonder no is It cal insecurity, attempting to make sense of what it is, where it is, where it came from and from came it where is, it where is, it what of sense make to attempting insecurity, cal

97 lives

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100

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99 that understanding of a domestic identity can help can identity domestic a of understanding that

98 iea osrcs elt ad t h sm time same the at and reality constructs Cinema , ilm appears as a recognizablea reality,treatingthe as appears ilm

17 draw attention to to attention draw Roland Barthes compares Barthes Roland

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- 1991 hs kns f ersnain are representations of kinds These . New . Free363. York:Press, 1994, 102 something we fail to notice in notice to fail somethingwe Repr

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Zaslavskaya,Tatyana. "O Proizvodstvenyhsocializma Sovershenstvovanii otnoshenii zadachahekonomicheskoy i DeBardeleb Tsygankov, Miller, Tsygankov, Miller, Mil Tsygankov, Robert Miller, F Tsygankov, Gorbachev,"Excerpts AddressMikhail. ofby Gorbachev." Mikhail temple.edu. ler, 112 domestic. were however, concerns, main Gorbachev‟s Soviet foreign policy,Soviet foreign policy,Soviet Soviet foreign policy,Soviet diinly te oit oenet pn a ue oto o is N o ammns to armaments on GNP its of portion huge a spent government Soviet the Additionally, le i fatrs ihn h Sve Uin n Esen uoe waeig him weakening Europe, Eastern and Union Soviet the within fractures in ulted en, Joan. en, 109 Russia’s Foreign Policy Foreign Russia’s Policy Foreign Russia’s Policy Foreign Russia’s Policy Foreign Russia’s 111

Critics note that while Gorbachev has been a visionary in his view of the new reality, new the of view his in visionary a been has Gorbachev while that note Critics

Soviet foreign Gorbachevpolicy Soviet today: the thinkingand new political Russian Russian politicstransition in urse/Documents/gorbachev_speech_to_UN.htm. perestroika 107 l of all troops from Eastern Europe. While rhetorically, Gorbachev continued Gorbachev rhetorically, While Europe. Eastern from troops all of l e Grahvs ocsin wr hrl rcpoae. R reciprocated. hardly were concessions Gorbachev‟s Yet 163. 77 70 - - 78; Tsygankov, 78; 75.

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Id Russia’s Foreign Foreign Policy Russia’s . 2ndBoston: . ed. Houghton Mifflin, 741997. eologically, Gorbachev was a liberal Westernizer, and he and Westernizer, liberal a was Gorbachev eologically, unlv.edu/archives/articles/zaslavskaya_manifest.html. structuring he West extracted more and more unreciprocated more and more extracted West he 18

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, 40 , By 1982, most products in the Soviet the in products most 1982, By - 42.

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Ibid. Ibid. Matizen, "Perevorot." Victor. http://www.kinopressa.ru. http://www.kinopressa.ru/news/26.html. Ries, Joseph.Gibbs, SeeYurchak,Alexei. "Soviet Hegemony Forever,Until OfForm: Everything Was Ries,Nancy. pe wt n cer lentv. y 99 fw epe eivd n h uoi pooe b the by promoted utopia the in believed people few 1989, By alternative. clear no with apse,

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Klugman, Jeni. Klein, Graham,and"Chernukha Film." Seth. Russian N Klein, Reddaway,"Russia the on Brink Peter. Zarakol, Tsygankov, McManus,Dyole. Leader, Yearnfor"Impatient Finds."Russians Strong AngelesThePoll LosTimes. ShockDoctrine new the within sense made certainly West the to concessions unilateral Westernizers' The points Tsygankov aomi. After DefeatAfter 19 Russia’s Foreign Policy, Foreign Russia’s 90s, 7490s,million Russiansfoundpoverty themselves below line, the comparedonly with2 The shock The doctrine: rise capitalism of the disaster Pover 158 , , 69. ty in Russia ty in and public private policy responses , , 237

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Tsygankov, Lo,Bobo. Tsygankov, Jackson, W Jacob Kipp, Jackson, Klugman, Jeni. l resonated, and he tied ideas of prosperity to nationalism and expansionism. and nationalism to prosperity of ideas tied he and resonated, l placeda and politicizedgreatly became time that during policy Russia‟sforeign that notes Lo neo andnationalists for easy was it Thus, Russian Foreign Russian Policy Russian Foreign Russian Policy 160 Russian foreign the Russian policypost in Russia’s Foreign Policy,75. Foreign Russia’s Policy, Foreign Russia’s

Jackson notes that the decline in standards of living compared to Europe has reinforced has Europe to compared living of standards in decline the that notes Jackson g otherness of and its sense of humiliation andresentment. . 1994. "The1994. . Zhirinovsky Threat

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Quoted in Quoted Tsygankov, Tsygankov, "After DmitriRussia‟sEmerging Trenin. Empire: the Identity." Gorodetsky, International ed., In Gabriel, Tsygankov, Kempster,Norman. WithU.S. Over.""Honeymoon AngelesThe LosTimes. http://articles.latimes.com/1995 Tsygankov, Tsygankov, Shevtsova,Liliia. Giddens, orait ht tehnyon a cm t a end.” an to come has honeymoon “the that journalist and Yeltsin andsustainable, not was strategyWesternizer‟s the that clear became it 1993, By 174 - Modernity and ModernityIdentity and Self 46663_1_russian

These views restore some continuity with a common narrative of the past, of Russia as a as Russia of past, the of narrative common a with continuity some restore views These

Russia’s Foreign Policy, Foreign Russia’s Policy, Foreign Russia’s Policy, Foreign Russia’s Policy, Foreign Russia’s 167 The way to mitigate this insecurity is through further construction of the „other‟ and „other‟ the of construction further through is insecurity this mitigate to way The Lonely power: why Russia has failed toLonelyRussiahas failed West power: why Westthe wearyof is becomethe and Russia Russia’s Policy, Russia’s Foreign - participation. historical 172

ing anti ing Primakov also echoed elements of the EurasianPrimakovechoednarrative, elementsthe of also suggesting an

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first century first 168 175

Words like democracy became as hollowlikedemocracy becameas Words e Rsi ws tl vr dpnet on dependent very still was Russia Yet 171

173 n 96 oye wsrpae by replaced was Kozyrev 1996, In , 32 , . As domestic approval ratings for ratings approval domestic As .

and pursued further integration of integration further pursued and - 36. London: 36. FrankCass, 2003.

mr chrn nto of notion coherent more a tive views, advocating for advocating views, tive 169

eti dcae that declared Yeltsin 170 - oit tts and states, Soviet

In 1995,Kozyrev Russiabetween . Washington . aiming that aiming - 03 -

, CEU eTD Collection Internationales. http://infocusrevue.com/2011/04/21/is Internationales. 180 OrdinaryRussians." 179 178 177 176 country, it is a civilization.” a not is Russia country…caricatured a be automaticallywill it European, as itself see to were Russia ha and community international Western the in fitting between dichotomy Russia stronger supported respondents of 83% that Russ that distinct a values. as Asian and Orthodox identity hybrid on based self civilization its reconfiguring by insecurity ontological its confronts Russia West, o indicator an as reconfigured was thus, stigma, The morality. of sense and history unique own its with power, European a than rather Eurasian a being na the proud history.” and unlike unbroken an which, to narratives back references nationalist with complete by “came narrative, challenged Westernizer was It elites. Russian by maintained tha notes Neumann imposter.” an be to itself knows but please… to desire its in selfless almost “is that self” “artificial violateroutinesbiographicala narrative,“false self” a immerges. Russia of identity real the to foreign something as it treating stigma, the security but West the against balancingonlynotontological security required Russia‟s Restoring Russians. of insecurity the feed to continued Caucasus Northern and flounder to continued cooperation greater attain or Chechnya in situation

Quoted in Quoted Chepurina,"Is Maria. Identity Russian Identity?" European Revue InFocus: O'Lo Neumann, Steele, 104 Ibid, ughlin, John, Gearo ughlin,

of Russia in discourse existing the to prominence greater gave European as accepted Not passingasof to Zarakol refers bydefeatwhat War Cold thewithstigmaWesternizers of dealt and trust in the state Ontological Ontological Security 178 ia belonged to a Eurasian civilization, even though another poll in the same year indicated year same the in poll another though even civilization, Eurasian a to belonged ia - 117.

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Caldwell,Melissa L in Quoted Hashamova, ed.Hallward, "Le fantasme."Peter, l‟Analyse Contemporary The Thought.and Cahierspour French ed.Hallward, "La Peter, Concept castration." 14. Ibid, Lawton, in Quoted Graham, Russian Film,” and “Chernukha 9.

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31. 182

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med the crisis on the West, and West, the on crisis the med 191 41.

he Brother 190

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Balabanov‟s

‟s hero is Danila, a veteran of the Chechen war who goes to St. to goes who war Chechen the of veteran a Danila, is hero ‟s Danila into that world, asking him to do a hit. Danila‟scharacter hit. a do asking himto that world, into Danila

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A Jewish car salesman sells Danila a broken a Danila sells salesman car Jewish A Brother 2 Brother ie eo a av bt street but naïve a hero, tive

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d white. Onewhite. d On the way, the On . Danila. - smart ) a ) ts CEU eTD Collection 196 195 194 193 192 „other‟. the with dealing its in self the of narrative alternative an suggests and self,” “false the rejecting while environment, its by accepted arebe to inability Russia‟s of we positive: something to America by because misunderstood misunderstood being of stigma the reconfigures self. the of opposites moral as and caricatures as them shows and outsiders” “hateful the isolates projectingnegativeanythinggoodand experiences all and alternative an suggests meone obliteration.” of fear overwhelming “the from itself protect to employs ego the mechanisms defense the of examination Klein‟s with character the by felt anxieties the links She values. liberal subtextanything.Hashamova the notes African most correctness: political American do or say to afraid too are who whites on mockingthe cowardly, and violent asportrayed are Americans assault constant a is There truth. represents be U.S. the thanpowerful more is it but powerful, seem not mayRussia clear: is message The stronger." is truth more has Whoever truth. is power think I what? So money. of lot a have you Well, time. the at Russians most for inaccessible was which culture, consumer and money as such imagination, collective Russian threaten that insecurities the exposes film the that notes Hashamova castigated. song (wher song the with ends film The home.” flying We‟re vodka. us “bring attendant flight the tells she where plane, the into runs and finger the them gives She U.S. the to back go to of by told is she airport, the In „Russianness‟.

Ibid. Hashamo Giddens, 52. Ibid, Hashamova, 192 Hello AmericaHello e I have never been/will never be)never been/will never haveI e

thod of dealing with such anxiety is attempting to blend in with the environment,the with in blendattempting to anxietyis such dealingwith of thod

2 Brother At the end, Danila summa Danila end, the At

va, Modernity and Modernity and Self Pride and Panic, and Pride Panic, and Pride

efim Rsin oet ad aus hl Amer while values and honesty Russian reaffirms ,

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a technique Klein describes as establishing a “hateful object” by introjectingby object” “hateful a establishing as describes Klein techniquea - identity, 52. 53.

53 - rizes his world view. "American, what is power? Is it money? … money? it Is power? is what "American, view. world his rizes 54.

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While 196

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"LuchieV Rosii: Kinopoisk.ru. Kassovie2000." http://www.kinopoisk.ru/box/best_rus/view_year/2000/. Sbori ipoeet f h eooy e t getr stability greater to led economy the of improvement e War War pra a adopted he power, to came Putin When Russian film Russian a British a :

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reflected the shift toward greater focus on the internal enemy while being willing to willingbeing enemy while internal the on focusgreater toward shift the reflected man in 2000 in lfriend, or she will be raped and killed. John fails to get the ransommoney,thegetto failsaskilled. and will John be raped lfriend,she or Jh, i girlfriend, his John, ,

and attained a cult following, showing that at that juncture in time, the time, in juncture that at that showing following, cult a attained and r of civilians. John is presented as hypocritical and cowardly; he kills he cowardly; and hypocritical as presented is John civilians. of r

of historical of ies

vr h „te‟ ihn it within „other‟ the over n nue Rsin captain, Russian injured an

continuity. His handling of the war in Chechnya in war the of handling His continuity. 36 gmatic approach of cooperation with the West the with cooperation of approach gmatic

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n a and CEU eTD Collection 202 201 200 199 198 to mechanisms market free and support state both using infrastructure, financial a create to twofold: was plan Mikhalkov‟s collapse.” will formed traditionally has Russia that West and East between society. Russian for model a create can that myths create to has film that noted he speech, dramatic his In confidence. of vote Mikhal of one TriTe, studio, own Mikhalkov‟s anthem. Russian the penned father his while director, film since. role that retained compl inferiority national cinema.” in cultivated A Russia. of modernization the of aims the “contradict heroes.” “American of proud now films regulated He content. in change for urging yet infrastructure in improvements the noting 1997, in Union Filmmakers the of Congress Russia Russia Mikhalkov’s Nikita andMisunderstood: Friendly Asian, and European Russian government that is truly fault at the is it film, the in negatively portrayed is West the While biography. a of lack its from stemming as presented is agency of lack Russia‟s Thus, back.” generations 7 family my know “I biography. RussiansIvantellshe Later,fightbadly homel that theirbecause fightfor they don‟t money.”me givethey and goats like Russians the milkIrestaurants, hotels, Moscow in haveI China. Kaz and Ukraine away Gave weak. are people and idiots are leaders “Your authorities. Russia‟s of weakness the mock and cowardice

Mikhalkov in Beumers, Mikhalkovin Lawton, 47. Ibid, 48. Ibid, Beumers, Dondurei, in Birgit. n kov called for an emergency Congress meeting, where he elaborated his plans and asked for a for asked and plans his elaborated he where meeting, Congress emergencyan for called kov

yet well, as recovering began cinema the recovery, to track on was Russia as 1997, By cinema, along with its society was still search still was society its with along cinema,

ImagingRussia with an extremely stable value system,” value stable extremely an with 200 Russia Reels,onRussia , , 28. 201 called

At the end of that of end the At

202 Mikhalkov is part of a distinguished family. His brother is also a famous a also is brother His family. distinguished a of part is Mikhalkov Russia on reels:on Russian the idea in Russia post the the

If the situation does not change, he change, not does situation the If

Burnt by the Sun the by Burnt

Hollywood “the most important myth important most “the Hollywood e poial suis n usa A e mnh atr h elections, the after months few A Russia. in studios profitable few 199 akhstan, half the country for nothing; soon the Far East will go to go will East Far the soon nothing; for country the half akhstan,

- h fls f usa o te te hn, rdc iae that images produce hand, other the on Russia, of films The 53.

for being swayed by Western pressures.

Soviet anthem, and in 2000 wrote the words for the new the for words the wrote 2000 in and anthem, Soviet Congress Nikita MikhalkovNikita Congress

won the Oscar for Best Foreign Film, and he had his had he and Film, Foreign Best for Oscar the won 37

198 ing for an identity. Dondurei addressed the addressed Dondurei identity. an for ing

and - Sovietcinema bemoaned that bemoaned

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was elected President and has and President elected was . London: I.B.. Tauris,1999

Russian spectators are spectators Russian

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48.

CEU eTD Collection 205 204 203 Andrei to explain to tries Jane view. world romantic such understanding time hard a has hand, other the on American, The difference: cultural a emphasizes lot,” a explains That Russian. “He‟s film, for himself sacrifice to willing stubborn, andhonest as portrayed is Andrei Czar.” my homeland, my mom, my love “I responds he love?” you shows the Siberian people, with Asiantheir features and way life of inas camera The Moscow. European from are they different how emphasizing lakes, and rivers, forests, time, same the At German. in singing operas, Mozart‟s perform They film. the in characters Russian other most comesfromthreat revolutionary terrorists.trulyItis soldiers European: the perfect speakEnglish, like prosperous, be to film shown is The It Siberia. Russia. in Imperial romanticizes exile to sentenced is and general the attacks Andrei general. Russian older m she secure him help to Russia to come 1885, during the time Alexander of the 3 non expensive most the of one and made ever vision in his blockbuster time. Soviet duringinfluence of heyday fromits far fell that industrybattered a to purpose and pride backbring to visiona with leader strong a have finally to pleasedwere supporters his powers,dictatorial on take to filmmakers. of instead administrators identity. national rema cinema sure make

Ibid. 29. Ibid, Lawton, eets a Russian soldier, Andrei, and they fall in love. To secure the deal, the woman flirts withsecureRussianan woman deal,soldier, love.they the and the in Andrei,flirts a fall To eets

do “who Andrei asks Jane When naïve. somewhat and honorable, courteous, are soldiers The Siberia of Barber The

ImagingRussia h Ain usa s lo mhszd I Sbra te aea lds vr h expansive the over glides camera the Siberia, In emphasized. also is Russia Asian the 205

The plan passed with passed plan The 203

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(1998) financing for financing

204 a large majority. A few months later, Mikhalkov illustrated his illustrated Mikhalkov later, months few A majority. large a

had a budget of $49 million, the most expensive Russian film Russian expensive most the million, $49 of budget a had

Lawton notes that while critics denounced him as him denounced critics while that notes Lawton rd

. It follows American an Jane, who hiredis by aninvestor to what he believes in and what he loves. The tagline of the of tagline The loves. he what and in believes he what . -

Hollyw

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t pplto euae, n te only the and educated, population its tegrated with Russian.the

attempting

CEU eTD Collection 210 209 208 207 206 and film, the Mikhalko that suggests in inaccuracies historical numerous notes Hashamova power. and pride its restore God wars. any avoiding while military the industrialized and strengthened He father. his of reforms liberal the of many back rolled 3 the Alexander himself. Mikhalkov by played an in stated interview. he prostitutes,” and men, hit mobsters, as Russians depicting Hollywood of enough to due part in was interactions unfavorable Russia‟s this That homeland. their love who people and honest narrative heroes, historical positive Russia‟s produces restores movie The hostility. in result not need these although mi cause will this that accepting and history Imperial and Eurasian regained what is important. init the after that suggesting country. the robbing 1990s,Americanmetaphorthewhen for capitalists exploitedRussia‟snatural gain forwhile resources wh bringing, is he harm the and uniqueness Russia‟s understanding without self for resources Russian of advantage take to seeking industrialist, arrogant and naïve of misunderstanding don‟t “I mystique. Andrei‟s to attracted is understand anything about this country,” she exclaims. She gain. economic for general the courts she that

http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his241/Documents/Manifesto.pdf Ibid. "AlexanderMalsom, Scott. III." Alexander 33 Ibid, Norris, - given autocratic power. autocratic given

agency and pride of restoration Russia‟s of vision Mikhalkov‟s is This mutual on based one as America and Russia between interaction the presents film The Blockbuster History - 34. 207

Another Another

206 the other. The American investor is not portrayed as an outright villain but as a as but villain outright an as portrayed not is investor American The other. the aspect

v “constructs the historical mystification as reality and transforms illusion into illusiontransforms and reality as mystificationhistorical the “constructs v At the end, Andrei marries a Russian woman and lives a quiet life in Siberia, in life quiet a lives and woman Russian a marries Andrei end, the At , 34. , 208

210 of Mikhalkov‟s vision is the positive portrayal of Czar Alexander the the AlexanderCzar of portrayal positive the is Mikhalkov‟svision of a iftain ih h Ws, e a rtre t hs sa ros and roots Asian his to returned has he West, the with infatuation ial e esrd h pes n o and press the censored He

This was, thus, the leader Mikhalkov envisioned the country needed to needed country the envisionedMikhalkov leader the thus, was, This

with the West was spelled out by Mikhalkov himself. “We‟ve had “We‟ve himself. Mikhalkov by out spelled was West the with

Palace Time Palace http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/alexbio.html. Machine.

s nw i Rsi a a osraie edr who leader conservative a as Russia in known is 39

pesd dissent, ppressed .

udrtnig wt te West, the with sunderstandings 209

c, ors oe, s a is notes, Norris ich, while reaffirming his his reaffirming while –

nenlzn its internalizing - enrichment 3

rd , CEU eTD Collection 219 http://www.econ.yale.edu/faculty1/tsyvinski/WP135.pdf. NewFinancial and Researchat EconomicWorking School 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 no leader strong a as himself framed He exile. into them of some forcing power, of positions from oligarchs many removing by anxieties these for panacea a provided Putin community. indicators were these era; knee a not was this that suggesting Interestingly,attitudestowardwere Westmore negative the among youngmiddle thanpeople Putin’s by later year a than less up Vladimir Putin. taken was blueprint That state. Western a as accepted be to failure o loss Russia‟s of shame the erase to economy Western a with nationalism Russian merging of terms, Russia‟s on West the into integrating of Congress Filmmaking the of President as functio therapeutic very prisoners. and hand,other the on Sirivlya, emigrants political become will critics film Russian president, president. for run to ambitions film. the recor a setting Russia, in spectators of number huge a attracted film The film. the praised and attended all all ideologicalpersuasions:politicians Russianof Gorbachev, Primakov, IIAlexi Zyuganov, Patriarch Russianof identity. truth.”

Ibid. Guriev,and Sergei,AlehTrudolyubov, Maxim Tsyvinski Lawton, Norris, Lawton, 42. Ibid, Norris, 69. Ibid, Hashamova, d for cinema attendance and video sales. video and attendancecinema for d

211 In negative 2000s, the attitudes toward the West were deeply entr Kreml the screenedat was premierefilm‟s The 214 Blockbuster History Blockbuster History reconstructionthe for path a constitutes thatreality as desire of object an constructs film The

Search for Ontological Security Ontological for Search ImagingRussia ImagingRussia

Critics were less generous. Many suspected that the film reflected Mikhalkov‟s political Mikhalkov‟s reflected film the that suspected Many generous. less were Critics Pride and Panic and Pride

212

, , 91. , 92. n. For that, many thanks.” many that, For n. , 42 , 41. ,

,68. of anxiety about Russia‟s lack of identity and respect in the international the in respect and identity of lack Russia‟s about anxiety of said -

43.

the movie “is an ointment on the wounds of national pride, and has a has and pride, national of wounds the on ointmentan “is movie the 215

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213

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and a New Mythology aNew and 217 " Russian Attitudes Toward West." the Russian

Mikhalkov created a blueprint, as a director and director a as blueprint, a created Mikhalkov 40 135 (2008). 135 in‟s Palace of Congresses and was attended bywas attended and Congressesof Palace in‟s

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Dmitri Trenin. "After Dmitri35. Trenin. Empire,” the Tsygankov, Gessen,"FearSelf Masha. and Otvetil Na Kritiku "Putin Stolypina egoReform."i http://ria.ru/society/20111115/489623390.html. Ria Novosti. in Quoted Kryshtanovskaya, Stephen White.and "The Of Ol'ga, Sovietization Russian Politics." Whitmore,and"Stolypin The Brian. Angel Andropov: Devil Shoulders Vladimiron and Putin's Burlatsky,"Potaeniy Andropov."Fedor. Izvestia. http://izvestia.ru/news/291061. 3 the Alexander Like 223 nfcn ciiim rm ainlss t oe Ptn oprtd ih h US following U.S. the with cooperated Putin home, at nationalists from criticism gnificant

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ulc ht ere fr tblt ad distrusted and stability for yearned that public 225 - Self , 41 - 220

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226 putins

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For example, For see documentary "Mikhail Slishkom Putin Prokhorov: Naohidtsau Vlasti." Kommersant.Mnogo Aleksander. Dugin, 2: "Putin Posledniy Odnako. Shans." "Kurginyan: Putin "Counteringextremists for keytask law enf Ibid. in Quoted Tsygankov, Tuminez Tsygankov,

- 752/. 231 to needs Russia growth, economic alongside that understood Putin ,

t h sm tm, ui kes orig oeae omnss ntoait, n liberals. and nationalists, communists, moderate courting keeps Putin time, same the At

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ideological enemies Russia’s Foreign Policy, Foreign Russia’s .

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130 neo

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CEU eTD Collection Gessen, Gessen, Masha. "Fear and Self Fisher, Max. "The real reason Russia wants banto adoptions by „dangerous‟ American families." English, Robert D Egereva, Yelena, and Stanislav Govorukhin. "Pravila StanislavaJizni Govorukhina." Esquire. Dugin, Aleksander. "Putin Posledniy2: Shans." Odnako. Dugin, Aleksander. "Svoy Vzglyad." MED. Dmitrash, Maria, and Stanislav Govorukhin. "Narod sposoben navelikie svershenia, tolko esli on De "Countering extremists k Chepurina, Maria. "Is Russ Caldw Burlatsky, Fedor. "Potaeniy Andropov." Izvestia. http://izvestia.ru/news/291061 (accessed Booth, Ken. "Security and Emancipation." Beumers, Birgit. Barthes, Roland. "Leaving Movie the Theater." Scribd. Aven, and Petr, Andrei Kozyrev. "Andrei Kozyrev: Nastoyashiy Kamikaze." Forbes. Graham.Allen, "Semiology."In Bardeleben, Joan. ell, Melissa L. "Domesticating French The Fry: McDonald

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Russia on reels: Russianthe idea posin

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Putins rights April 24 "Power, Ideas, AndNew Evidence On The Cold War's A End: Reply Brooks To - russ Russian politics in transition .ru/article.php?id=74501 (accessed - ey task for law enforcers ia - security Russia.aspx (accessed International Security - ian Identity European Identity? wants , 2013). //infocusrevue.com/2011/04/21/is - Censorship in Vladimir Putin Roland Barthes - - to 752/ (accessed752/

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