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Skating on Thin Ice: Hockey and the Canadian National Identity

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Skating on Thin Ice: Hockey and the Canadian National Identity 47 Skating on Thin Ice: Hockey and the Canadian National Identity J ASON MORRIS U NIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH CO L U M BIA Canadians know in their hearts they have long led the aspects less tangible, including common culture, shared world when it comes to shooting pucks into the net. This values and dreams, a feeling of comfort and solidarity and belief has played a large role in keeping many different also shared understandings and interpretations of the past people together across a great, expansive territory that with heroes, villains, and myths.2 includes numerous, often divisive political, social, and Such visible and invisible parts of what makes a nation economic cleavages. If hockey is part of Canada’s national are objective and subjective, respectively.3 Benedict Ander- identity, how did this come to be and what will challenge son thus referred to nations as “imagined communities,” this understanding in the future? Given the media, tech- not that they are illusions, but simply not so quantifiable.4 nology, and the opportunism of political leaders, hockey A nation is like a “living soul,” spiritual more than being has been partially constructed and strategically placed as Petri dish testable and scientific. At any rate, the sum part of the Canadian national identity. Further, contem- total of the ingredients of any given nation is a national porary forces, including demographic change, globaliza- identity. 5 tion and the rise of other sports, such as soccer, challenge The flexibility of what can be included in a national the future importance of hockey to Canada. identity permits the inclusion of activities engaged in A nation is a vague yet important concept in society. and watched by participants of a nation, including sports. Commitment to a nation for individuals can be above their Sport, in general, helps create and reproduce national family, peers, professional associations, communities, and identities.6 Such cultural activities breed connections with province or state and regional attachments. Commitment others in a given nation.7 In this respect, hockey can be to a nation for individuals, also can be equal to, above or included as part of Canada’s national identity. Hockey is below their identification with a country. The nation is “Canada’s game” and its “national passion.”8 Canadians consequently a powerful political identity to many people can well imagine they were born holding a hockey stick, and as such, can be unifying and divisive, benevolent or slap shot ready. benign. It is a collective personal identification with a Apart from hockey, Canada struggled and struggles political community larger than oneself. This association to nail down its other national identity elements. It took is discriminating. Nations distinguish groups of people forty years to agree on a national flag, and Canada had no from others. Nations are thought to emerge organically officially sanctioned national anthem (to sing at hockey and over time based on history of efforts, perseverance and 1 games) until 1980! Consequently, the characteristics of devotion, sacrifices and claims, defeats and triumphs. a Canadian national identity are as much fault lines as Specifically, nations have some identifying character- bedrock.9 In this sense, hockey became the Krazy Glue istics. These current components help define the nation of Canada’s otherwise underdeveloped and shaky national to its contemporary subscribers and distinguish it from identity. For Canada, as a nation, these national identity other such collectivities. Political scientists and other parts include its gradually achieved sovereignty, northern observers have attempted to identify the common nation geographic reality, lukewarm French-English relations and credentials, some of which are visible and others present, regionalism and anti-American sentiment. but invisible. Race, language, physical characteristics, and Canada made full statehood only after decades of geography (as in, where you live) are cited as nation factors peaceful discussion and the patriation of the Constitu- that can be more easily grasped and identified than other Jason Morris plays hockey and soccer. He occasionally scores a goal in both! He is a lecturer in the political science program at the University of Northern British Columbia. 48 PROTEUS: A Journal of Ideas tion in 1982. Lacking flashpoints like revolutions and civil nation about Canada hinges on examining how and why wars, Canada never faced obvious oppression and always Canadians are different from Americans.22 Such anti- had some freedoms and rights guaranteed by the British American sentiment is rooted in fears of cultural and eco- monarchy. Empire, not revolution, created Canada. “It nomic assimilation yet hockey remains largely Canadian is the product of treaty and statute, the dry legal instru- in North America. That hockey has thrived in Canada ments of the diplomat and the legislator,” lectured histo- despite much American indifference is a distinguish- rian W.L. Morton.10 Such described bland beginnings ing factor setting out differences between the residents meant no one Canadian way of life emerged. The peaceful of both countries.23 Hockey’s superstars may be largely and slow process of Canada’s political maturity inhibited anonymous throughout the United States and National the development of a shared national self-awareness for Hockey League games may be aired on obscure specialty Canadians that would solidify common values, rational- channels.24 A playoff game shown on American televi- ize the set-up of its democratic institutions and bring sion, in overtime, may abruptly switch to an infomercial together its disparate social and population elements.11 before its resolution.25 Yet to Canadians, this lack of Canada’s gradual process of becoming a full-fledged state American interest in hockey is even necessary. Hockey is robbed it of a swashbuckling, binding historical narrative a clear expression to all Canadians of how their national with universal national protagonists.12 Hockey, filling the identity, at least in terms of culture and sports, is separate void, provided national, homegrown heroes that Canada’s from the character of Americans.26 political evolution lacked. The Stanley Cup became more Overall, hockey has helped promote and is part of than a trophy; it was a national icon and a passionate rep- Canada’s national identity. Hockey may be credited with 13 resentation of victory. Further, Canada was seen to set bringing Canadians from different parts of the country the standard for the world in hockey performance. Other together despite its other weak national identity connec- countries gauged their hockey abilities in relation to Can- tions. Not the soapbox, Parliament, or a battlefield but the ada’s. Canada was recognized and respected internationally hockey rink is “the place where the monumental themes of for its puck handling ability when it was gradually seeking Canadian life are played out – English and French, East 14 full sovereignty from its colonial past. and West, Canada the U.S…” write Ken Dryden and Roy Another aspect of the Canadian national identity is MacGregor.27 Hockey is a “collective representation” about said to be its northern geography and accompanying chilly what being Canadian is.28 However, this assumed natural winters.15 Canadians, presumably stereotypically, wear fit has been somewhat constructed by media and technol- gloves, scarves and toques. The need for such garments ogy, and fabricated by elected representatives who continue collectively unites them. In the words of writer Marga- to use the game to promote national-building objectives. ret Atwood, Canadian winters create a country with an National identities change. In this respect, immigration, enduring theme of survival.16 In this respect, hockey, a globalization and other sports such as soccer will chal- winter sport, is a representation and celebration (more like lenge the strength of hockey as Canadian. 17 a triumph) over Canada’s northern geography. “The myth of hockey as ‘our game’ persists, in part, French-English relations represent an additional because there remain the national media with a vested national identity element less inspirational given two interest in maintaining that myth,” writes Sean Hayes.29 near-miss separation attempts by the province of Que- In this sense, media and technology have helped place bec. Canada, as a country of “two solitudes,” has a weak hockey in Canada’s national identity. “Hockey Night in sense of national self-understanding between its French Canada” was the first program to reach a national audi- and English populations.18 Hockey has brought French ence.30 Then brought into living rooms, it was this tele- and English Canadians together. “There was probably no vision show in concert with the game itself that united other common interest [besides hockey] that brought the Canadians.31 Technological improvements including two solitudes together… into the same kind of regular and instant replays and color television further increased the passionate engagement with one another,” notes Whit- appeal and established home hockey viewing as a habit; son.19 Likewise, regional identifications by Canadians that by the mid-1960s, NHL hockey was the most popular can equal or surpass the intensity of national ties make up television programming in Canada. Hockey was not fully part of Canada’s national identity. These identifications “Canada’s game” until communication technology made are often articulated as rivalries and grievances against its collective screening possible.32 Since then, “Hockey other regions.20 Western alienation, for instance, is the Night in Canada” promotes itself as uniquely Canadian perception the Western provinces are not equal partners and its annual “Hockey Day in Canada” event is more in Confederation. Such feelings are expressed every time than a Canadian team jamboree but portrayed as a rep- the public broadcaster, the Canadian Broadcasting Corpo- resentation of what Canada is all about. ration (CBC), runs “YET ANOTHER” Toronto Maple Ann Hall and Trevor Slack suggest, “sport is a read- Leafs game when the Vancouver Canucks are also playing.
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