Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City It is hard to imagine urban tourism today without immigrants. Immigrants often provide the cheap labour or the enterpreneurial drive for the urban tourism indus- try. Moreover, their real or imagined cultural expressions are increasingly discernible amongst the ‘objects’ of urban tourism. More and more travellers, leisure seekers and business investors in gateway cities are indulging in ethnocul- tural events and festivals and are gravitating to centres of immigrant ethnic commerce. The urban tourist economy is thus becoming one of the interfaces between immigrants from all strata of society and the wider economy. Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City explores the manifestations of ethnic diversity that have been commodified by immigrants in gateway cities and it asks how these expressions of culture can be transformed into vehicles for further developing the urban tourism economy. The primary focus is on the role of immi- grant entrepreneurs and workers in the emerging urban tourism industry and on their interactions with other players in that industry. The relative roles of public, private and civil society actors are important points of attention. By addressing these issues from an interdisciplinary and comparative perspective, a more thor- ough understanding of the structural dynamics of immigrants’ commercial mani- festations of ethnic diversity is sought. The book further examines how such activities serve to integrate immigrants into the knowledge economy and how they impact upon urban socioeconomic development as a whole. Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City clearly explores the frontiers of know- ledge on the interrelationship between tourism, migration, ethnic diversity and place. It investigates new theoretical insights and challenges for empirical research using case studies drawn from several advanced economies in Europe, North America and Australia. Jan Rath is Professor of Urban Sociology and Academic Director of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies at the University of Amsterdam. Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility Series Editor: C. Michael Hall Professor at the Department of Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and rela- tionships between leisure, tourism and human mobility within the social sciences. It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and tourism from contemporary geography, e.g. notions of identity, representation and culture, while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy studies and poli- tical economy, regional and urban planning, and sociology, within the develop- ment of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies. Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regraded as steps in a continuum of human mobility. Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect to exam- ine the relationship between tourism and migration, the sojourner, educational travel, and second home and retirement travel phenomena. The series comprises two strands: Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility aims to address the needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback and paperback. Titles include: The Moralisation of Tourism The Media and the Tourist Imagination Sun, sand … and saving the world? Converging cultures Jim Butcher Edited by David Crouch, Rohna Jackson and Felix Thompson The Ethics of Tourism Development Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy Tourism and Global Environmental Change Tourism in the Caribbean Ecological, social, economic and political Trends, development, prospects interrelationships Edited by David Timothy Duval Edited by Stefan Gössling and C. Michael Hall Qualitative Research in Tourism Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies Edited by Jenny Phillimore and Lisa Goodson Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include: Living with Tourism Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Negotiating identities in a Turkish village Journeys Hazel Tucker Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and Daniel H. Olsen Tourism, Diasporas and Space Edited by Tim Coles and Dallen J. Timothy Tourism, Power and Space Andrew Church and Tim Coles Tourism and Postcolonialism Contested discourses, identities and China’s Outbound Tourism representations Wolfgang Georg Arlt Edited by C. Michael Hall and Hazel Tucker Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City Edited by Jan Rath Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City Edited by Jan Rath First published 2007 by Routledge 207 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 selection and editorial matter, Jan Rath; the contributors for their contributions All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tourism, ethnic diversity, and the city / [edited by] Jan Rath. p. cm. — (Routledge contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–415–33390–3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Tourism. 2. Tourism – Social aspects. 3. Cities and towns. 4. Ethnic groups – Economic aspects. 5. Minority business enterprises. I. Rath, Jan, 1956- II. Title III. Series: Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility. G155.A1T59175 2007 338.4′791 – dc22 2006014482 ISBN 0-203-41386-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–33390–3 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–203–41386–5 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–33390–0 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–203–41386–9 (ebk) To Mieke van de Rhee Contents List of illustrations xi List of contributors xii Preface xvi Acknowledgements xviii 1 Tourism, migration and place advantage in the global cultural economy 1 C. MICHAEL HALL AND JAN RATH PART I Immigrant entrepreneurs 25 2 Making the new economy: immigrant entrepreneurs and emerging transnational networks of international education and tourism in Seoul and Vancouver 27 MIN-JUNG KWAK AND DANIEL HIEBERT 3 Urban boosterism, tourism and ethnic minority enterprise in Birmingham 50 TREVOR JONES AND MONDER RAM 4 Ethnic precincts as contradictory tourist spaces 67 JOCK COLLINS PART II Immigrant workers 87 5 Caterers of the consumed metropolis: ethnicized tourism and entertainment labourscapes in Istanbul 89 VOLKAN AYTAR x Contents 6 Immigrants, tourists and the metropolitan landscape: producing the metropolis of consumption in Orlando, Florida 107 HUGH BARTLING PART III Ethnic diversity in urban place promotion 123 7 Ethnic heritage tourism and global–local connections in New Orleans 125 KEVIN FOX GOTHAM 8 Tourism and New York’s ethnic diversity: an underutilized resource? 143 SUSAN S. FAINSTEIN AND JOHN C. POWERS 9 Selling Miami: tourism promotion and immigrant neighbourhoods in the capital of Latin America 164 GASTÓN ALONSO 10 Building a market of ethnic references: activism and diversity in multicultural settings in Lisbon 181 M. MARGARIDA MARQUES AND FRANCISCO LIMA DA COSTA 11 Tourists ‘R’ Us: immigrants, ethnic tourism and the marketing of metropolitan Boston 199 MARILYN HALTER Index 216 Illustrations Figures 8.1 Neighbourhoods in New York City, 1990 146 8.2 Hispanic neighbourhoods in New York City, 2000 147 8.3 Asian neighbourhoods in New York City, 2000 148 8.4 African-American neighbourhoods in New York City, 2000 149 8.5 Afro-Caribbean neighbourhoods in New York City, 2000 150 Tables 4.1 Sydney’s population by birthplace 71 7.1 Racial and ethnic composition of New Orleans population, 1990–2000 135 7.2 Immigrant admissions to New Orleans, 1991–1998 136 7.3 US-born and foreign-born residents of New Orleans, 1990–2000 137 7.4 US national rankings of New Orleans relative to 331 metropolitan areas in terms of attractiveness to immigrants, 1990–2000 138 Contributors Gastón Alonso received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, and is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Brooklyn College, City University of New York. He is a specialist in urban politics, migration studies and US politics. His book In the Shadow of the State: Locating migration in transnational Miami is forthcoming. It is based on five years of fieldwork conducted in Miami–Dade County, Florida, and analyses the political and economic incorporation of immigrants living in global cities in the United States. Volkan Aytar is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Binghamton, and a programme officer for the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) in Istanbul. His academic interests include the forms of employment in Istanbul’s entertainment and tourism establishment,