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Home , Allen Trimble, Betsy Mix Cowles, Francis Richter, Garrett Morgan, Harriet Beecher Stowe, History of Ohio

History Topics 2014 -2015 Leadership and Legacy in History Topic Date(s) Description Research Category 1815 Benjamin Lundy, a Quaker, was of the first important figures in Ohio to oppose the actions OHS: Collection. Abolition and beliefs of the Ohio Colonization Society which encouraged the return of African Benjamin Lundy Americans to Africa out of a racist fear. Lundy founded one of the first anti- societies Papers. 1821-1904 in 1815 and went on to publish a small anti-slavery newspaper, Genius of Universal [MSS 112]; OVS 2560. Lundy, Benjamin, n.d. Emancipatio . What qualities and actions made Lundy a leader in the anti-slavery [OVS collection] movement? What was his legacy? 1830s In 1832, Harriet Beecher Stowe moved to Cinncinnatti, Ohio. She would later become Harriett Beecher Abolition famous for publishing the book "'s Cabin" based on her research with former Stowe House, slaves during her time helping with the . During the Northwest , Ohio Ordinance of 1787, slavery had been declared illegal north of the . Stowe lived http://www.ohiohis just north of where slavery was still legal and was instrumental in assisting slaves tory.org/museums- who fled north for . The stories she heard from slaves during her time in Ohio and-historic- contributed significantly to stories in her famous book "Uncle Tom's Cabin." How did sites/-- Stowe's actions and leadership affect the affect the istitution of slavery? historic-sites-by- name/harriet- beecher-stowe- house Underground Railroad mid Ohio boasted several prominent abolitionists who played a vital role in the Underground Abolition in Ohio Railroad. Once they arrived in Ohio, those runaway slaves who decided to remain in the Archives, state, usually settled in neighborhoods with other . Due to the racism Columbus, Ohio: that existed in Ohio, these people hoped that they would have some safety by residing in Online Catalog- neighborhoods separate from whites. Many runaway slaves continued on to . At http://www.ohiohis least eight cities, including Ashtabula, Painesville, , Sandusky, Toledo, Huron, tory.org/collections- Lorain, and Conneaut, along served as ferrying points to transport the former -archives/online- slaves to true freedom in Canada. collections-catalog/ ; Ohio History Central Paul Lawrence Dunbar 1888-1891 Paul Lawrence Dunbar was an African-American classmate of Orville Wright at Ohio Central Dunbar House, African American High School in Dayton, Ohio. Paul got his big break after high school in 1892 when he was Dayton, Ohio: Ohio able to read his poetry for the of Writers. How did the publication of History Center Paul's pieces contribute to increased rights for African Americans? Is this his legacy? Archives, Columbus, Ohio: Online Catalog- http://www.ohiohis tory.org/collections- -archives/online- collections-catalog/

Jesse Owens 1913-1980 Ohioan was one of America's greatest participants in track and field athletic Ohio State African American competition. He won four medals at the 1936 Olympic games. Adolf Hitler, the University: Chancellor of Germany, hoped to use the Olympics to prove that the "Aryan" race was http://library.osu.e superior to all others. If this was the case, Jesse Owens dashed his dreams. At the Olympics, du/projects/jesse- Owens won four gold medals and set or helped to set four Olympic records. The events owens/ the one hundred-meter dash, the two hundred-meter dash, the broad jump, and the four hundred-meter relay. Owens was the first American track and field athlete to win four gold medals in a single Olympics. By the end of the competition, even German fans were celebrating Owens's accomplishments. What was Owens' legacy in terms of African American rights? Did his athleticism and popularity following the games make him a leader?

Larry Doby 1923-2003 Larry Doby was the second African American to play professional and the first Ohio History Center African American African American to play in the . Later he became the second African Archives, American to manage a team. How did his time on the field impact Columbus, Ohio: the future of America's favorite past time? Online Catalog- http://www.ohiohis tory.org/collections- -archives/online- collections-catalog/ (newspapers) 1927-1996 Carl B. Stokes was born June 21, 1927. His father, Charles, died when Carl was less than Ohio History African American two years old. He grew up poor in Cleveland living with his mother, Louise, a domestic Central worker, and his brother, Louis. He served honorably in the Army. He graduated from the University of and received a law degree from Cleveland Marshall Law School. He was the first African American democrat elected to the Ohio . He was also elected , becoming the first African American Mayor of a major American city. He was elected judge of the Cleveland Municipal Court and was appointed by President Bill Clinton as to the Seychelles.

John Brown 1800-1859 John Brown was born on May 9, 1800, in Torrington, . He spent most of his Ohio History Cenral African American youth in Ohio. Brown gained national attention in 1859. On October 16, Brown led a group of twenty-one men on a raid of Harper's Ferry, . A detachment of United States Marines arrived and stormed the arsenal on October 18, capturing seven men, including Brown. On December 2, 1859, Brown was hanged. He became a martyr for many Northerners. Many Southerners became convinced that all abolitionists shared Brown's views and his willingness to utilize violence. John Brown's Harper's Ferry raid raised issues for the presidential election of 1860. It also was one of the events that led to the eventual dissolution of the United States and the civil war that followed.

Levi Coffin 1798-1877 was an important figure in the Underground Railroad network that helped Ohio History African American thousands of runaway slaves escape to freedom in the years before the . Central, Ohio In 1847, Coffin moved to Cincinnati. With the aid of abolitionists in , he opened a Memory business that sold only goods produced by free laborers. He also became an active participant in the Underground Railroad. He purportedly helped more than three thousand slaves escape from their masters and gain their freedom in Canada. Levi Coffin helped African Americans in other ways as well. In 1854, he helped found an African-American orphanage in Cincinnati. He also pressured the federal government during the Civil War to establish the Freedmen's Bureau.

William Walker 20th century Dr. William O. Walker was a prominent journalist, publisher and political leader in Ohio History African American Cleveland, Ohio for much of the mid to late twentieth century. In 1932, he became the Central, Ohio publisher and editor of the Cleveland , one of the most influential African- Memory American newspapers in the United States. Walker used this weekly paper to educate the community about racial injustices occurring in both Cleveland and across the United States. He served as a Cleveland city councilman during the 1940s. In 1963, Walker became the first African-American cabinet member in the when Governor James Rhodes selected him to be Director of the Ohio Department of Industrial Relations 1909 Born in Toledo in 1909, Art Tatum made his mark as a jazz pianist despite being blind in one Ohio History Arts and Music eye and partially sighted in the other. He was an innovator in jazz music in the way he re- Central invented harmonies and the use of dissonance in jazz. 1882-1925 Artist George Bellows was born and raised in Columbus and kept close ties with the city Ohio History Arts and Music throughout his life. He is known for his vivid portrayals of Central modern urban life, and became a leader among a group of artists nicknamed the "Ashcan School," which advocated the depiction of American society in all forms and all socio-economic contexts. 1930's-1950's The impact Milton Caniff had on comics cannot be overestimated; he was the first Ohio History Arts and Music cartoonist who brought realism, suspense and sensuality into comics Central, Ohio State and he inspired many artists with his beautiful drawings, earning him his nickname, "the Cartoon Library Rembrandt of the comic strip." 1940's- Roy Lichtenstein was a prominent twentieth-century American cubist artist. It was not until Ohio History Arts and Music the early 1960s that Lichtenstein adopted the abstract Central impressionistic and pop art styles that made him famous. His early works reflect American comic strips and advertisments. 1910-1939 From Zanesville, Zane Grey penned over 90 novels. He is best known for his stories about Ohio History Arts and Music the west and is credited for creating the ideal "old west" that Central, Zane became prominent is other books and media, like the spaghetti westerns. Grey's West Society

Neil Armstrong 1946-1975 Prior to becoming famous as an astronaut and the first man to walk on the moon; Neil Ohio History Aviation Armstrong earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Central, Ohio Engineering from Purdue University in 1955. This background as well as some military Memory experience prepared him to work for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). While with NACA, Armstrong worked at the Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. He contributed to NASA's flight research as a test pilot, flying a number of different aircraft including the high-speed X-15. 1921- In 1958, Glenn became one of seven original astronauts chosen by the National Air and John and Annie Aviation Space Administration for the first American space missions. Glenn Historic Site Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962. The was known as Friendship 7. In just under five hours, Glenn orbited the Earth three times. The Friendship 7 mission made Glenn a household name, not only in the United States but also in many other parts of the world. John Glenn later became a U.S. Senator from Ohio and the oldest man to go into space. 19th-20th Wilbur and Orville Wright were continually looking for new challenges. They began making Ohio History Aviation century bicycles in their own bicycle shop called Wright Flyers. The Central Wright brothers had an interest in flight that had been sparked by a toy shaped like a helicopter that their father had given them as children. As adults, the two men were interested in gliders like those built by Otto Lilienthal. Wilbur and his brother began experimenting with designs for an airplane. Their first successful flight of a powered airplane occurred at Kitty Hawk, , on December 17, 1903.

Freedom Summer 1964 In June 1964, the Freedom Summer organizers held an orientation session. The meeting Western College Civil Rights occurred in Oxford, Ohio, at the Western College for Women. 800 people attended the Memorial Archives, orientation, mostly white college students. The participants received training in passive University, (nonviolent) resistance. The Freedom Summer of 1964 succeeded in educating many Oxford, Ohio http://westernarchiv people about the difficulties African Americans faced in the South. How did the young es.lib.muohio.edu/ people who participated inspire and lead others in the effort for Civil Rights?

Ellen Walker Craig- 1972-1975 In 1972, Urbancrest's Ellen Walker Craig-Jones became the first African-American woman Remarkable Ohio Civil Rights Jones to be elected mayor, by popular vote, of a United States municipality. During her term as mayor, Craig-Jones oversaw the modernization of Urbancrest's various programs and the rebuilt three main streets, installed streetlights and street signs, and received approval to start a $3 million housing project. Craig-Jones had many years of experience in service to her community, serving twelve years on the Urbancrest Village Council.

Arthur S. Flemming 1970s Arthur S. Flemming was Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Ohio History Cental Civil Rights administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He also served on the Hoover Commission and helped plan the reorganization of the federal government. In the 1970s, Flemming became known for his commitment to civil rights and served as a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights from 1974 to 1981. NAACP in Ohio 1909- The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in Ohio History Center Civil Rights 1909. Among those involved were prominent African Americans W.E.B. DuBois and Ida Archives, Wells-Barnett. The organization was an outgrowth of DuBois's Niagara Movement, which Columbus, Ohio: sought to improve African American rights at least partly through increased educational Online Catalog- opportunities for African Americans. The main goals of the NAACP were an end to http://www.ohiohis segregation, equal civil rights under the law, and the end of racial violence such as tory.org/collections- lynchings. From its early years, the NAACP used the court system to challenge laws that -archives/online- denied African Americans their civil rights. The NAACP was very active in Ohio from the collections- organization's early beginnings. The Cleveland chapter became the sixth largest in the catalog/; by the end of World War II. Ohio NAACP chapters supported the national History Central organization's attempts to obtain passage of a federal anti-lynching law and to end segregation in Ohio.

Clement 1820-1871 Clement Vallandigham was a leader of the and an opponent of the Ohio History Center Civil War Vallandingham American Civil War. In the years leading up to the American Civil War, Vallandigham was a Archives, staunch opponent to war to settle the differences between the North and the South. He Columbus, Ohio: believed that President should let the South secede rather than use Online Catalog- violence to keep the nation together. Vallandigham was one of Lincoln's most outspoken http://www.ohiohis critics and the leading Peace Democrat in Ohio. He delivered speeches denouncing tory.org/collections- Order No. 38 which he believed was a violation of civil liberties. He was arrested and tried -archives/online- and ultimately sentenced into exile in the Confederacy. Vallandigham did not stay there collections-catalog/ and would later eturn to become a leader in the Ohio Democratic Party.

Salmon Chase 1808-1873 Salmon Portland Chase was an Ohio governor and prominent political leader during the Ohio History Center Civil War mid nineteenth century. In the 1840s, he became involved in the creation of the Liberty Archives, Party, a party dedicated to slavery's demise. In 1848, he helped organize the Free Soil Party Columbus, Ohio: in Ohio. Chase was elected to the Senate in 1850. During Chase's term in the Senate, he Online Catalog- was actively involved in fighting against the expansion of slavery. He unsuccessfully http://www.ohiohis opposed Slave Law, which was one part of the . He also tory.org/collections- spoke out against the - Act in 1854. Because of his stance on these issues, -archives/online- Chase participated in the founding of the new Fusion Party in Ohio. The new party soon collections-catalog/ came to be known as the Republican Party. During the Civil War he was Lincoln's Secretary of Treasury and was responsbile for finding ways to finance the war effort. In 1864, Chase was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He presided over Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial. Ohio Education 1847- In 1847, a group of teachers met at the Summit County, Ohio, courthouse and established OEA website: Education Association the Ohio State Teachers’ Association. The first members of this http://www.ohea.o organization were from the northern portion of Ohio, but the Ohio State Teachers’ rg/ Association quickly recruited teachers from across the state. The group’s main goal was to improve public education in Ohio by lobbying local, state, and federal government officials. How did the OEA help lead teachers? What is their role today? Alan R. Foote 1907 During the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, Ohioan Allen Ripley Foote Ohio History Education sought to educate others about public finance issues. Like many other reformers during the Central , Foote opposed monopolies and firmly believed that the federal government and state governments should encourage competition among businesses. He also believed that corporate taxes hindered business growth and the economy. What reforms did he help eastablish and how to they relate to his legacy today?

Samuel Galloway 1811-1872 In 1844, Galloway began a political career and became Ohio's Secretary of State. One of his Ohio History Education duties was to oversee public education in the state. The Ohio legislature passed two major Central laws dealing with education. The first of these laws was the Akron School Law of 1847. Before this legislation was enacted, local schools commonly functioned independently from one another, with little attempt at uniformity. The citizens of Akron, influenced by their roots, used the new law to organize their community's schools into a single system with one encompassing the entire city. Property taxes paid for the new school system. A school board, elected by the community, made decisions regarding the system's management and hired the necessary professionals to run each school. In 1849, the Ohio legislature adopted the Akron School Law for the entire state.

William H. McGuffey 1836-1890 A professor at , William McGuffey is most known for the development of Ohio History Education textbooks that became standardized for school Central, William children. Between 1836 and 1890, McGuffey's publisher printed and sold more than one Holmes McGuffey hundred million copies of McGuffey's Reader. Practically every American who attended Museum, Miami public schools during the second half of the nineteenth century learned moral and ethical University, Oxford, lessons from McGuffey's Reader. Ohio http://www.units. muohio.edu/mcguf feymuseum/index. html 1778-1867 Caleb Atwater, one of Ohio's earliest historians and reformers, was born in North Adams, Ohio History Education on day in 1778. In 1821, the residents of Pickaway County elected Central, Ohio Atwater as their representative to the Ohio House of Representatives. Atwater's greatest Memory contribution to Ohio was his strong support for publicly funded education. In 1822, Atwater successfully lobbied the legislature and Governor to establish a commission to study the feasibility of creating common schools in Ohio to be financed by the state. Atwater wrote three pamphlets to educate Ohioans on the need for state-financed education -- one on the condition of school buildings in Ohio, another on the type of public school system Ohio should create, and a third on the value of common schools to Ohio's future.

Collinwood School Fire 1908 At the school in suburban Clevleand, a fire began in the school's basement. Cleveland Historical Education; Safety Because Lakeview School was built of wood, the entire building was quickly engulfed in Society: codes flames. All of the exits were blocked by fire and smoke. The result was one of the worst http://clevelandhist tragedies in Ohio history. In all, 173 children, two teachers, and one rescuer died in the orical.org/items/sh fire. The Collinwood School Fire inspired local, state, and national governments to pass ow/394 new building codes to prevent future disasters of this magnitude. The community of Collinwood raised funds to rebuild the school, making the new building a model for safety standards in that era.

The New Deal in Ohio 19302-1940s Each community and city was effected by the . While this is a very broad Ohio History Center Government topic, by examining it from a communities point of view, a project can show how national Archives, events have local and personal consequences. For example: Toledo experienced 89% Columbus, Ohio: . WHat leaders emerged in Ohio to deal with the Great Depression? What Online Catalog- organizations were leaders in Ohio for New Deal projects? What legacy has the New Deal http://www.ohiohis left in Ohio? tory.org/collections- -archives/online- collections- catalog/; Ohio History Central Ohio Presidents Various "Mother of Presidents" is sometimes used to refer to Ohio. Seven United States Presidents Ohio History Center Government were born in Ohio. They are Ulysses Simpson Grant (Point Pleasant), Rutherford Bichard Archives, Hayes (), James Abram Garfield (near ), (North Bend), Columbus, Ohio: William McKinley (Niles), (Cincinnati), and Warren Gamaliel Harding Online Catalog- (Corsica, now Blooming Grove). , born in Virginia but settled in Ohio, http://www.ohiohis is also claimed as one of Ohio's own. A History Day project could explore one of the tory.org/collections- presidents from Ohio and the leadership they displayed as the executive of the US -archives/online- government and the legacy their administration left behind. collections- catalog/;various Ohio presidental and libraries around the state!

Charles Kettering 1909-1947 Charles Kettering and Edward Deeds founded Delco (the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Ohio History Industrialization & Company) in 1909. Kettering was credited with many Central Invention innovations for automobiles like the electric ignition system, which eliminated the need for cranking a car before starting. When Delco was bought by , Kettering was hired as head of the research division and eventually became Vice President at GM.

Garrett Morgan 1910's-1920's started as a sewing machine repairman. He later owned a sewing machine Ohio History Industrialization & repair company. He witnessed a car and carriage crash and Central Invention eventually invented the first traffic signal. He was able to sell his invention to . He later patented a gas mask used by U.S. troops.

John P. Parker 1827-1900 In 1850 John Parker purchased his own freedom and settled in Ripley, Ohio, along the Ohio Ohio History Industrialization & River where he opened his own foundry business. In Central, Ohio Invention 1884, Parker obtained a patent for a screw for presses and a year later patented a Memory: type of harrow called the Parker Pulverizer. Both items were www.ohiomemory. produced in his foundry. These patents were issued at a time when patents were rarely org awarded to black inventors. Parker's foundry remained in operation until 1918, well after his death. 19th century Edison's inventions forever changed people's lives. Electric lights allowed people to remain Ohio History Industrialization & active at night, whether it be reading, dancing, or listening to Edison's phonograph. His Central Invention improvements to the telegraph and telephone also helped make communication easier around the entire world. John Patterson and 1844-1922 With hopes of reducing accounting errors in his business, John Patterson purchased the Ohio History Industrialization & NCR patent rights to the mechanical cash register from James Ritty in 1884. Located in Dayton, Central Invention Ohio, the National Cash Register Company made cash registers. In 1906, the company manufactured the first electric cash register. John Patterson, the owner of the National Cash Register Company, was well known for his compassion for his employees. Patterson implemented a ventilation system to provide clean air to his workers. He also maintained a doctor's office in his factory to assist injured workers as quickly as possible

Firestone Tires and 1900-1930 In 1900, Harvey S. Firestone established the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio History Center Industrialization & Rubber Company Ohio. In its first year of operation, the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company grossed more Archives, Invention than 100,000 dollars in profit. In 1905, placed his first order for tires from Columbus, Ohio: Firestone. How did the company lead the industry? What is the legacy of the Firestone and Online Catalog- Rubber Company today? http://www.ohiohis tory.org/collections- -archives/online- collections- catalog/; Ohio Memory: www.ohiomemory. org

Proctor & Gamble 1837- In 1837, William Procter, a candle maker, and James Gamble, a soap maker, formed the P&G website: Industrialization & company known as Procter & Gamble. The two men, immigrants http://www.pg.co Invention from England and Ireland respectively, had settled earlier in Cincinnati and had married m/en_US/company sisters. They decided to pool their resources to form their own /index.shtml company. The company prospered during the nineteenth century. In the 1878, Procter & Gamble began to market a new soap product. This new soap was inexpensive but of a high quality. Originally James Gamble wanted to call the soap "P&G White Soap," but eventually the company chose the name "Ivory." In the that followed Ivory's development, Procter & Gamble continued to develop new products, but Ivory Soap remains in production today and is, perhaps, the company's most well-known product. How were Proctor and GAmble leaders in their time? What legacy did they leave behind? American Federation 1886- Established in 1886, the American Federation of Labor is an umbrella organization for other Ohio History Center Labor of Labor unions. In 1881, Samuel Gompers took the lead in organizing the Federation of Organized Archives, Trades and Labor Unions of the United States of America and Canada. This organization Columbus, Ohio: became the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886, in Columbus, Ohio. How did the Online Catalog- AFL become a leader for labor unions? What role do they play? What is their legacy? http://www.ohiohis tory.org/collections- -archives/online :

Labor strikes Workers' strikes became a common theme in American History as factories spread across Ohio History Center Labor the country. There are many became a theme in American history as factories spread Archives, across the country. There are many strikes that students can explore, in Ohio, one could Columbus, Ohio: research the Great Hocking Valley Coal Strike in 1884, Great Railroad Strike of 1887, Akron Online Catalog- Rubber Strike of 1936, or the Little Steel Strike of 1937. Who were the leaders on either http://www.ohiohis side of the strikes? What were their goals? What legacy did the labor strikes leave behind? tory.org/collections- -archives/online : Ohio Memory: www.ohiomemory. org

Taft-Hartley Labor 1947 In 1947, the passed the Taft-Hartley Labor Management Act. Ohio History Center Labor Management Act Representative Fred Allan Hartley and Ohio Senator Robert sponsored this Archives, legislation. The Taft-Hartley Labor Management Act dramatically amended the Wagner Act Columbus, Ohio: of 1935, which had legalized unions and increased the rights of laborers. The Taft-Hartley Online Catalog- Labor Management Act weakened laborers' rights. Under this legislation, before going on http://www.ohiohis strike, unions had to notify the federal government. tory.org/collections- -archives/online

Albert Sabin and the 1957 Poliomyelitis (polio) is an illness caused by the poliovirus. It spreads when an infected Digital Medicine Polio Vaccine person comes in contact with someone else or when a person comes into contact with the Archives, University feces of an infected person. Upon becoming infected with the virus, symptoms of the of Cincinnati: illness develop in five to thirty-five days. From circa 1840 to 1979, polio epidemics http://sabin.uc.edu commonly struck United States citizens, including Ohioans. Jonas Salk had developed a / "killed" vaccine earlier, but by 1957, Sabin had developed a live vaccine. Sabin's live vaccine eliminated the possibility that someone could remain immune from polio but still transmit the virus. Patients also took the vaccine orally, since it entered the system through the digestive tract. An oral vaccine made distribution of the vaccine much easier. What did Sabin's vaccine mean for future epidemics? George Crile 1864-1943 A pioneering surgeon and medical researcher of the early twentieth century, Dr. George Remarkable Ohio Medicine Crile graduated from Wooster University in 1887 and joined the college as a professor, a teaching role he continued throughout his life. He served in the Spanish-American War as an Army surgeon and brought clinical advances to the battlefields of World War I. An innovator in the field of surgery, he contributed greatly to the understanding of the role of shock in surgical physiology, including novel techniques in nerve-block anesthesia and blood transfusion. In 1921 he co-founded the , serving as chief surgeon and president of the internationally acclaimed medical facility to the end of his career.

John Harris 1827- John Harris was a doctor in Bainbridge, Ohio, who specialized in dentistry. In 1827, Harris Ohio History Medicine began to teach students the basics of medicine to prepare them for medical school. He Cenrtal emphasized dentistry in his lessons, a topic that most medical schools failed to cover in any detail. Modern dentists view Harris as the father of dental education in the United States. Today, John Harris's home in Bainbridge is a dental museum.

Ernest H. Volwiler 19th century Ernest H. Volwiler invented Pentothal, an anesthetic used in surgery. His greatest Ohio History Medicine contribution to medicine was the development of Pentothal. Pentothal is also sometimes Central used in interrogations, because, when applied to a person, it tends to make the subject more truthful. Because of this discovery, Volwiler was eventually inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio.

James Preston 1804-1859 James Poindexter was an abolitionist, pastor and politician. Poindexter served as pastor of Ohio Pix Medicine Poindexter Second Baptist Church; assisted escaping slaves to travel through Columbus; founded the Colored Soldiers Relief Society during the Civil War and served in political positions at the state and municipal level. Charles Richter 1900-1985 Charles Francis Richter was born on April 26, 1900, near Hamilton, Ohio. In 1935, while at Ohio History Medicine the Seismological Laboratory, Richter worked with Beno Gutenberg to develop a rating Central scale for earthquakes. The scale has become known as the Richter Scale.

Roy J. Plunkett 1910-1994 Roy J. Plunkett was born on June 26, 1910, in New Carlisle, Ohio. Upon graduation, Plunkett Ohio History Medicine accepted a position with DuPont in Deepwater, . One of his first assignments Central was to find a non-toxic, non-flammable coolant to be used in refrigerators. One of his attempts led to the creation of a slippery powder now called Teflon. Teflon's scientific name is Polytetrafluoroethylene. The powder proved capable of withstanding temperatures as cold as minus four hundred degrees Fahrenheit and as warm as five hundred degrees Fahrenheit. William Awl 1799-1876 William Awl was born on May 24, 1799, in Harrisburg, . He studied medicine at Ohio History Medicine the Jefferson Medical College in and, in 1825, established a practice in Central Lancaster, Ohio. As a physician, Awl sought to improve medical care for the imprisoned, the blind, and the mentally ill. In 1833, the Ohio legislature appointed Awl as the physician of the . Two years later, Awl helped organize the Ohio Medical Association. This organization lobbied the Ohio legislature to establish a state hospital for the mentally ill and a school for the blind. Awl lobbied the legislators to assist the mentally ill, and in 1837, they succeeded in convincing the legislature to establish the Ohio Lunatic Asylum. Before creation of this institution, most mentally-ill Ohioans received no formal treatment for their illnesses.

Alan Freed and Rock 1950s-1960s Freed was a radio personality and creator of the term "". In 1951, Freed Rock and Roll Hall Music and Roll began hosting a rhythm and blues program on WJW radio in Cleveland. It was during this of Fame: period that Freed referred to the music he played as "rock & roll" for the first time. At first, http://www.rockhal much of his audience was African-American. Soon many other Americans began listening to l.com/ this new style of music. Freed is credited with hosting the first live rock & roll concert in 1952. Freed moved to WINS radio in City in 1954, and "rock & roll" became a common term across the nation. Many adults were critical of this form of music. How did rock and roll affect the teenager population? How did rock and roll help change the attitude toward African Americans?

Tecumseh 1768-1812 was born in 1768, probably at Old Piqua, along the Mad River in Ohio. He was a Ohio History Center Native American Indian and eventually became one of their greatest leaders. By the early 1800s, Archives, Columbus, Tecumseh decided that the best way to stop white advancement was to form a Ohio: Online Catalog- confederacy of Indian tribes west of the . Tecumseh believed that http://www.ohiohist ory.org/collections-- no single tribe owned the land and that only all tribes together could turn land over to the archives/online- whites. He also believed that, if the Indians united together, they would have a better collections-catalog/ chance militarily against the Americans. What was the legacy of Tecumseh's leadership?

Dr. Jared Kirtland 1793-1877 A state legislator, Dr. Kirtland was interested in natural science and helped found the Ohio History (The Naturalists & Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences. He participated in the Scholarly Journal of Environment US. Geological survey and was part of several other biological discoveries. the Ohio Historical Society) Dorthy Dandridge 1923-1965 Dandridge first appeared in a motion picture in 1937 in A Day at the Races . She had Ohio History Other difficulty finding work in the motion picture industry and typically played stereotypical Central African-American roles. Unhappy with the limited acting opportunities in Hollywood, Dandridge began a musical career. Dandridge accepted additional movie roles during the 1940s, but she did not focus her attention on acting until the 1950s. Among her memorable appearances were starring roles in Porgy and Bess, Island in the Sun, and Carmen Jones . For her performance in Carmen Jones , Dandridge received an Academy Award nomination for best actress. She was the first African-American woman to receive this nomination.

Louis Brom Field 1986-1956 Bromfield studied at the Cornell Agricultural College before transferring to Columbia Ohio History Other University and graduating with a degree in journalism. After a career writng fiction and Central living in Europe, Bromfield returned to Ohio in 1939 and purchased Malabar Farm, near Mansfield. Bromfield dedicated his life to agriculture and sought to create a farm that promoted soil conservation. He became famous for his conservation efforts and was posthumously elected to the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Bromfield continued to write books and articles. His later books, including Pleasant Valley, focused on soil conservation and other farming issues.

Dectective Martin J 1963 On October 31, 1963, the actions of Cleveland Police Detective Martin J. McFadden led to a Remarkable Ohio Other McFadden new legal standard allowing police officers in the United States to stop and frisk suspicious persons prior to committing a crime.The law at the time allowed officers to stop a suspect only after a crime was committed. In a landmark decision on June 10, 1968, Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the court's opinion that McFadden's action, called a "Terry Stop" after one of the suspects, was justifiable.

Lucy (Webb) Hayes 1831-1889 Before the American Civil War, Lucy Hayes supported the abolition and women's rights Ohio History Other movements. Following the Civil War, voters in Ohio elected Rutherford Hayes governor of Central the state (1868 to 1872). Lucy Hayes played an active role in her husband's administration and lobbied the state legislature to provide more funding to schools, orphanages, and insane asylums. Lucy Hayes was a strong supporter of the , but it was her husband who prohibited the serving of alcohol. She believed in education and allowed servants to take time off from their duties to attend school. Lucy Hayes wanted women to have greater access to education. She believed that women needed to be educated before receiving the right to vote. Thomas Worthington 1773-1827 As governor, Worthington advocated numerous social reforms, including the regulation of Ohio History Early Ohio bars and taverns, state assistance to paupers, and prison reform. He also became one of Central the earliest advocates for a system and supported free public education in the state. Unfortunately for Worthington, the Ohio legislature refused to enact most of his proposals. However, by the mid to late 1820s, many of Worthington's ideas, such as and public education, had become realities in Ohio.

Branch Rickey 1881-1965 Rickey is credited with developing the farm system that still exists today in professional Ohio History Sports baseball. Players who were not ready to play for a major league team played for farm Central teams, perfected their skills, and proved that they were prepared to play for a major league team. He also introduced protective helmets for batters, pitching machines, and batting cages. In 1947, Rickey made history when he signed African-American Jackie Robinson to play in the major leagues. Prior to the integration of professional baseball, African- American players played in their own separate league.

William Ellsworth 1862-1961 As a deaf player, Dummy Hoy played a role in implementing hand signals in baseball. dummyhoy.com Sports "Dummy" Hoy Anti-Saloon League -1930s Starting in 1893 in Oberlin Ohio, the Anti-Saloon League felt alcohol consumption was a Anti-Saloon League Temperance cause of the moral decline in America at the time. The group's focus was to enact new and Museum: Movement enforce existing law restricting the sale or use of alcohol. How did the organization's http://www.wester leadership lead to a constitutional amendment? What legacy did prohibition leave behind? villelibrary.org/Anti Saloon/; Ohio History Center Archives, Columbus, Ohio: Online Catalog- http://www.ohiohis tory.org/collections- -archives/online- collections-catalog/ ; Eliza Jane Trimble 1870s- Eliza Jane Trimble Thompson lived in the community of Hillsboro, Ohio. Hillsboro had about Ohio History Temperance "Mother" Thompson twenty saloons, and Thompson and her supporters became determined to stop alcohol Central, OhioPix Movement consumption in their town. Thompson had attended a speech given by Dr. Diocletian Lewis in 1873. Dr. Lewis had suggested that women should organize to protest against saloons and to pray for the bars' closing. Thompson took Lewis's advice. She and seventy-five other women in the community marched on the saloons, demanding that they pledge to no longer serve alcohol. Ultimately, Thompson and her followers were successful in closing the town's saloons. As a result of their success, women in more than one hundred other Ohio towns held their own protest marches. Many of these women later became involved in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

Women's Christian 1874 This organization pressured the Ohio and federal governments to implement Prohibition. Ohio History Center Temperance Temperance Union Prohibition would outlaw the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol. From the mid Archives, Columbus, Movement; 1870s to the early 1890s, the Women's Christian Temperance Union was the major Ohio: Online Catalog- Women's Rights organization within the United States seeking Prohibition. Its members utilized rather http://www.ohiohist ory.org/collections-- extreme tactics to convince Americans to abstain from alcohol. Members picketed bars and archives/online- saloons. They prayed for the souls of the patrons. They also tried to block the collections-catalog/ entryways of establishments that sold liquor. How did the WCTU serve as leaders for the temperance movement and also for women's rights? What is their role today?

Ernest J. Bohn 1901-1975 He was a nationally known expert on public housing. Born in Hungary, the son of Frank J. Cleveland Memory Urban Planning and Juliana (Kiry) Bohn, he came to Cleveland with his father in 1911, graduating from Project Adelbert College in 1924 and Western Reserve Law School in 1926. In 1929 he was elected to the Ohio House as a Republican, then served as city councilman until 1940. Active in housing reform, he authored the first state housing legislation, passed in 1933. As president and organizer of the Natl. Assoc. for Housing & Redevelopment Officials, Bohn helped pass the U.S. Housing Act of 1937. Bohn directed the Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority from its founding in 1933 until 1968, and chaired the City Planning Commission from its founding in 1942 until 1966. His work included slum clearance and redevelopment. Following World War II he focused on housing for the elderly, building the Golden Age Ctr. at E. 30th St. and Central Ave., the first such housing development in the U.S. Deterioration of central-city housing in the mid-1960s led to charges that Bohn neglected meeting the needs of poorer people and promoted racial discrimination in filling CMHA units. 1934-present Gloria Steinem is an author, journalist and well-known advocate of women's rights. Ohio History Center Women's Rights Steinem was born on March 25, 1934, in Toledo, Ohio. Steinem co-founded the National Archives, Columbus, Women's Political Caucus, the Women's Action Alliance, the Coalition of Labor Union Ohio: Online Catalog- Women, and Ms. magazine. How did she work to gain more rights for women? Did her http://www.ohiohist ory.org/collections-- leadership leave a legacy on the women's rights movement? archives/online

Florence E Allen 1884-1966 Florence E. Allen was nicknamed " of the law" for her many firsts as a woman in Remarkable Ohio Women's Rights the legal profession. After graduating from Western Reserve College for Women, she taught at Laurel School from 1906 to 1909. She then became a crusader for women's rights, and in 1913 received a law degree from New York University. Allen was appointed as an assistant Cuyahoga County in 1919, the first woman in the country to hold such a position. In 1920, she was elected to Cleveland's Court of Common Pleas, advancing, in 1922, to the Ohio Supreme Court, where she served two terms. In 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Allen to the nation's second highest tribunal, the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, where she became its first female member. In 1958, she was elevated to Chief Justice of that body and retired in 1965.

Amelia J. Bloomer 1818-1894 Amelia J. Bloomer was a women's rights advoacte. In 1851, began to wear Ohio History Women's Rights a style of clothing that would become known as bloomers. Bloomers consisted of a loose- Central fitting blouse, a knee-length skirt, and baggy pants. Women during this time period were expected to have a figure that resembled the number eight. Most women had to strap themselves into tight-fitting corsets to attain this figure. These corsets sometimes caused health problems and could even lead to physical deformities. By 1860, Bloomer stopped wearing bloomers. Women's clothing had changed. New and cooler fabrics also began to appear, Bloomer found the new style of women's clothing more comfortable and reasonable to wear. She may also have begun wearing more accepted clothing to men to draw attention away from the clothing she wore to the issues about which she wrote and lectured, especially for women and temperance. Olympia Brown 1835-1926 Olympia Brown was a woman's rights advocate during the late nineteenth and the early Ohio History Women's Rights twentieth centuries. Brown went to Kansas and encouraged men to grant women the right Central to vote. She failed to convince many men, but Brown emerged from this summer as a prominent women's rights activist. She became a member of the Woman's Party and lectured across the United States on the need for equal rights for women with men. She also co-founded the New England Woman Suffrage Association and served as the president of the Federal Suffrage Association and as the vice president of the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Betsy Mix Cowles 1820s-1850s Betsey Mix Cowles is known for her contributions to education, , and women's Remarkable Ohio Women's Rights rights in Ohio. As early as the late 1820s and early 1830s, she and her sister began opening infant schools in northeastern Ohio. Infant schools were a predecessor to kindergartens. Like many women who participated in the abolitionist cause, Cowles became interested in women's rights as well. In the late 1850s, Cowles's attention turned to higher education for women teachers.

Ohio Women's 1885-1912 It was not until May 1885 that the Ohio Womans Suffrage Association (OSWA) was formed Ohio History Center Women's Rights Suffrage Association in Painesville. Its members chose not to affiliate the organization with any of the national Archives, womens suffrage groups of this era, because they wanted to avoid partisan politics. How Columbus, Ohio: did the OSWA play a leadership role in the fight for suffrage in Ohio? What legacy did they Online Catalog- leave behind? http://www.ohiohis tory.org/collections- -archives/online- collections- catalog/; Ohio History Central

Christy Girl Late 19th-Early Howard Chandler Christy was a prominent American artist in the late nineteenth and early Ohio History Women's Rights 20th C. twentieth centuries. Christy became famous for his artwork depicting a young woman. She Central became known as the "Christy girl," and Christy used her image in books, magazines, calendars, and even patriotic posters. Christy once stated that the "Christy girl" was "High- bred, aristocratic and dainty though not always silken-skirted; a woman with tremendous self-respect." One critic echoed these sentiments, proclaiming that the "Christy girl: ...represented the awakening female, no longer content to preside over the kitchen, to be forbidden the golf course or the vote. The way Christy drew her, she was popular with the males because of her charm, while the young women liked her because she embodied their dreams of emancipation." Mary Hartwell 1847-1902 Mary Hartwell was born in Luray, Ohio, and at the age of nine her family moved to Milford, Our Land, Women's Rights Catherwood . Catherwood taught at small country schools until she was able to enter Granville OurLiterature Female College in Ohio. She managed to put herself through the four-year course in only three years, finishing in 1868. During this time her work began to be published, and she was able to support herself with her writing.

Equal Rights 1972-1983 On March 22, 1972, the federal government sent the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Ohio History Center Women's Rights Amendment individual states for ratification. The ERA sought to make gender discrimination a violation Archives, of the United States Constitution. For a constitutional amendment to go into effect, three- Columbus, Ohio: fourths of the states must ratify it. The ratification effort brought many women into politics Online Catalog- and shined light on women's rights. Many in Ohio objected to the amendment and at first it http://www.ohiohis failed to pass. Ohio ratified the ERA in 1974 but the amendment failed to gain the 38 states tory.org/collections- needed to become a part of the US constitution. Who were the leaders in the fight for the -archives/online- ERA in Ohio? What was the reaction to the ERA by the leading legislators in Ohio? collections- catalog/;

Victoria Clafin 1838-1927 Victoria Claflin Woodhull is a little-known pioneer for women's rights and the first woman Ohio History Center Women's Rights Woodhull: First in the United States to run for president. Born in Homer, Ohio, Woodhull worked as a Archives, Woman to Run for spiritual medium and fortune teller before her run for office as a representative of the Columbus, Ohio: President Equal Rights Party. Her platform included issues like the 8-our workday, graduated income Online Catalog- tax, social welfare programs, and new divorce laws. She was not well-liked by other http://www.ohiohis suffragists of her time because of her extremism which they believed would not help the tory.org/collections- movement. Her shifting platform from issues of free love to eugenics frightened most -archives/online- reformers of the time. What legacy did Woodhull's efforts leave on the women's rights collections- movement? catalog/; 4H Club 1902- The 4-H Club originated in 1902, in Clark County, Ohio. That year, Albert Belmont Graham 4-H website: Youth, Agriculture began a program for local farming youths to better prepare http://www.4- them for their lives as farmers. In 1914, the United States Department of Agriculture h.org/; Ohio History (USDA) established its Cooperative Extension Service, which Center Archives: incorporated clubs, like the one that Graham created. How did the 4-H club show Online Catalong: leadership in youth development? HOw does it help promote leadership in young people http://collections.o today? hiohistory.org/star web/l.skca- catalog/servlet.star web?path=l.skca- catalog/skcacatalog .web