The atmospheric global electric circuit: An overview Devendraa Siingha,b*, V. Gopalakrishnana,, R. P. Singhc, A. K. Kamraa, Shubha Singhc, Vimlesh Panta, R. Singhd, and A. K. Singhe aIndian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008, India bInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Tartu, 18, Ulikooli Street, Tartu- 50090, Estonia cDepartment of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India dIndian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai-410 218, India ePhysics Department, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India Abstract: Research work in the area of the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) has rapidly expanded in recent years mainly through observations of lightning from satellites and ground-based networks and observations of optical emissions between cloud and ionosphere. After reviewing this progress, we critically examine the role of various generators of the currents flowing in the lower and upper atmosphere and supplying currents to the GEC. The role of aerosols and cosmic rays in controlling the GEC and linkage between climate, solar-terrestrial relationships and the GEC has been briefly discussed. Some unsolved problems in this area are reported for future investigations. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - *Address for corrspondence Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Tartu, 18, Ulikooli Street Tartu-50090, Estonia e-mail;
[email protected] [email protected] Fax +37 27 37 55 56 1 1. Introduction The global electric circuit (GEC) links the electric field and current flowing in the lower atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere forming a giant spherical condenser (Lakhina, 1993; Bering III, 1995; Bering III et al., 1998; Rycroft et al., 2000; Siingh et al., 2005), which is charged by the thunderstorms to a potential of several hundred thousand volts (Roble and Tzur, 1986) and drives vertical current through the atmosphere’s columnar resistance.