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Université De Montréal Université de Montréal Administrer les forêts du roi au Moyen Âge. Le negocium forestarum en Normandie capétienne (1204-1328). par Danny Lake-Giguère Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en histoire Février 2020 © Danny Lake-Giguère, 2020 Université de Montréal Département d’histoire, Faculté des arts et des sciences ____________________________________________________________________________ Ce mémoire intitulé Administrer les forêts du roi au Moyen Âge. Le negocium forestarum en Normandie capétienne (1204-1328). Présenté par Danny Lake-Giguère A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Joyce Boro Présidente-rapporteure Philippe Genequand Directeur de recherche Élisabeth Lalou Codirectrice Denise Angers Membre du jury Mathieu Arnoux Examinateur externe Résumé En 1346, Philippe VI de Valois promulgua l’ordonnance de Brunoy. Ce long document visait à réorganiser l’administration forestière du royaume afin de tirer des forêts un meilleur profit et d’en assurer une gestion durable et rationnelle. Pendant longtemps, les historiens y ont vu la première expression d’une politique forestière de la part des souverains français, les véritables fondements de la foresterie française. En réalité, les politiques de Philippe VI sont tributaires de près d’un siècle et demi de règlementations progressivement développées sous les derniers Capétiens directs. C’est à partir du règne de Philippe Auguste, et plus spécifiquement avec la conquête de la Normandie en 1204, que les souverains français s’intéressèrent de plus près aux ressources forestières de leur domaine. Dès le début du XIIIe siècle, les riches forêts royales de Normandie furent administrées selon un régime toujours plus strict visant à limiter l’accès aux usagers et à garantir un rendement fiscal optimal. La forêt servait alors un rôle complexe. Outre son apport fiscal, elle jouait un rôle essentiel dans l’économie rurale, tout en constituant un espace sur lequel s’exerçait la justice, le pouvoir et la générosité des princes médiévaux. L’étude des sources administratives du long XIIIe siècle, s’étendant du règne de Philippe Auguste à celui de Charles IV, permet de brosser un portrait plus complet de la formation d’une première politique forestière française. Celle-ci s’articule autour de la création d’une administration dirigée par un corps d’officiers spécialisés, les maîtres des Eaux et Forêts, et de l’élaboration d’un corpus de règlementations visant, sous l’auspice d’une politique du « bien commun », à maintenir un équilibre entre conservation, utilisation et exploitation. Loin d’être le lieu de solitude dépeint dans la littérature médiévale, la forêt normande, siège des tractations entre l’ancienne coutume et le droit royal naissant, était plutôt un espace borné, délimité et rationalisé selon cet ensemble de règlementations et de limitations, et constituait un lieu de contact, voire de conflit, entre les usagers et le pouvoir royal. Mots-clés : Normandie, France, Histoire, Environnement, Forêt, Économie, Eaux et Forêts, Moyen Âge 1 Abstract In 1346, Philip VI of Valois enacted the Ordinance of Brunoy. This lengthy document aimed at reorganizing the kingdom’s forest administration in order to ensure that royal forests remained sufficiently profitables and adequately managed. For most of the past century, historians have believed the Ordinance of Brunoy to be the first true expression of the forest policies of the French crown. In reality, Philip VI benefited from a wealth of regulations already in place which had been developped by his predecessors since the beginning of the XIIIth century. It can be argued that the reign of Philip Augustus, and especially his conquest of Normandy in 1204, truly marks the inception of the first forest policies by the French royal government. From that time on, royal forests in Normandy were managed according to a set of strict regulations aiming at limiting usage rights and guaranteeing a steady contribution to the kingdom’s finances. Forests during the Middle Ages served multiple purposes : beside their input in royal finances, they were vital to rural economy, and formed a space over which medieval princes exercised their justice, authority, power and generosity. The study of administrative sources from XIIIth and XIVth Normandy gives a better understanding of the development of these early policies, which revolved around the creation of a new administration headed by the masters of « Eaux et Forêts » and the formulation, under the auspices of common good, of a set of rules and regulations aiming at maintaining a balance between conservation, exploitation and usages. In truth, the forests of medieval Normandy were far from the archetypal woodlands of medieval litterature : they appear as a well delimited and rationalized space, managed and monitered by the king’s officers, and formed an area of contact and conflict between the royal government and the forests’ users. Keywords : Normandy, France, History, Environment, Forest, Economy, Forest Administration, Middle Ages 2 Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Table des matières....................................................................................................................... 3 Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................................ 6 Liste des figures .......................................................................................................................... 7 Liste des abréviations .................................................................................................................. 8 Remerciements .......................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 La forêt en Normandie médiévale : état de la question ........................................................ 16 Cadre théorique et conceptuel : l’histoire de l’environnement médiéval ............................. 22 Problématique ....................................................................................................................... 29 Sources .................................................................................................................................. 31 Les actes royaux ................................................................................................................ 31 Les archives administratives et juridiques ........................................................................ 32 Les archives fiscales ......................................................................................................... 36 Présentation du plan .............................................................................................................. 49 Chapitre 1. Les forêts et le domaine royal en Normandie ........................................................ 51 La composition du patrimoine forestier des rois de France en Normandie .......................... 67 Vernon, Pacy et Évreux, premières forêts capétiennes en Normandie. ............................ 73 Les forêts et la conquête de la Normandie (1202-1204)................................................... 77 Les aliénations, donations et confirmations en Normandie après la conquête. .................... 85 Les apanages. .................................................................................................................... 86 Forêts, alliances, récompenses et pouvoir politique en Normandie ............................... 100 Les forêts et le salut de l’âme royale .............................................................................. 123 Chapitre 2. « Les gens des forêts ». Les acteurs de l’administration forestière de la fin du XIIe siècle au début du XIVe siècle .................................................................................................. 139 L’administration forestière des Plantagenêts en Normandie .............................................. 142 3 Les lois forestières en Normandie ducale ....................................................................... 147 Le personnel de l’administration forestière sous les ducs de Normandie ...................... 151 Alexandre de Calloel, forestier principal du roi en Normandie ..................................... 168 La première administration forestière des Capétiens en Normandie .................................. 175 Les forestiers royaux au XIIIe siècle ................................................................................ 179 Les baillis et les forêts royales ........................................................................................ 219 L’Échiquier de Normandie ............................................................................................. 231 Les enquêteurs royaux après 1204 ................................................................................. 241 La transformation de l’administration forestière normande sous saint Louis et Philippe III ............................................................................................................................................
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