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Home , Albeni, Amaradia (Dolj), Bechet, Calafat, Craiova, Dolj County

ACT ALIGN CCUS Project No 271501

This project has received funding from RVO (NL), FZJ/PtJ (DE), Gassnova (NO), UEFISCDI (RO), BEIS (UK) and is cofunded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme ACT, Grant Agreement No 691712

Accelerating Low carboN Industrial Growth through CCUS

Deliverable Nr. D5.5.2 (M30)

Description of CCUS Pathways for the region,

Dissemination level Public Written By Alexandra Dudu, Constantin , Sorin Anghel 28.02.2020 (GeoEcoMar), Andreea Burlacu (CO2Club), Bogdan Gheorghe, Florentina Anghel, Alexandra Dinulescu, Iolanda Alexe (PicOil)

Checked by WP5 Leaders Tom Mikunda and Lydia Rycroft (TNO) 28.04.2020 Approved by the coordinator Peter van Os (TNO) 10-05-2020 Issue date 10.05.2020

Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D5.5.2 Description of CCUS Pathways for the Oltenia region, Romania Issue date 10.05.2020 Dissemination Level Public Page 2/36

Executive summary

This report summarizes the work done within Task 5.5: Evaluating CO2 transport and storage routes in the Oltenia region, sub-tasks 5.5.1. Identification and description of possible CCUS pathways in the Oltenia region and sub-task 5.5.2: Assessment of possibilities to use captured CO2 in the western area. It is a continuation of deliverable D5.5.1: Identification of CCUS pathways in the Oltenia region.

The Oltenia region corresponds to the South-West Development region, one of the most developed regions of Romania. The region has a good transport infrastructure and is connected to the European TEN-T networks of roads and railways and to the Black Sea through the ports Orșova, Drobeta Turnu Severin, Cetate, , and . The region is also traversed by the national oil and gas pipeline networks, offering a good opportunity for the transport of CO2 through pipelines.

The total major emissions of the Oltenia region were almost 15 megatons (Mt) in 2018, representing 38 % of the total industrial emissions at national level (approximately 40 Mt). The major emissions in this region were almost constant during recent years (since 2013), except for emissions from the chemical company Oltchim S.A. which filed for bankruptcy in 2018. The region comprises the largest CO2 emitters in Romania (except Liberty Steel situated in Galați) as the four coal-fired power plants own by Oltenia Energy Complex are situated in the region.

Eight CCUS pathways were identified in the Oltenia region in the previous report, deliverable D5.5.1. For each source and sink pair identified, three types of transport options have been listed (roads, railways and pipeline). After analysis of the identified CCUS chains, it is concluded that, for large scale CCUS projects, only the pipeline option is truly viable in the case studies highlighted, taking into account the relatively short distances between sources and sinks and the existence of hydrocarbon transport corridors.

The existence of the at the southern border of the Oltenia region presents a good opportunity for the transport of CO2 for utilisation in the Black Sea. The ports of interest for the transport of CO2 from Oltenia region to the Black Sea storage and utilisation possibilities are: Orșova, Drobeta-Turnu-Severin, Calafat, Bechet, Corabia, Turnu Măgurele, Zimnicea, , Oltenița, Călărași, Cernavodă, Brăila, Galați, , Midia, and Constanța și Medgidia.

Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D5.5.2 Description of CCUS Pathways for the Oltenia region, Romania Issue date 10.05.2020 Dissemination Level Public Page 3/36

Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 2 OLTENIA REGION ...... 5 2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE REGION ...... 5 2.2 ECONOMY ...... 6 2.2.1 ...... 6 2.2.2 ...... 6 2.2.3 County ...... 6 2.2.4 Mehedinți County ...... 6 2.2.5 Vâlcea County...... 6 2.3 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 7 2.3.1 Roads ...... 7 2.3.2 Railways ...... 10 2.4 HYDROCARBON PIPELINES ...... 13 2.4.1 Gas pipelines ...... 13 2.4.2 Oil pipelines ...... 14 2.5 CO2 EMISSIONS ...... 15 3 DESCRIPTION OF CCUS PATHWAYS IN THE OLTENIA REGION ...... 17 3.1 SE IȘALNIȚA – BRĂDEȘTI ...... 17 3.1.1 Transport routes...... 17 3.1.2 Potential for oil recovery ...... 17 3.2 SE II - SAMNIC, GHERCEȘTI ...... 19 3.2.1 Transport routes...... 19 3.2.2 Potential for oil recovery ...... 19 3.3 CET GOVORA, OLTCHIM, CIECH SODA ROMANIA – CĂZĂNEȘTI, BĂBENI ...... 19 3.3.1 Transport routes...... 19 3.3.2 Potential for oil recovery and storage ...... 19 3.4 SE - BÂLTENI ...... 20 3.4.1 Transport routes...... 20 3.4.2 Potential for oil recovery ...... 20 3.5 SE – BIBEȘTI-BULBUCENI ...... 21 3.5.1 Transport routes...... 21 3.5.2 Potential for oil recovery ...... 21 3.6 ALRO - SAMNIC, GHERCEȘTI ...... 22 3.6.1 Transport routes...... 22 3.6.2 Potential for oil recovery ...... 22 4 MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS AND UTILIZATION IN THE BLACK SEA ...... 23 5 CONCLUSIONS ...... 10 6 REFERENCES ...... 11

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1 Introduction

This report summarizes the work completed within Task 5.5: Evaluating CO2 transport and storage routes in the Oltenia region, sub-tasks 5.5.1: Identification and description of possible CCUS pathways in the Oltenia region and Task 5.5.2: Assessment of possibilities to use captured CO2 in the western Black Sea area. It is a continuation of deliverable D5.5.1: Identification of CCUS pathways in the Oltenia region.

The objectives of the work described here were: • To describe the profile of Oltenia region; • To describe the CCUS pathways identified within Oltenia region referring to transport options and potential for EOR recovery; • To assess the ports along the Danube in terms of existing infrastructure and connection with onshore transport networks.

The report has three chapters and an introduction. Chapter two presents Oltenia region, referring to general information, economy, transport infrastructure (roads and hydrocarbon pipeline networks.

Chapter three is focused on description of CCUS pathways identified in the previous report, deliverable D5.5.1.

Chapter four presents the analysis of the Danube and maritime ports in terms of available infrastructure and the existing access routes. This is important in order to implement the multi-modal and to find solutions to utilize and store the CO2 captured in Oltenia region in the Black Sea.

The CCUS status in Romania can be summarized through the following: • Legislation has been prepared for the deployment of CCUS projects, starting with the transposition of the EU Directive on CO2 geological storage. Harmonization of current legislation in order to enable CCUS has also been undertaken and specific procedures for granting of exploration permit of potential CO2 storage sites and storage permit have been issued; • No storage permit, nor exploration permit have been requested so far; • The National Agency for Mineral Resources has been designated as the competent authority for CO2 geological storage and have established a dedicated department to CO2 geological storage; • There is an increasing interest from the CO2 emitters to implement CCUS. In the context of increasing price of EU allowances the largest emitters are struggling to stay in business. • There is slight interest, close to none, from the oil and gas industry, who are potential CO2 storage operators. • Romania had a single demonstration project proposal (GETICA CCS) which competed to NER 300 and was put on the waiting list. The feasibility study for the project was completed, but due to the lack of financing and lack of continuous governmental support, the project was stalled indefinitely. The location of the project was/is in Oltenia region. The CO2 source was Turceni power plant, transport was through a 40 km onshore pipeline with storage planned in storage in deep saline aquifers.

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2 Oltenia region 2.1 General information about the region

The Oltenia region (Figure 1) refers to South-West Oltenia development region, one of the eight development regions (corresponding to NUTS II divisions of EU) of Romania, located in the South-West Romania. The region is composed of five counties Dolj, Gorj, Mehedinți, Olt and Vâlcea and covers an area of 29,212 km2, equal to 12.25% of the total surface of Romania. According to the results of the last population census, the South-West Oltenia Region has a population of approximately 2.1 million inhabitants.

Figure 1. Location of Oltenia region in Romania The location of the Oltenia region is especially favourable for the economy and for tourism as the Carpathians and the Danube form the natural borders of Oltenia, respectively in the north and the south of the region. The Danube is an important regional resource and follows the border with and for a distance of 417 km. The northern border of the region is about 200 km from Timisoara, the distance between Craiova and is 230 km.

The Oltenia region offers diverse natural resources, which are particularly valuable. The fertile chernozem soils in the south of the region offer extremely favourable conditions for agriculture. The hydrological network, composed mainly of the Danube, Olt and rivers, positions this region as the main energy producer in Romania with over 70% of the total hydropower production. The region has a solid base for industry, as well as a high potential in agriculture and tourism. The subsoil of the region is rich in mineral resources, represented by coal deposits, hydrocarbons, natural building materials, metalliferous and non-metallic minerals, salt, oil, natural gas. A specific resource of the region, which made possible the appearance of the spa resorts, is represented by the thermal waters.

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2.2 Economy 2.2.1 Gorj County

The predominant industries in the Gorj county (name signifies “upper Jiu”) are: equipment, food and beverages, textile, mechanical components, glass and wood industries. In the North of the county coal is extracted, near and Rovinari. The county is the biggest electricity producer in Romania, with 36% of the country's electricity produced here. Due to the decrease in mining activity, the county has one of the highest unemployment levels in the country. The population registered at 2011 census was 341,594 people1.The population density was estimated in 2011 at 59.66 people per km2.

2.2.2 Dolj County

Dolj county (name signifies “lower Jiu”), with the capital city of Craiova, has agriculture as the main economic occupation. Other industries are predominantly located in the city of Craiova, the largest city in south-western Romania. The county's main industries are automotive (Ford has a factory), heavy electrical and transport equipment (Electroputere Craiova is the largest factory plant in Romania), aeronautics, chemicals processing, foods and beverages, textiles and mechanical parts and components. There are two small ports on the shore of the Danube river, Bechet and Calafat. According to the 2011 census, the population of the county was 660,544 people with a density of 89 people per km21.

2.2.3 The industry in the Olt county representing the main field of activity is aluminium processing and production. The metallurgical industry is represented in nearly all industrial sectors. The second main industry in the area is the industry of cars and freight wagons. The Olt county is also a big cereals producer with agricultural industry also present in the area. The population density was estimated at 79 people per km2 in the Olt county and the total population was 436,400 people, as registered at the 2011 census1 .

2.2.4 Mehedinți County The Mehedinți county is important for the production of vessels and wagons construction, wood processing, wood furniture fabrication, inorganic products fabrication, cellulose and paper fabrication, ready-made clothes, , coal extraction and production of electricity (hydro and thermo). The population in the Mehedinţi county registered at the census from 2011 was 265,390 people, resulting in a population density of 54 people per km21.

2.2.5 Vâlcea County In the Vâlcea county, the most important industry is the . The county of Vâlcea has one of the largest processing capacities in this field in the country. The county produces more than 70 different products, including sodium and derivative products, synthetic organic products, macromolecular products, chlorinated organic solvents, agrochemicals and more. The main representative factories in Vâlcea county are S.C. OLTCHIM S.A. and S.C. UZINELE SODICE GOVORA S.A. The other sectors relevant to the county industries are the energy industry (it uses the energy potential of Olt and its tributaries, producing over 1000 MW) and mining (surface coal and lignite exploitation from Berbeşti and , and the limestone exploration from Bistriţa). The population in the Vâlcea county was 371,714 people, with a population density of 65 people per km21.

1 Data on census available on http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul/. Population density was estimated taken into account the population registered at the census and the area of the county specified in the report of the National Institute of Statistics (https://insse.ro/cms/files/Publicatii_2017/82.Repere_economice_si_sociale_regionale_Statistica_teritoriala/Rep ere_economice_si_sociale_regionale_Statistica_teritoriala_2017.pdf)

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2.3 Transport infrastructure

2.3.1 Roads The South-West Oltenia region is crossed by the European TEN-T transport network (central and expanded) (Figure 2), which overlaps the existing public road network and provides new infrastructure elements.

Figure 2. TEN-T road network (red lines) and inland waterways (blue lines) on the territory of Romania (the Oltenia region is marked by the brown line).

The Road transport network that services the South-West Oltenia Region is made up of public roads structured administratively and territorially, according to law, and is divided into several categories: • roads of national interest, • roads of county interest, • roads of local interest.

The roads of national interest belong to the public property of the state and include the national roads, which ensure the connections with the capital of the country, with the county residence and with areas of national interest.These roads can be classified as: • highways, • express roads, • European national roads (E), • main national roads, • secondary national roads.

The roads of county interest are part of the public property of the county and include roads, which secure the connection between:

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• the county residence with the municipalities, with the cities, with the municipal residence, with the spa and tourist resorts, with the ports and the eruptions, with the important objectives related to the defense of the country and with the important historical objectives; • cities and municipalities, as well as between them and the commune residence; • the commune residence.

The roads of local interest belong to the public property of the administrative unit in the territory of which it is located and is classified as follows: • communal roads which provide the links between: the residence of the commune and the component villages or with other villages, between the city and the villages that belong to them, as well as with other villages and between villages; • vicinal roads (roads serving several properties being located within their boundaries); • streets (public roads within the localities, as follows: street, boulevard, lane, keys, pavements, road, driveway, pathway etc.).

From the categories of European roads, in the entire region, were identified following components: E70: (border with Serbia) Moravița-Timisoara-Drobeta Turnu Severin-Filiași-Craiova-Caracal-Alexandria- București-Giurgiu-Pod Giurgiu (border with Bulgaria); E79: (border with Hungary) Borș--Deva-Petroșani-Târgu Jiu-Filiași-Craiova-Calafat (border with Bulgaria); E81: (border with Ukraine) Halmeu- -Cluj Napoca--Râmnicu Vâlcea-Pitești-București; E574: Craiova-Pitești-Brașov-Onești-Bacău; E771: Drobeta Turnu Severin – Porțile de Fier I- border with Serbia). The European road routes described above overlap the national road routes according to the centralized data in the following table:

Table 1. Correspondence of European and national roads in the South-West Oltenia Region The European National road associated Road E70 DN 6: boundary with Caraș -Orșova-Drobeta Turnu Severin-Filiași- Craiova-boundary with E79 DN 66: boundary with county – Tg. Jiu-Filiași DN 6: Filiași – Craiova DN 56: Craiova-Calafat-border with Bulgaria E81 DN 7: boundary with – -Râmnicu Vâlcea – boungary with Argeș county E574 DN 65: Craiova – boundary with Argeș county E771 DN 6: Drobeta Turnu Severin – Porțile de Fier DN 6A: Porțile de Fier – border with Serbia

The length of the road network in the South-West Oltenia region totals 11,228 km (national, county and communal roads). Depending on the material of the tread surface, they are classified in the following categories: • modernized – 35% • with lightweight materials – 29% • cobbled - 27% • grounded (of soil) – 9%

The proportion of modernized roads in Olt County is the lowest in the region, only 26% of the total length of the network of Inland County. At regional level, the density of the public road network (

Table 2) is 0.38 km / km2, the specific values for each county varying between 0.33 km / km2 (Dolj county) and 0.42 km / km2 (Olt county).

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Table 2. Density of public roads network in the South-West Oltenia region Public roads network County Length (km) Density (km/km2) Dolj 2.435 0.38 Gorj 2.274 0.33 Mehedinți 1.872 0.41 Olt 2.328 0.38 Vâlcea 2.319 0.42

The national road network has a length of 2178 km (Table 3). The national road network represents 19% of the total length of the regional public roads with a density of 0.07 km / km2. Table 3. The characteristics of the national road network in the South-West Olteania region. The national road network County Length (km) Density (km/km2) Percentage public roads network (%) Dolj 473 0.06 19 Gorj 426 0.08 19 Mehedinți 449 0.09 24 Olt 301 0.05 13 Vâlcea 529 0.09 23

From the existing data, the category of roads of national interest there are classified as cobbled is 89 km in total, which are located in Gorj, Mehedinți and Vâlcea counties. County roads (Table 4) recorded the highest share in public roads, 41%. At the regional level, this amounts to 4,622 km with an average density of 0.16 km/km2. Over 50% of the total number of county roads which have a tread surface made of light road materials totals 114 km. Table 4. The characteristics of the county road network in the South-West Oltenia region The county road network County Length (km) Density (km/km2) Percentage public roads network (%) Dolj 1.096 0.15 45 Gorj 837 0.15 37 Mehedinți 702 0.14 38 Olt 1.026 0.19 44 Vâlcea 961 0.17 41

The communal roads (Table 5) represent 39% of the total length of the public road network, 4,428 km in total. About 70% of these roads are paved or soil. Table 5. The characteristics of the communal road network in the South-West Olteania region The communal road network County Length (km) Density (km/km2) Percentage public roads network (%) Dolj 866 0.12 36 Gorj 1.011 0.18 44 Mehedinți 721 0.15 39 Olt 1.001 0.18 43 Vâlcea 829 0.14 36

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The Dolj and Olt counties are those in which the communal roads are exceeding lengths of 200 km. Dolj county is the one area in which the roads of county interest are 33% of soil, in comparison to the county of Mehedinți, in which soil roadsrepresent 12% of the total county roads.

2.3.2 Railways The territory of the South-West Oltenia region is crossed by the European TEN-T (centralised and extended) railway network, as it can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3. TEN-T railway network on the Romanian territory The Rhine-Danube and East-Mediterranean corridors overlap over the No.900 railway line (see Figure 4). The cities and towns of Bucharest, Rosiori Nord-Craiova ,Caransebes, Timisoara North, represent the No. 912 railway line from, Craiova - Calafat (Figure 4). The extended network includes railway lines No.202 from Filiasi to Petrosani via Jiu and railway line No.221 from Jiu to Rovinari-Gura Motrului.

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Figure 4. Rhine - Danube and Orient - East Mediterranean railway corridors (source European Commission) According to the existing documentation, the railway network in Romania is categorized into interoperable and non-interoperable infrastructure. The interoperable railway infrastructure is defined as that which can be connected to the trans-European railway infrastructure, managed in accordance with the provisions regarding the free access of the railway operators and developed in accordance with the technical norms of interoperability adopted at European level. The non-interoperable railway infrastructure is related to local traffic, which may or may not be connected to the interoperable railway infrastructure, managed and developed on the basis of specific internal regulations. Depending on the technical characteristics of the lines and the maximum permissible speed, the traffic sections are classified by categories that have an influence on the charging mode.

In the Oltenia region, the non-interoperable sections are from (Figure 5): • Cărbunești to ; • to Bârsești; • Băbeni to Alunu via Berbești; • Golenți to ; and • Caracal to Corabia.

The railway network in the Oltenia region totals 988 km, of which 51% is electrified. According to the data published by CFR S.A2 at the region level, 45 stations (stations and moving stops) are operating. Of these 14 are listed as railway nodes: • Main line 900: Caracal, Craiova, Filiași, Gura Motrului, ; • Line 901: Olt Stone; • Line 912: Jiu HM, Golenți; • Line 914: Motru; • Line 201: Băbeni;

2 http://www.cfr.ro/files/ddr/Anexa%201a%20-%20Harta%20generala%20retea%20CFR.pdf

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• Line 202: Cărbunești, Târgu Jiu; • Line 221: Amaradia, Turceni.

Calafat station, located on line No.912, is the border station open to the traffic of goods and passengers.

Figure 5. Railway network for the Oltenia region (modified after CFR S.A.2)

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2.4 Hydrocarbon pipelines 2.4.1 Gas pipelines

The Oltenia region is traversed by part of the Corridor 1 South-East-West national gas transport network (Figure 6), operated by Transgaz, a company in which the main shareholder is the state. At present, through the pipelines associated with this corridor it is ensured: • The import of natural gas from the inter-connection point at Csanadpalota with Hungary, at a capacity of 1.75 billion cubic meters/year; • The intake of national natural gas production from Oltenia sources; • Gas delivery to the consumers in West and South-Bucharest.

According to the development plan for the national gas transport network time horizon 2027, the development of this corridor is directed towards: 1. increasing the transport capacity of the inter-connection point with Hungary to 4.4 billion cubic meters/year in the direction of Csanadpalota towards Horia; and 2. ensuring transport from gas sources in the Black Sea to the national Romanian consumers and the inter-connection points with neighbouring countries, such as Bulgaria and Hungary.

These Horizon 2027 development plans assume the construction of new pipelines and the settlement of additional compression stations in several locations such as Podișor, Bibești and Jupa.

Figure 6. National gas transport network in Romania (modified after Transgaz, 2017)

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2.4.2 Oil pipelines

The national oil pipeline infrastructure in Romania is presented in Figure 7. This network is operated by CONPET, a company in which the main shareholder is the state. The Oltenia region is traversed by two components of the national network: the Ghercești to Ploiești pipeline and the Țicleni to Ploiești pipeline. The terminal point, Ploiești, is located outside the studied region.

The Ghercești to Ploiești component includes taking crude oil from the pumping stations Ghercești, Lact, Râca, Izvoru, , Poeni, Roata and Potlogi and transporting the oil to the Petrobrazi refinery in Ploiești.

The Țicleni to Ploiești component comprises 2 sub-components: o Țicleni Bărbătești and Bărbătești – Orlești – Poiana Lacului – Siliște – Ploiești pipeline ensuring the delivery of oil from Țicleni structure and Totea – deposit to Ploiești refineries; o a pipeline collecting oil and condensate from pumping and re-pumping stations in Țicleni, Mădulari, Orlești, Otești, Poiana Lacului, Oarja, Saru, Siliște and Bucșani to supply the refineries in Pliești.

Figure 7. National oil transport network in Romania (modified after CONPET)

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2.5 CO2 Emissions

The major CO2 emissions in the Oltenia region totalled 14,899,852 metric tonnes of CO2 in 2018, representing almost 38 % from the total industrial emissions at national level (39,623,806 metric tonnes). As it can be seen from Figure 8Fout! Verwijzingsbron niet gevonden., there are five major CO2 emission sources from the energy domain, one source from metallurgic industry and one source from chemical industry. These emissions have shown limited variation since 2013. The Oltenia region comprises the largest CO2 emitters in Romania (except from Liberty Steel which is situate in Galați) as it comprises the four coal-fired power plants from Oltenia Energy Complex. One of the emission sources, mentioned in the previous report deliverable D5.5.1, a chemical factory owned by Oltchim S.A, has declared bankruptcy in 2018 which has directly impacted emission levels in the area.

Figure 8. Map showing the location of the CO2 emission sources, selected CO2-EOR , existing pipelines in the Oltenia region.

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Table 6. Major CO2 emission sources in the Oltenia region and reported emissions (metric tonnes) for 2013-2018. Installation Name Account Holder 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Industry type Name SC C.E. OLTENIA SA - S Complexul 4291363 4469942 5412542 5460945 5782942 5191433 Energy SUC.ELECTROCENTRALE Energetic Oltenia ROVINARI SA S Complexul Energetic S Complexul 4169782 4476006 4454326 4159951 4429457 4069124 Energy Oltenia SA-SE Turceni Energetic Oltenia SA S Complexul Energetic S Complexul 1652543 2378893 2608863 1760749 2357658 2528089 Energy Oltenia SA - SE Ișalnița Energetic Oltenia SA SC CET Govora SA SC CET Govora 1081365 1178473 1126695 1386466 1513139 1244630 Energy SA S Complexul Energetic S Complexul 1120185 1164735 1241520 1303931 1290216 1265999 Energy Oltenia S.A. -SE Craiova II Energetic Oltenia SA SC ALRO SA - Sediul S.C. ALRO S.A. 373954 377880 392448 393433 395216 398015 Metallurgic Social Ciech Soda Romania SA- Ciech Soda 188109 182137 188113 181996 213247 202562 Chemical Instalatie obtinere soda cal Romania SA industry

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3 Description of CCUS pathways in the Oltenia region

The CCUS pathways identified within the Oltenia region, presented in deliverable D5.5.1 and in Figure 8., are: • SE (Sucursala Electrocentrale – Power Plant Branch) Ișalnița – Brădești • CET (Centrale electrice de termoficare – Electric heating plants) Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania - Căzănești • CET (Centrale electrice de termoficare – Electric heating plants) Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania - Babeni • SE (Sucursala Electrocentrale – Power Plant Branch) Rovinari - Balteni • SE (Sucursala Electrocentrale – Power Plant Branch) Turceni - Bibesti-Bulbuceni • SE (Sucursala Electrocentrale – Power Plant Branch) Craiova II - Samnic, Ghercești • Alro - Samnic, Ghercești

The most economic method of transport depends on the locations of capture and storage sites, the distance from source to sink, and the quantities of CO2 to be transported. However, the quantity of CO2 to be transported from a single power plant is on the order of 1 to 3 million metric tons (Mt) per year, which is a huge amount, making it unfeasible for road or rail transport. As a result, pipeline is the only viable option in the Oltenia region for the onshore transportation of CO2. There is considerable industrial experience in the transport of CO2 by pipeline globally.

3.1 SE Ișalnița – Brădești 3.1.1 Transport routes The Ișalnița power plant and Brădești oil (shown in Figure 9) are connected through the roads DN6/E70/E79 at a total distance of 12 km. These two points could be easily connected by a CO2 pipeline, as on the same route there is an already existing natural gas pipeline. Through a CO2 pipeline Ișalnița could be connected with the closest Danube ports, Calafat (DN56/E79) and Bechet (DN55), from which CO2 could be transported via ship, offshore to the Black Sea for storage.

3.1.2 Potential for oil recovery Using the public ally available data provided in the previous report (D5.5.1), a porous volume of 62 million cubic meters was estimated for the Brădești reservoir structure, with a present recovery of approximately 30% (estimated based on discussions with oil exploitation specialists).

By making associations with analogous fields from America, presented in the paper of Azzolina et. al. (2015), and taking into account the degree of homogeneity of the reservoir, the amount of oil recovered as a result of the application of the CO2-EOR process was estimated. The amount of oil recovered by the end of the process is approximately 10 million cubic meters.

At the same time, using the material balance, it was estimated the amount of CO2 needed to perform the process is about 29 megatons (Mt). It means that the oil reservoir can take all the CO2 captured from Ișalnița (approximately 2.53 Mt in 2018) for over 11 years. These are estimations as this analysis has a high degree of uncertainty due to the availability of data and the age of the sources utilized (Geology of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Romania by Dumitru Paraschiv, Bucharest 1975).

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Figure 9. Map of Ișalnița - Brădești area.

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3.2 SE Craiova II - Samnic, Ghercești 3.2.1 Transport routes The Craiova II power plant and the Samnic-Ghercești oil bearing structure can be connected through the ringway road of Craiova city and then though national road DN65F and county road DJ643F, a total distance of 10 km. The transport of CO2 via rail and road as well as by pipeline are all viable options as all are very close to the source and sink. These two points could be easily connected by a CO2 pipeline, as on the same route there is a natural gas transport corridor. CO2 transport could benefit from the existence of this gas transport corridor as this is a well-studied route, with all the necessary permits in place. The instalment of a dedicated new CO2 pipeline on this corridor would be easier than on a new route. It may be possible even to use one of the old gas pipelines for CO2 transport, if it meets the necessary specification and safety measures. Through a CO2 pipeline, Craiova II could be connected with the closest Danube ports Calafat and Bechet, from which CO2 could be transported offshore via ship to the Black Sea.

3.2.2 Potential for oil recovery Oil production at the Samnic - Ghercești field started in 1958, recording an oil recovery factor of approximately 20% (Paraschiv, 1975). For this oil reservoir, a porous volume of 95 thousand cubic meters was estimated. The amount of oil recovered as a result of CO2 injection is about 15 thousand cubic meters.

For the enhanced oil recovery injection process, a quantity of CO2 of approximately 78 thousand tons (0.078 Mt) is required. Since SE Craiova II emitted approximately 1.27 Mt in 2018, means that the oil reservoir cannot use the total CO2 amount eventually captured from the power plant, not even a year, at the current level of emissions.

3.3 CET Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania – Căzănești, Băbeni 3.3.1 Transport routes The sources CET Govora, Oltchim and Ciech Soda Romania can be connected with the Căzănești oil bearing structure (see Figure 10) through national road DNCB and European road E81, a total distance of 2 km. In spite of the fact that the distance is very long, through a CO2 pipeline, CET Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania could also be connected with the closest Danube port - Corabia, from which CO2 could be transported offshore via ship to the Black Sea.

The source-sink pair CET Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania - Babeni, Valcea County can be connected through county road DJ647 on a total distance of 6 km. Similar with the previous pair, in spite of the fact that the distance is very long, through a CO2 pipeline, CET Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania could be connected with the closest Danube port - Corabia, from which CO2 could be transported on water to the Black Sea.

3.3.2 Potential for oil recovery and storage For the Băbeni hydrocarbon field, a porous volume of 159 thousand cubic meters was estimated. The oil recovery is 37% of the resource volume. It was estimated the amount of oil recovered as a result of the CO2 injection of about 25.4 thousand cubic meters for which a quantity of injected CO2 of 130 thousand tons (0.013 Mt) is required.

Căzănești field is a depleted gas field and it has a porous volume estimated of 150 thousand cubic meters. The total mass of captured, supercritical CO2 that can be stored in this field was estimated at approximately 89 Mt.

Taking into account that CET Govora, Oltchim and Ciech Soda Romania emitted around 1.45 Mt in 2018 (based on ETS reporting), it means that the CO2 captured at these sources can be used to complete CO2- EOR process at Băbeni oil field (a small amount from the total captured CO2) and the rest can be stored in Căzănești field, that can retain the emissions (at the current level) for more than 60 years.

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Figure 10. Map of CET Govora, Oltchim, Ciech Soda Romania – Căzănești, Băbeni area.

3.4 SE Rovinari - Bâlteni 3.4.1 Transport routes Rovinari power plant can be connected with the Bâlteni oil bearing structure (see Figure 11) through national road DN66 and European road E79, on a total distance of 13 km. In spite of the fact that the distance is very long, through a CO2 pipeline, Rovinari could also be connected with the closest Danube ports - Drobeta Turnu Severin as well as Calafat and Bechet, from which CO2 could be transported on water to the Black Sea.

3.4.2 Potential for oil recovery From the beginning of the exploitation of the Bâlteni field, the year 1952, and to date the production of oil is about 33% of the volume of the geological resource. As a result of the application of the technological process of CO2 injection, the recovery of oil would increase by 16%, which represents an amount of approximately 3585 thousand cubic meters.

The estimated amount of CO2 required to perform the process is 18270 thousand tons (0.018 Mt). This amount is much lower that the total amount of CO2 emitted by SE Rovinari in one year (5.19 Mt in 2018 according to ETS reporting). Only a pilot capture installation is required to complete the CO2-EOR process for this field.

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Figure 11. Map of Rovinari – Bâlteni area.

3.5 SE Turceni – Bibești-Bulbuceni 3.5.1 Transport routes Turceni power plant can be connected with the Bibești-Bulbuceni oil bearing structure through the roads DN66/E79, DJ661 and DC49 (see Figure 12). The total distance, in straight line between source and sink is 12 km. In fact, taking into consideration the route of rails, roads and the existence of natural gas transport corridors, the distance between source and sink is 4-5 times higher. Taking that into consideration the rail, road and pipeline transport of CO2 is possible. Through a CO2 pipeline Turceni could be conected with the closest Danube ports, Calafat and Bechet, from which CO2 could be transported on water to the Black Sea.

3.5.2 Potential for oil recovery For the Bibești field, a porous volume of 21 thousand cubic meters was estimated. Also, for Bibești it was estimated an amount of oil recovered as a result of the CO2 injection of about 3.3 thousand cubic meters for which an amount of injected CO2 of 31.4 thousand tons (0.031 Mt) is required.

For the Bulbuceni structure, a porous volume of 541 thousand cubic meters was estimated. The quantity of oil recovered as a result of the application of the process was estimated at about 86 thousand cubic meters. This requires an amount of CO2 injected of 441 thousand tons (0.44 Mt). Together, Bibești and Bulbuceni oil fields can use 0.471 Mt from in CO2-EOR process. This amount is insufficient compared to the total amount emitted by SE Turceni in a year (more than 4 Mt in 2018).

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Figure 12. Map of Turceni – Bibești Bulbuceni chain

3.6 Alro - Samnic, Ghercești 3.6.1 Transport routes The pathway Alro - Samnic, Ghercești, Olt County, (source and sink connected through the roads DN65 and E574) is 38 km long, in a straight line. In fact, taking into consideration the route of rails, roads, the distance between source and sink is 4-5 times higher. Taking that into consideration the rail and road transport of CO2 through a pipeline could be done following an existing oil pipeline on shorter distance, in straight line. Also, through a CO2 pipeline, Alro could be connected with the closest Danube port, Corabia, from which CO2 could be transported on water to the Black Sea.

3.6.2 Potential for oil recovery Oil production at the Samnic - Ghercești field started in 1958, recording an oil recovery factor of approximately 20% (Paraschiv, 1975). For this oil reservoir, a porous volume of 95 thousand cubic meters was estimated. The amount of oil recovered as a result of CO2 injection is about 15 thousand cubic meters.

For the enhanced oil recovery injection process, approximately 78 thousand tons (0.078 Mt) of CO2 is required. This amount is less than Alro emitted in 2018, which was more than 0.4 Mt. Therefore, not all the CO2 from ALro can be used in CO2-EOR processes at Samnic-Ghercești.

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4 Multi-modal transport solutions and utilization in the Black Sea

CO2 transport solely through the use of pipelines has been proven to be an unrealistic solution in Romania given the large transportation distances required (Sava et al., 2017). Given that the entire southern part Romania is bounded by the Danube river, the concept of "multimodal transport of CO2 in Romania" (Sava et al., 2017), utilizing numerous transportation options, would be beneficial. Upon identifying the major CO2 industrial sources and geological structures favourable to the storage of CO2, including the application of EOR (enhanced oil recovery) and EGR (enhanced gas recovery), Section 4 of this report reviews the design of segments of CO2 transport pipelines to or from the closest ports on the Danube river.

Once a defined amount of captured CO2 from an industrial source reaches a Danube port by a short pipeline, it can be transported by barges to another Danube port and be connected to a storage site. In the same way, the amount of CO2 that reaches a Danube port could also be transported through the Danube-Black Sea Channel, to the Agigea Port. From here it can be transported to an offshore storage site via a sea-going ship or through seabed pipelines. In the Western Black Sea Basin, CO2 storage operations (even EOR or EGR) could occur, similarly to the planned North Sea CCUS operations.

It should be noted that one of the main reasons for using the CO2 emitted in Oltenia region in CO2-EOR operations in the Black Sea is that, given the high emissions of the region, not all of the CO2 emitted can be used in the same type of operations onshore (as indicated in the previous chapter). But the CO2 utilization in CO2-EOR operations is not enough to take the high emissions from Oltenia region. This should be combined with geological CO2 storage.

The ports of interest for the transport of CO2 from Oltenia region to the Black Sea storage and utilisation possibilities are illustrated in Figure 13.

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Figure 13. Map of ports on the Danube river, major CO2 emissions on Southern part of Romania and hydrocarbon deposits suitable for EOR

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Orșova Port (Figure 14) is located 955 km along the Danube (number of km on Danube river measured from downstream to upstream), with its roads network ranging from 953 – 957 km, and upstream of the current accumulation lake and Hydropower and Navigation Complex "Iron Gates 1" (hydroelectric dam) in Mehedinți county.

The port is the public property of the Romanian State. It’s land area, which was granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA, is 50,439 square meters. The operator of the port is SCEP DROBETA SA Orșova. The operated goods are: iron ore, wood, general goods, building materials, bauxites, and fertilizers. The port has 100 meters of reinforced quays, 500 meters of vertical quays and a modern passenger terminal with a river station of European standards. The facilities of the port are: drinking water supply, sewerage and electricity. Communication paths include internal access to Orșova’s road network as well as to DN 6 and DN 57. The ships are moored at the vertical quays as well as at the mooring docks.

Figure 14. Map of Orșova port. Drobeta – Turnu Severin Port (Figure 15) is located between 931-933 kms along the Danube, with its roadstead ranging from 927-934 km, on the left bank of the Danube, Mehedinți county, in the accumulation lake of Hydropower and Navigation Complex "Iron Gates II".

Figure 15. Map of Drobeta- Turnu Severin port.

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The Drobeta- Turnu Severin port is the public property of the Romanian state. The total concession area of the port, which was granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA Giurgiu, is 137,592.11 square meters (which includes commercial, passengers and gauge parts ramps). Of this total area 44,084.55 square meters are partitioned for passengers, 72,662.42 square meters for commercial use and 20,845.14 square meters for cargo unloading.

Operated goods include general goods, laminates, ores, fertilizers, cereals, and coal. The main operator is TRANSEUROPA PORT GALATI. In the downstream part of the passenger port the supply berth is located. The port is of river type, which allows the landing of hopper barges up to 3000 metric tons. The access to the wharf (quay) is directly from the waterway. Commercial port traffic capacity is 725 thousand tons per year. The lengths of the different types of quays are presented in Table 7.

Table 7. Lengths of different types of quays Type of quay/docking area Length (linear meters) Vertical quays, related to commercial berths 300 Reinforced quays (used for awaiting berths) 420 Reinforced quays, used for winter berths 365 Operating quay for the silo 100 (65 for vertical quay and 35 for reinforced quay)

The instruments (machines) available at the quays are one port crane (5 tonne-force (tf) by 32 m of Bocsa type;) and two quay cranes (16tf x 32 m of Bocsa type). Both sectors, commercial and passenger, have operating buildings, and facilities for supplying with electricity, water and sewerage (passenger port). At the downstream side of the commercial harbour there is currently an oil terminal "OMV".

Communication paths for this port include: - Road access to the city's road network and further connections to DN6, DN 56, DN 56A and DN 67; - Rail access through interconnection lines connected to the station c.f. of the city and further on the 900 Bucharest - Caransebeș - Timișoara route (railway).

Calafat Port (Figure 16) is located between 794-795 km along the Danube, with its roadstead ranging from 793 – 796 km, on the left bank of the Danube, Dolj county.

Figure 16. Map of Calafat port The Calafat port is the public property of the Romanian state and it is operated by SCEP Drobeta SA Orșova and SC CEREALCOM Dolj SA. The total concession area of the port, granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA Giurgiu, is 50,968 square meters. The port is operating various general goods. The port is of river type, allowing the barges up to 2000 tonnes to land.

The access on the water is ensured directly by the Danube’s navigation channel. The mooring depth is -3.00 meters. The port has the following mooring fronts, arranged with stone packing, from upstream to downstream: • RO-RO ramp; • 100 m operative front; • 100 m passenger berth;

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• 350 m cargo berth, where 2 port cranes of 5tf x 32 m are mounted. • Ferry-boat.

In the area of the RO-RO ramp, a border crossing point (PTF), equipped with all the necessary facilities, is arranged. In the downstream area of the port there is a ferry-boat that provides the connection between Calafat (Romania) - (Bulgaria). The port has storage platforms of 11,000 square meters. The traffic capacity is 270 thousand tonnes per year. The port has the facilities regarding the supply of electricity, water and sewerage.

Operating equipment consist of two 5tf x 32 m quay port cranes, and at the other berths, the operations are carried out with floating cranes. Communication paths for this port include: • Road access connected to the local transport network and further connections to DN 55, DN 5A and DN 56A; • Rail connection through railroad switch lines in the local network.

Bechet Port (Figure 17) is located 679 km along the Danube, with its roadstead ranging from 678 – 681 km, on the left bank of the Danube, Dolj county.

Figure 17. Map of Bechet port.

The Bechet port is the public property of the Romanian State and the main operators are SPET SA Craiova and SC CEREALCOM Dolj. The port area granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA Giurgiu is 76,287 square meters. The port has 600 m long reinforced quays and a docking ramp for river vessels of RO-RO type as well as a boarding platform for oversized parts. Communication paths consist of road access to DN 54A, DN 55 and DN 55A.

Corabia Port (Figure 18)is located at Km 629 - 630, with its roadstead ranging from Km 627.6 - 633, on the left bank of the Danube, Olt county.

The port is the public property of the Romanian State and the port area granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA Giurgiu is 226,315.36 square meters. The main operator is SCAEP Giurgiu Port SA. The port has 1400 m long reinforced quays that serve cereal silos. In terms of communication paths, the port has road access to Corabia city network and exit to DN 56 A. It has also a railway connection.

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Figure 18. Map of Corabia port

Turnu Măgurele Port in 1910 was considered the fourth most important Romanian port on the Danube. The stone quay of the harbour was built in 1906 and the river navigation building was called by the workers "the Marchiza". In the a silo for grain storage was built. In 1892 the construction of the railway between the city and the port was realized. Until 1960, the port activity at Turnu Măgurele was of little significance. With the construction of the Chemical Fertilizer Company, the port has undergone a spectacular revival, being equipped today with modern loading and unloading facilities and a building that houses the river station.

Today the port, which is located 5 Km from the city, is the fourth river port of Romania in terms of transit capacity. At Turnu Măgurele, there is also a border crossing point between Romania and Bulgaria, operational since April 2010, passing to the port of Nikopol on the Bulgarian shore by ferry.

Zimnicea Port is located 553 km along the Danube and has a 440 m long quay with a water depth of 3 m. It has a 25 tf crane and three 16 tf cranes. It also has a cereal quay and a passenger quay, both 100 m long. The port platform totals 21,300 square meters and the deposits have an area of 4,000 square meters. The port's traffic capacity is 720,000 tonnes per year.

The stone quay of the port was built after 1918. After 2000, the port has experienced a spectacular revival, being equipped today with modern loading and unloading facilities.

Giurgiu Port (Figure 19) is located 493 km along the Danube and has the following quays: • A 250 m operational quay (3.50 m water depth); • A 100 m supply quay; • A 400 m passenger quay • A 170 m waiting quay; • A ballast terminal’s river quay equipped with three 16 tf cranes.

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Figure 19. Map of Giurgiu port The cargo platforms at Giurgiu port have an area of 5,000 square meters and warehouses covering 3,000 square meters. There is also a silo with a capacity of 10,000 tonnes and a platform for sugar beet and a ballast pit with a surface of 29,000 square meters.

Ships of up to 1,500 tonnes and with a maximum draft of 2 m can be operated in the port. The traffic capacity of the port traffic is 1,340,000 tonnes per year. On the Plants canal there is an operational quay for general goods, equipped with 2 cranes of 5 tf each and it is planned to arrange a container terminal and a free zone. The oil terminal is located between the entrance to the basin and the entrance to the Plant Canal. Its quay has a length of 353 m and a water depth of 3.5 m. Here vessels of up to 2,000 tonnes can operate. The traffic capacity is 450,000 tonnes per year for solid products and 100,000 tonnes per year for liquid products.

Oltenița Port (Figure 20) is located 430 km along the Danube, with its roadstead ranging from 428 – 431 km, on the left bank of the Danube, Călărași county.

Figure 20. Map of Oltenita port The port is the public property of the Romanian State. The concession surface of the port granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA Giurgiu is 887,000 square meters, of which 9,600 square meters were used for building. The main operators are SCAEP Giurgiu Port and SC TTS SA Bucharest.

The operated goods consist of cereals, ballast pit products, quarry products. The traffic capacity is 525 thousand tonnes per year. The port is of river type, allowing the mooring of barges up to 2000 tonnes, with of mooring depth of -3.00 m. The access on the water is ensured directly by the Danube’s navigation channel.

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The port consists of the following mooring fronts arranged from upstream to downstream: • 4 berthing ramps for the transport of oversized parts; • A 200 m long non-operative front; • A reinforced quay; • A 300 m long reinforced quay used for loading / unloading goods.

Operating equipment includes three 5 tf x 32 m port cranes. Communication paths include: - road access connected to the city's road network and further links to DN 4, DN 31 and DN 41; - railway network connections provided by the connection to the city station.

Călărași Port Complex (Figure 21) is located at 370 km along the Danube, with its roadstead ranging from 372 -377 km on the left bank of the Danube, Călărași county.

Figure 21. Map of Călărași port.

The port is the public property of the Romanian State. The concession surface of the port granted by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to CN APDF SA Giurgiu is 149,066.42 square meters. Commercial area covers 81,505 square meters, the industrial are 62,500 square meters, and the Călărași Chiciu area 5,091.42 square meters. The main operator is SC AGROVET SRL and SC MERIDIAN. The operated good consist of ballast pit products.

Cernavodă Port (Figure 22) is a river port located 300 km along the Danube and is also situated on the Danube-Black Sea Canal. The port area is 190,000 meters square (100,000 covered as water surface and 90,000 as cargo platform surface). The lengths of different types of berths is presented in Table 8. Table 8. Length of berths for Cernavodă Port Berth designation Length (m) Passenger 250 Oil products 75 Cereals 100 General gods 520 Ballast pit 400

The port is equipped with a 16tf crane and two 5tf cranes.

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Figure 22. Map of Cernavodă port

Brăila Port (Figure 23) is a river-maritime port located on the Danube between Km 172 and 168.5 (the last port of the maritime Danube upstream). The port has three areas: • the old port for passengers and wood products;

• the dock basin used for general goods, cereals and ballast products;

• the area downstream of Brăila, for the container terminal and the free zone.

Figure 23. Map of Brăila port 150 vessels can operate simultaneously in the dock basin. Upstream and downstream of the port, there are anchorage areas, each of which can anchor 7-8 sea vessels. The length of the quay is 4,555 m. The water depth is 6-7.5 m. The cranes are of 5tf and 16tf and the port has a silo of 30,000 tonnes. The technological capacity of traffic is 2.8 million tonnes per year. It has his own reinforcement quay and several cargo bays.

Galați Port is a river-maritime port, located between 157 and 145.4 km along the Danube river. The commercial port is made up of different sectors, totalising a number of 53 berths which include: • The old port, for passengers and ballast; • The dock basin (for general goods and cereals); • The wooden cargo basin; and • The ropes used with metallurgical products.

The length of the quays is 4,400 m. The water depth in reference to the quay is 7.5 m. In Galati port, vessels up to 25,000 deadweight tonnage (tdw) can operate. The docks are equipped with 39 quay cranes, 56 mobile cranes, 26 large cranes and 16 cranes of 16tf. The port area is 240,250 square meters, of which the dock basin has 12,300 square meters. The technological capacity of traffic is 12.4 million tonnes per year.

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The industrial port was upstream of the ’s spill into the Danube. The port specializes in the unloading of iron ore and coke. Traffic capacity is 22 million tonnes per year for the unloading of ore and coke and 2 million tonnes per year for the incineration of ash.

The sea vessel’s quay is 800 m length, and the one for river vessels is 120 m. In the downstream part of the commercial port, the container and development terminal for the free zone will be developed. The Galati Shipyard can build ships of up to 65,000 tdw. It has a dry dock with two rooms, each 235 x 35 m, a cargo bay for ships of 20,000 tdw and one for ships of 7.500 tdw. The yard is equipped with two giant cranes (one of 50tf and another one of 320tf), as well as other cranes of 40tf, 16tf and 5tf.

Tulcea Port is a river-maritime port, located 70 – 72 km along the Danube, designed to fulfil the four major roles of being an industrial port, fishing port, commercial port and military port.

Tulcea commercial port has several berths: for bulk goods (at 72km along the Danube), for ballast (at 70 km) and for passengers (at 71 km). The port’s scaffold has a length of 970 m, with a water depth of 3-3.5 m. The platform of this area has 32,000 square meters. The berths are equipped with cranes (2 of 16tf and 2 of 5tf) and a floating crane (10tf). The traffic capacity of the commercial port is 0.85 million tonnes per year. The sea port’s quay is 230 m in length, the water depth is 7.5 m, the platform surface is 7,150 square meters and it has 16tf cranes. Ships up to 25 000 tdw can operate here. The traffic capacity is 1.04 million tonnes per year. The river port’s quay is 100 m in length, the water depth is 3 m, the platform surface is 950 square meters and it has two cranes of 5 tf. Its traffic capacity is 3 million tonnes per year.

The industrial port is upstream of the city and is intended for loading and unloading of minerals such as iron, coke, bauxite, magnesite, and minerals for the iron and steel works.

The port reserved for oceanic fishing vessels is located at 72.6 km along the Danube, between the commercial port and the shipyard basin. The length of the quay is 360 m and the water depth is 5.5 m. It has 5 tf cranes and a traffic capacity (over frozen fish) of 0.2 million tonnes per year. Tulcea Shipyard has cargo bays for 15.000 tdw ships and 40tf, 16tf and 5tf cranes. The water depth in the yard’s basin is 9 m.

Midia Port is a maritime port and represents the terminus point of the Poarta Albă Canal -Midia Năvodari. Its surface area is 6.60 million square meters, of which 370,000 are on land and 2.9 million are marine. It has 7 berths and 1,415 m of quays. The water depth in the port basin, in the dock operating area, is 8-9 m. The smallest depths in the basin are 7 m. The goods are operated with two cranes of 16 tf each.

The Midia Shipyard repairs vessels up to 65,000 tdw with draught up to 5.5 m. It has three floating docks (one of 20,000 tonnes and two of 10,000 tonnes) and 3 reinforcing berths with 720 m long quays, on which two cranes of 16tf operate.

Constanța Port is the largest port of Romania, being at the same time the largest port of the Black Sea and the fifth largest seaport of Europe. It is the terminus of the trans-European shipping route, North Sea - Rhine - Main - Danube - Black Sea, thus being in direct connection with the port of Rotterdam (Europe's largest port).

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Figure 24. Map of Constanța port The total area of the port is 36.26 million square meters, of which 2.532 million represent the water surface area of the port. The port is divided into two sectors:

• Constanța Nord, with an area of 7.89 million square meters (4.84 million on land and 3.05 million at sea), 15 km of quays, 78 berths, which has specialized terminals for the traffic of petroleum products, ores, coal, cereals, containers, laminates and general goods;

• Constanța Sud, with an area of 28.37 million square meters (6.10 million on land and 22.27 million at sea), has specialized terminals for general goods, RO-RO, ferry-boat, and containers. On the berths of the fluvial-maritime basin there are sectors arranged for transhipment of ore, coke and coal, directly in the barges that have access on the Danube - Black Sea Canal.

The depth in the basins is between 7-13.5 m in North Constanța Port and between 7-18 m in South Constanța Port. The shelter dams have a length of over 12 km, 6.97 km for the northen dam and 5.56 km for the southern dam. The total traffic capacity is 83.5 million tonnes per year, of which 30 million tonnes are liquid goods. The traffic in 1997 was 42,400,000 operated tonnes. In the port of North Constanța, vessels with a capacity of 65,000 tdw can operate with solid goods and vessels with a capacity of 80,000 tdw can operate with liquid goods. Also, in the port of Constanța South, ships with a capacity of 150,000 tdw can operate.

Medgidia Port is a port on the Danube - Black Sea Canal located 37 km along the canal. It has a surface of 190,000 square meters on water and a port area with storage platforms with a surface of 200,000 square meters. The port has the following berths: cement (300 m), cereals (100 m), gravel and loess (820 m), general goods (440 m), ballast (400 m), coal (200 m), technical berth (220 m), passenger (200 m). It has two cranes of 5 tf and one of 16tf.

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Based on current research data the most convenient structure for CO2 geological storage is the Histria Depression. This Depresssion includes five hydrocarbon fields (discovered so far) located on a NV-SE alignment on its northern flank. These fields are:

• Lebada Est, discovered in 1980, with oil in Albian and Upper Cretaceous and gases in Eocene; • Lebada Vest, discovered in 1984, with oil in Albian, Upper Cretaceous and Eocene; • Sinoe, discovered in 1988, with oil in Albian; • Delta , discovered in 2007, with oil in Albian; • Pescarus, discovered in 1999, with oil in Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian).

The location of the fields can be seen on Figure 25. From these fields, only East Lebada and West Lebada can be used for CO2 storage purposes, namely for CO2-EOR operations. Furthermore, these fields have also injection wells already used for enhanced recovery operations (not involving CO2).

Figure 25. Map presenting the CO2 storage and utilisation possibilities in the Black Sea (the Histria Depression).

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5 Conclusions

The Oltenia region is situated in the South-West Development region, one of the most developed regions of Romania. It has a good transport infrastructure, connected to the European TEN-T networks of roads and railways and to the Black Sea through the ports at Orșova, Drobeta Turnu Severin, Cetate, Calafat, Bechet and Corabia. The region is also traversed by the national oil and gas pipeline networks, offering a good opportunity for the transport of CO2 through pipelines. CO2 transport could benefit from the existence of these hydrocarbon transport corridors as these are well studied routes, with all the necessary permits in place. The instalment of a dedicated new CO2 pipeline on a hydrocarbon corridor would be easier than on a new route. It may be possible to use one of the old gas pipelines for CO2 transport, if it meets the necessary specification and safety measures

The major CO2 emissions in the Oltenia region totalled almost 15 Mt in 2018, representing almost 38 % of the total industrial emissions at a national level (approximately 40 Mt). The major emissions in this region remained almost constant since 2013, except the chemical producer Oltchim S.A. which filed for bankruptcy in 2018. The region comprises the largest CO2 emitters from Romania (except Liberty Steel situated in Galați) as it comprises the four coal-fired power plants from Oltenia Energy Complex (the largest power plants from the country).

Eight CCUS pathways were identified in the Oltenia region in the previous report, deliverable D5.5.1. For each source and sink pair, three types of transport options have been listed then (roads, railways and pipeline). After the analysis of the potential CCUS chains this study concludes that, for large scale CCUS projects, CO2 transportation via pipeline is the most viable option, taking into account the relatively short distances between sources and sinks and the presence of already existing hydrocarbon transport corridors.

It should be noted that not all of the CO2 emitted by the sources from Oltenia region can be used in the CO2- EOR operations at the onshore oil fields identified as suitable. For this reason, a part of the remaining CO2 emitted in Oltenia should be transported to the Black Sea. CO2 utilization in CO2-EOR operations will not be enough use all CO2 emissions from Oltenia region. This should therefore be combined with geological CO2 storage.

The location of the Danube river at the southern border of the Oltenia region presents a good opportunity for the transport of CO2 emissions for utilisation and/or storage in the Black Sea. The ports of interest for the transport of CO2 from Oltenia region to the Black Sea storage and utilisation possibilities are: Orșova, Drobeta- Turnu-Severin, Calafat, Bechet, Corabia, Turnu Măgurele, Zimnicea, Giurgiu, Oltenița, Călărași, Cernavodă, Brăila, Galați, Tulcea, Midia, Constanța and Medgidia.

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6 References N. A. Azzolina, D. V. Nakles, C. D. Gorecki, W. D. Peck, S. C. Ayash, L. S. Melzer and S. Chatterjee. 2015. CO2 storage associated with CO2 enhanced oil recovery. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. Vol. 37, pp. 384 – 397.

CONPET. 2019. Raport anual al administratorilor Societății CONPET S.A. pentru exercitiul financiar incheiat la 31 decembrie 2018 (Annual report of the administrators of CONPET Company for the financial exercise finished at 31 December 2018)

SNTGN Transgaz S.A. 2017. Planul de dezvoltare a sistemului national de transport gaze natural 2018 – 2027 (Development plan of the national system for the transport of natural gas 2018 - 2027). Mediaș

Universitatea Pitești (beneficiary ADRSV Oltenia). Studiu privind transportul și mobilitatea în cadrul regiunii Sud-Vest Oltenia.

Paraschiv, D. 1975. Geology of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Romania.

Sava, C.S., Dudu, A., Anghel, S., Dinu, C., Soare, R., Burlacu, A., Alexe, I., Chiran, M. 2017. Multimodal Transport of CO2 for Implementing CCUS in Romania. Geo-Eco-Marina Vol. 23.

European Commission Website. 2020. TEN-T Guidelines. (http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/ten-t-guidelines/maps_en.htm)