DOCSLIB.ORG

Al8ld MO. 3V8Q

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Al8ld MO. 3V8Q 37? Al8ld MO. 3V8Q HUMANISM AND THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE, 1438-1439 DISSERTATION Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR' OF PHILOSOPHY By Samuel J. Swisher, Jr., B.A., M.Div. Denton, Texas December, 1991 37? Al8ld MO. 3V8Q HUMANISM AND THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE, 1438-1439 DISSERTATION Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR' OF PHILOSOPHY By Samuel J. Swisher, Jr., B.A., M.Div. Denton, Texas December, 1991 Swisher, Samuel J. Jr., Humanism and the Council of Florence, 1438-1439. Doctor of Philosophy (History), December, 1991, 256 pp., bibliography, 108 titles. The Council of Ferrara-Florence was important to the church because it was an attempt to reunite the Latin and Greek obediences which had been separated since 1054. A notable aspect of the council was the fact that it brought together some of the greatest scholars of the era to participate in the debates. Humanism was an attempt among intellectuals committed to the study of the humanities to rediscover and imitate the literary and oratorical style associated with the classical past of ancient Greece and republican Rome. The humanist methodological approach to the arts of rhetoric, grammar and textual criticism can be said to have gained widespread acceptance among intellectuals in fifteenth century Italy. Curiously, however, little has been written regarding the influence of humanism on the church during that same period, particularly in the early fifteenth century. This work was written to address this issue, at least in part, by exploring the relationship between humanism and the proceedings of the important Council of Florence. The examination focuses solely on the Latin delegation, since the humanist movement was primarily a western phenomenon. The study begins with the development of the nature and character of fifteenth century Italian humanism. It then proceeds to delineate the humanist methodological approach to three key areas; rhetoric, grammar, and historical criticism. Having thus laid this necessary foundation, the work examines selected portions of the debates of the council with regard to each of the three key areas, in order to ascertain whether or not a humanistic approach was utilized by the Latin participants in their argumentations. This investigation concludes that the Latin advocates of the council did indeed employ humanist methodology in both the preparation and presentation of their arguments in the debates. Therefore, such evidence strongly suggests that an appreciation and acceptance of the humanist approach to rhetoric, grammar, and textual criticism existed in the church in the early decades of the fifteenth century. Copyright by Samuel James Swisher, Jr, 1991 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY ITALIAN HUMANISM 1 Introduction and purpose General character of Italian humanism Toward a definition of humanism II. HUMANISTIC CONCERNS: RHETORIC 30 Historical background Rhetoric in the Renaissance Rhetoric and Salutati, Bruni, Traversari, Valla III. HUMANISTIC CONCERNS: GRAMMAR, TEXTUAL CRITICISM...58 Historical background Grammar, Textual Criticism in the Renaissance Grammar, Textual Criticism and Salutati, Bracciolini, Traversari and Valla IV. THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: BACKGROUND 98 The church and the Great Schism Councils of Pisa, Constance, Pavia, and Basel The Council of Lyons, 1274. Conciliarism V. THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: OVERVIEW 132 The Greeks come to Ferrara Preliminary discussions The addition to the creed The council resumes at Florence VI. THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE AND RHETORIC 176 VII. THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE AND GRAMMAR, TEXTUAL CRITICISM 206 CONCLUSIONS 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY 248 IV CHAPTER 1 EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY ITALIAN HUMANISM While the Burckhardtian thesis1 concerning the nature of the period we know as the Renaissance may now be considered inadequate after more than a century of additional research, Burckhardt nevertheless accurately identified the unique blend of cultural milieu and men of intellect which existed in Italy during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This period, as Kristeller notes, witnessed a rebirth of Italian arts and letters which provided her a certain independence from the other western European countries, especially France, which had culturally dominated the continent since the early middle ages.2 Italy during this era also produced the great literary genius Dante, the talented Bocaccio, and the pious poet and philosopher, Francesco Petrarcha. Within the context of the Renaissance, an intellectual movement emerged which had as one of its primary objectives a return to the classical past, the humanist movement. There is, of course, a great debate as to the definition of the term "humanist", but Kristeller argues convincingly that in Renaissance Italy it was strictly applied to a teacher of the humanities, a prescribed discipline of academic subjects known as the studia humanitatis, consisting of; grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy.3 A humanist, therefore, was primarily a scholar-educator, who because of the nature of his craft, was interested in the writings of ancient authors, both Roman and Greek. This interest was engendered by a love of the wisdom and eloquence which characterized the writings of the ancients and which came to be prized virtues among the humanists themselves. Burckhardt viewed the humanists as mediators "between their own age and a venerated antiquity," who by virtue of their understanding and imitation of the ancients overthrew a Church-based medieval culture.4 Although Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch (1304-1374), has been generally acknowledged as the progenitor of Renaissance humanists, some have resisted the tendency to exaggerate his importance to the Renaissance and the humanist movement. Burckhardt, for example, credited Dante with being the first "mediator" between antiquity and Renaissance culture in Italy, not Petrarch.5 In a similar fashion, Kristeller prefers to speak of Petrarch as humanism's "first great representative" rather than its initiator.® Nevertheless, no one denies the important role which Petrarch played in directly contributing to the humanist movement with his own literary efforts, and the influence which he had upon many disciples who actively promoted its ideas. Eighteen years after the death of Petrarch, in 1392, one such disciple, Giovanni Conversini (1347-1406), was appointed to the Chair of Rhetoric at the University of Padua. Conversini was an admirer of Petrarch and Cicero and promoted humanistic interests at the university when other academic institutions were shunning the ideas of the new movement."7 Several of Conversini's pupils such as Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459), Vittorino da Feltre (1378-1446), and Guarino da Verona (1374-1460), became great humanists and made significant contributions to the movement.® Milanese humanism also stemmed from Petrarchan influence as well as from close ties to Florentine humanism in general.9 A number of important humanists resided in Milan or in its subject-city Pavia, the ancient Lombard capital, during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, including Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) and Francesco Filelfo. In 1421, after a successful teaching carreer, the well known humanist-educator Gasparino Barzizza (1360-1430) was recalled to Milan from Padua by Filippo Maria Visconti because of an important discovery of Ciceronian manuscripts by the bishop of Lodi, Gerardo Landriani.10 This discovery alone would have assured Milan a significant place in the tradition of Italian humanism, but there was to be more. Barzizza, for example, was established after his return in an important chair of rhetoric at Pavia, and many humanists, including Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) and Francesco Filelfo (1398-1481), were educated under his tutelage. Barzizza was succeeded by Valla in 1431.1:1 While at Pavia, Valla wrote his first important work, De Voluptate (1431), as well as the early notes regarding his De Elegantiis Linguae Latinae (1442).12 However, fifteenth century Milan achieved its most lasting contribution to Renaissance humanism as a center for the discovery, editing and publication of classical texts, such as the Lodi manuscripts, for which it later became renowned.13 The existence of a large papal bureaucracy at Rome provided a great opportunity for humanist employment and service in the early Quattrocento.14 The voluminous paperwork requirements of the curia ensured an ongoing need for men of letters such as the humanists. One of the most important curial posts was that of apostolic secretary. This office was originated to assist the pope with his heavy workload.15 Certainly one of the most famous of these secretaries was Poggio Bracciolini, who held his appointment for a half century (1403-1453), arid during his tenure, accompanied Eugenius IV to the Council of Florence.16 Lorenzo Valla, like Bracciolini, also served as secretary in a papal administration, having been appointed to this office by Pope Nicholas V in 1448. Yet another opportunity for service for humanists in Rome in the early Quattrocento was provided by the existence of "familias," or groups of individuals who assisted popes, cardinals or secular lords in the performance of their work.1"7 Humanists made up a large part of the members of these "familias", with two of the best known of these groups being those
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Recovery of Manuscripts
    Cultural heritage The Recovery of manuscripts David RUNDLE ABSTRACT Manuscripts were the cornerstone of humanism. They had been the main vector for transmission of the ancient texts and culture in the Middle Ages. Most of them had nonetheless been lost or forgotten in remote libraries. In order to recover the ancient Greek and Latin texts they favoured, humanists went on a European quest to find these manuscripts. From Italy, at first, humanists travelled all across Europe, visiting convents and libraries, in search of the lost works of Tacitus, Cicero, etc. building and securing the antique legacy of European culture. Portrait of Poggio holding a manuscript on the first page of the Ruins of Rome (Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana, Urb. Lat. 224, fol. 3). This treatise dedicated to another prominent manuscript hunter, the pope Nicholas V, is a meditation on the loss of Roman culture. Manuscripts were humanism’s lifeblood, its inspiration and its purpose. The production of new books in a new, or revived, style of Latin and with a new, or revived, presentation on the page was central to their activities. But before they could even be conceived, there needed to be classical texts to be imitated. Behind the humanists’ practices lay an agenda of manuscript recovery all across Europe. They were conscious of themselves as cut off from the classical past and set themselves the challenge of discovering works which had not been seen—they said- —by scholars for centuries. In writing of their achievements in doing this, they exaggerated both their own heroic endeavours and the dire state that preceded them.
    [Show full text]
  • Spine for Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law
    Spine for Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law Top to Bottom Vol. 32 Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 2015 THE STEPHAN KUTTNER INSTITUTE OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW MÜNCHEN 2015 BULLETIN OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW NEW SERIES VOLUME 32 AN ANNUAL REVIEW PUBLISHED BY THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS FOR THE STEPHAN KUTTNER INSTITUTE OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW BULLETIN OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW THE STEPHAN KUTTNER INSTITUTE OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW MÜNCHEN 2015 BULLETIN OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW NEW SERIES VOLUME 32 AN ANNUAL REVIEW PUBLISHED BY THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS FOR THE STEPHAN KUTTNER INSTITUTE OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW Published annually at the Stephan Kuttner Institute of Medieval Canon Law Editorial correspondence should be addressed to: STEPHAN-KUTTNER INSTITUTE OF MEDIEVAL CANON LAW Professor-Huber-Platz 2 D-80539 München PETER LANDAU, Editor Universität München [email protected] or KENNETH PENNINGTON, Editor The School of Canon Law The Catholic University of America Washington, D.C. 20064 [email protected] Advisory Board PÉTER CARDINAL ERDP PETER LINEHAN Archbishop of Esztergom St. John’s College Budapest Cambridge University JOSÉ MIGUEL VIÉJO-XIMÉNEZ ORAZIO CONDORELLI Universidad de Las Palmas de Università degli Studi Gran Canaria Catania FRANCK ROUMY KNUT WOLFGANG NÖRR Université Panthéon-Assas Universität Tübingen Paris II Inquiries concerning subscriptions or notifications of change of address should be sent to the Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law Subscriptions, PO Box 19966, Baltimore, MD 21211-0966. Notifications can also be sent by email to [email protected] Telephone (410) 516-6987 or 1-800-548-1784 or fax 410-516-3866.
    [Show full text]
  • Images of Homeric Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Marciana1
    2008 Annual Conference of CIDOC Athens, September 15 – 18, 2008 Christopher W. Blackwell IMAGES OF HOMERIC MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE BIBLIOTECA MARCIANA1 Christopher W. Blackwell Classics University or Organization: Furman University Address: 3300 Poinsett Highway Greenville, SC 29609 USA E-Mail: [email protected] URL: http://chs.harvard.edu/chs/homer_multitext Abstract This paper describes the manuscript Marcianus Graecus Z.454 (=822), the “Venetus A” and the work of capturing high-resolution digital images of its folios. The manuscripts is a masterpiece of 9th Century “information technology”, combing a primary text, the Homeric Iliad, with secondary texts in the form of scholiastic notes, and other metadata in the form of critical signs. Thus the images of this manuscript provide wide access to an invaluable window into two millennia of the history of the Homeric tradition. INTRODUCTION In May of 2007 an international team of Classicists, conservators, photographers, and imaging experts came together in the Biblioteca Marciana—the Library of St. Mark—in Venice, in order to bring to light a cultural treasure that had been hidden away for over 100 years. The Venetus A manuscript of the Iliad (Marcianus Gr. Z. 454 [=822]), the 1 The following paper is about a collaborative project, of which I am one of four primary editors. We have worked together to produce a number of presentations and publications connected to the project over the past year, including the forthcoming book: Recapturing a Homeric Legacy: Images and Insights from the Venetus A Manuscript of the Iliad. For this reason, this paper should be considered to be co-authored by Casey Dué, Mary Ebbott, and Neel Smith.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Name Field Dates Project Title Abbondanza, Roberto History 1964
    Full Name Field Dates Project Title Abbondanza, Umanesimo giuridico, giovinezza di history 1964/1965 Roberto Andrea Alciato George Eliot, the Florentine Abbott, Ruth literature 2016/2017 Renaissance, and the History of Scholarship Literary criticism of the Hungarian Acs, Pal literature 1993/1994 Renaissance Addona, Victoria art history 2015/2016 Dissemination of the Manner of the Adelson, Candace art history 1976/1977 1st School of Fontainebleau as evidenced in 16th-c Italian art The Bolognese villa in the age of Aksamija, Nadja art history 2012/2013 Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti I Disegni di Michelangelo per il Alberio, Elena art history 2017/2018 Cristo Risorto: Problemi di committenza e sviluppi iconografici Histoire de la dépose des peintures Albers, Geraldine art history 2001/2002 murales en Italie. Mémoire des lieux, voyage de oeuvres The humanist and his dog: the social and anthropological aspects of Almasi, Gabor literature 2006/2007 scholarly dogkeeping in the Italian Renaissance American Drawing, Renaissance Anania, Katie art history 2017/2018 Historiography, and The Remains of Humanism in the 1960s 1. A monograph on Giovanni Bellini 2. An exhibition on late Titian to Anderson, Jaynie art history 2000/2001 travel to Canberra and Melbourne, Australia A biography of Giovanni Morelli Anderson, Jaynie art history 2008/2009 (1816-1891) 'Florentinis ingeniis nihil ardui est': Andreoli, Ilaria art history 2011/2012 The Florentine Illustrated Book (1490-1550) Andreoni, Benedetto Varchi lettore di Dante e literature 2007/2008 Annalisa Petrarca all'Accademia Fiorentina The employment of 'religiosi' by Andrews, Frances history 2004/2005 governments of early Renaissance Italy Religion and Public Life in Late Andrews, Frances history 2010/2011 Medieval Italy Andrews, Noam history 2015/2016 Full Name Field Dates Project Title Genoese Galata.
    [Show full text]
  • Lapo's Life and Work
    ch1.qxd 10/18/1999 2:02 PM Page 1 CHAPTER 1 Lapo’s Life and Work In the years that preceded the more or less permanent reentry of Pope Eugenius IV into Rome, the Renaissance humanist movement was in the middle of an interesting phase. At that time a large component of its members consisted of intellectuals who lacked ‹xed institutional places. Humanism—this new ars whose curricular focus was the studia humani- tatis—had still to ‹nd its place in society and was dependent largely on patrons. One practitioner of this new art was the Florentine Lapo da Cas- tiglionchio the Younger, who died in 1438 at the age of thirty-three. One of his most interesting cultural bequests to us is a treatise that he wrote in the year of his death, entitled De curiae commodis, or On the Bene‹ts of the Curia. In this dialogue, Lapo offers us a portrait of the papal curia that is written elegantly, learnedly, earnestly, and even angrily. It is a human document that is alive with information not only for intellectual historians but for social and cultural historians as well. The goal of this study is to discuss this dialogue in its intellectual and social contexts. A critical edition of the Latin text along with an annotated English transla- tion follows the discussion. This ‹rst chapter offers an examination of Lapo’s life and work, fol- lowed by a brief look at the historiography on the dialogue. Chapter 2 deals with the literary context of the dialogue and examines a compli- cated passage on the virtues, which I believe can serve as an interpretive key for the piece as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawyers in the Florence Consular District
    Lawyers in the Florence Consular District (The Florence district contains the regions of Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany) Emilia-Romagna Region Disclaimer: The U.S. Consulate General in Florence assumes no responsibility or liability for the professional ability, reputation or the quality of services provided by the persons or firms listed. Inclusion on this list is in no way an endorsement by the Department of State or the U.S. Consulate General. Names are listed alphabetically within each region and the order in which they appear has no other significance. The information on the list regarding professional credentials, areas of expertise and language ability is provided directly by the lawyers. The U.S. Consulate General is not in a position to vouch for such information. You may receive additional information about the individuals by contacting the local bar association or the local licensing authorities. City of Bologna Attorneys Alessandro ALBICINI - Via Marconi 3, 40122 Bologna. Tel: 051/228222-227552. Fax: 051/273323. E- mail: [email protected]. Born 1960. Degree in Jurisprudence. Practice: Commercial law, Industrial, Corportate. Languages: English and French. U.S. correspondents: Kelley Drye & Warren, 101 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10178, Gordon Altman Butowski, 114 West 47th Street, New York, NY 10036- 1510. Luigi BELVEDERI – Via degli Agresti 2, 40123 Bologna. Tel: 051/272600. Fax: 051/271506. E-mail: [email protected]. Born in 1950. Degree in Jurisprudence. Practice: Freelance international attorney since 1978. Languages: English and Italian. Also has office in Milan Via Bigli 2, 20121 Milan Cell: 02780031 Fax: 02780065 Antonio CAPPUCCIO – Piazza Tribunali 6, 40124 Bologna.
    [Show full text]
  • 150 Years of Research : a Bibliography of the Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992
    Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law 150 Years of Research: A Bibliography of Indiana University School of Law Faculty, Law Library Publications 1842-1992 1992 150 years of research : a bibliography of the Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992 Linda K. Fariss Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/bibliography Part of the Legal Biography Commons, Legal Education Commons, Legal History Commons, Legal Profession Commons, and the Legal Writing and Research Commons Recommended Citation Fariss, Linda K., "150 years of research : a bibliography of the Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992" (1992). 150 Years of Research: A Bibliography of Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992. 1. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/bibliography/1 This Brochure is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Library Publications at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in 150 Years of Research: A Bibliography of Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992 by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 150 Years of Research: A Bibliography of the Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992 Indiana University School of Law Bloomington, Indiana 150 Years of Research: A Bibliography of the Indiana University School of Law Faculty, 1842-1992 compiled by: Keith A. Buckley Mitchell E. Counts Ralph F. Gaebler Michael M. Maben Marianne Mason F. Richard Vaughan Nona K. Watt edited by: Linda K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Borgias (1913)
    The Story of The Borgias John Fyvie L1BRARV OF UN ,VERSITV CALIFORNIA AN DIEGO THE STORY OF THE BORGIAS <Jt^- i//sn6Ut*4Ccn4<s flom fte&co-^-u, THE STORY OF THE BOEGIAS AUTHOR OF "TRAGEDY QUEENS OF THE GEORGIAN ERA" ETC NEW YORK G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1913 PRINTED AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS TAVI STOCK STREET CoVENT GARDEN LONDON THE story of the Borgia family has always been of interest one strangely fascinating ; but a lurid legend grew up about their lives, which culminated in the creation of the fantastic monstrosities of Victor Hugo's play and Donizetti's opera. For three centuries their name was a byword for the vilest but in our there has been infamy ; own day an extraordinary swing of the pendulum, which is hard to account for. Quite a number of para- doxical writers have proclaimed to an astonished and mystified world that Pope Alexander VI was both a wise prince and a gentle priest whose motives and actions have been maliciously mis- noble- represented ; that Cesare Borgia was a minded and enlightened statesman, who, three centuries in advance of his time, endeavoured to form a united Italy by the only means then in Lucrezia anybody's power ; and that Borgia was a paragon of all the virtues. " " It seems to have been impossible to whitewash the Borgia without a good deal of juggling with the evidence, as well as a determined attack on the veracity and trustworthiness of the contemporary b v PREFACE historians and chroniclers to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • (G.N. Faenza, Battaglione Unico, 2ª Compagnia, Elenco Dei Cittadini Inscritti Al Controllo Del Servizio Ordinario
    (G.N. Faenza, Battaglione Unico, 2ª Compagnia, Elenco dei Cittadini inscritti al Controllo del servizio ordinario. 1863?). C CADET ARISTIDE Nato a Roma il 2.10.1841, morto a Faenza il 12.08.1868, direttore dell'Orfanotrofio Maschi lascia In morte del professor Girolamo Tassinari , 1865. (A. Zecchini, Preti e cospiratori nella terra del Duce ). CADUTI Vicenza: Grossi Antonio, Lama Angelo, Liverani Giuseppe, Merendi Andrea, Querzola Achille, Servadei Giovanni, Toschi Pietro, Violani Orazio. Roma 1849: Ancarani Andrea, Ghigi Clemente, Della Vedova Marta, Fenati Cesare, Galvani Paolo, Liverani Antonio, Massari Marco (Sante), Minghetti Agostino, Padovani Francesco, Pezzi Antonio, Savini Francesco. San Martino: Castaldi Federico, Castellani Orlando, Melandri Sante, Merendi Settimio, Sangiorgi Angelo. 1860: Morini Luigi, Toni Marco, Montanari Domenico, a Borgoforte Castelfidardo: Sangiorgi Francesco. Milazzo: Samorini Dionisio. Mola di Gaeta: Gaddoni Francesco, morto 18.01.1861 di febbre tifoidea, Bezzecca: Argnani Achille, Gheba Giuseppe, Marchetti Ferdinando, Monti Ulisse.1859, “Dei Giovani Valorosi del Comune di Faenza che nell’ultima guerra combattendo rimasero mutilati od invalidi, e delle Famiglie.” Merendi Settimio, volontario 6° Rgt. Aosta, 1° btg., 2ª Comp., morto a Solferino. Castaldi Federico, 2° Rgt. Brigata Aosta, morto il 26.06.59 in seguito alle gravi ferite riportate a Solferino. Melandri Sante, milite volontario, 11° Rgt. Fanteria, 12ª Comp., morto a Solferino. (A.S.F.). 1868, 4 marzo: “Elenco de’ Giovani Faentini caduti nella campagna del 1866” : Montanari Domenico di Giuseppe, condizione famiglia miserabile, luogotenente RR.CC., Gheba Giuseppe, fu Lorenzo, condizione famiglia miserabile, Corpo dei Volontari, Argnani Achille, fu Antonio, condizione famiglia miserabile, Corpo dei Volontari, Campi Salvatore, fu Natale, condizione famiglia miserabile, Corpo dei Volontari, Drei Giacomo, di Antonio, condizione famiglia miserabile, Corpo dei Volontari.
    [Show full text]
  • Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos (A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants)
    Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants by Junius Brutus VINDICIAE, CONTRA TYRANNOS: SIVE, DE PRINCIPIS IN Populum, Populique in Principem, legitima postestate STEPHANO IVNIO Bruto Celta, Autore. < 2 > Contents Question One: Whether subjects are bound to obey princes... 3 The Covenant between God and Kings 7 Question Two: Whether it is lawful to resist a prince who infringes the law of God. 15 Whether private men may resist by arms. 29 Whether it be lawful to take arms for religion. 31 Question Three: Whether it is lawful to resist a prince who oppresses or ruins a public state. 33 Kings are made by the people. 34 The whole body of the people is above the king. 38 The assembly of the three estates. 44 Whether prescription of time can take away the right of the people. 46 Why kings are created. 48 Kings receive laws from the people. 53 If the prince may make new laws. 55 Whether the prince have the power of life and death over his subjects. 56 If the king may pardon those whom the law condemns. 57 Subjects are the king's brethren, and not his slaves. 58 Whether the goods of the people belong to the king. 60 Whether the king be the proper owner of the kingdom. 61 Whether the king be the usufructer of the kingdom. 67 Question Four: Whether neighbor princes may, or are bound by law to aid the subjects of other princes. 96 < 3 > A DEFENCE OF LIBERTY AGAINST TYRANTS THE FIRST QUESTION Whether subjects are obligated to obey rulers who issue commands contrary to the law of God.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen the Singular Tomb of Cristoforo And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen The singular tomb of Cristoforo and Domenico della Rovere in Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome van ter Toolen, Lotte Published in: Incontri. Rivista europea di studi italiani DOI: 10.18352/incontri.10216 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): van ter Toolen, L. (2017). The singular tomb of Cristoforo and Domenico della Rovere in Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome. Incontri. Rivista europea di studi italiani, 32(2), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.18352/incontri.10216 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 13-11-2019 Anno 32, 2017 / Fascicolo 2 / p.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sketch of the Civil and Canon Laws in England
    THE AMERICAN LAW REGISTER AND REVIEW. VOL. {44 0- } MARCH, 1896. No- 3. A SKETCH OF THE CIVIL AND CANON LAWS IN ENGLAND. Before proceeding to give a short sketch of the Civil and Canon Laws in England, it may, perhaps, be well to state what is meant by these terms. By the Civil Law is meant the law of the ancient Romans which had its foundation in the Grecian republics, and received continual improvements in the Roman state during the space of upwards of a thousand years and did not expire even with the Empire itself. The books to which Justinian, the Roman Emperor, reduced the whole of the Roman Civil Law are now four in number, viz., (i) The Pandects,sometimes termed The Digests, which contain fifty books, and wherein are recorded the opinions and sentences of several men learned in the Roman Law; (2) The Justinian Code, consisting of twelve books, wherein are comprised the several decrees and constitutions of the Roman Emperors; (3) Tie Novels, con- sisting of nine collections, which form a supplement to The Justinian Code ; and (4) The Imperial Institutions, consisting of four books. In so pure and elegant a style are The Pan- dects written, that Civilians say that, if the Roman language were entirely lost in every other respect, it might be easily retrieved again by the writings of The Pandects. 142 SKETCH OF THE CIVIL AND CANON LAWS IN ENGLAND. The Civil Law of Rome is superior to all other existing laws in wisdom, justice, candour and equity, in the decision of disputes between man and man.
    [Show full text]