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Hiring Goals: Are They Assisting More Women to Enter and Remain in the Building Trades?

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Hiring Goals: Are They Assisting More Women to Enter and Remain in the Building Trades? Hiring goals: Are they assisting more women to enter and remain in the building trades? A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Heidi Em Wagner IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Julia Robinson August, 2015 © Heidi Em Wagner, 2015 i Acknowledgements Many assisted with and supported this research project. First, I would like to acknowledge my committee members—Julia Robinson, Becky Yust, Marilyn Bruin, and A. Peter Hilger. All four professors brought their distinctive backgrounds and perspectives in critiquing and informing the research. Further, each supported my journey through the PhD program, and helped make my studies a positive and worthwhile endeavor. I very much appreciate and respect their work both as committee members and in their respective teaching and research enterprises. Next, a number of organizations awarded financial support. The American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) provided scholarship funds via the Dupree Construction Education Fund/National Housing Endowment Scholarship partially supporting my PhD work for two years. Also supplying financial support were the National Association for Women in Construction (NAWIC) Chapter 164—Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, and the University of Minnesota’s Mixed Methods Interdisciplinary Graduate Group (MMIGG). Much thanks to these three first-rate, vital institutions. Further, I would like to acknowledge my peers in UMN’s College of Design’s DHA (Design, Housing and Apparel) department for being a unique and fun group with which to study and work. For those in my life not associated with graduate school, I am truly thankful—my friends and family who supported this journey each in their unique ways including cooking meals and cheering me on and up to reach the completion of my PhD. Finally, I would like to thank participants as well as those who engaged in honest and heartfelt conversations about tradeswomen and the construction industry. I have much respect for those working in the construction industry, and, in particular, for ii women in the building trades. Tradeswomen work at demanding jobs while often having to deal with co-workers and a society who are hostile to their presence as women on construction jobsites or a society and co-workers simply indifferent to their struggles as women in a male-dominated industry. My hope is that this research honors tradeswomen’s strength of character and perseverance, and that there is an immediate future where women can work in blue collar occupations without having to encounter and deal with any type of discrimination. iii Abstract Women comprise 3% of workers in the building construction trades—jobs often offering good wages and opportunity for advancement (USDOL, 2012). This research implemented a mixed methods collective case study to examine the creation, implementation, and results of setting hiring goals for tradeswomen on construction projects in order to assess whether these goals support and/or increase the number of women working in the building trades. Cases included the Green Line light rail project in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN and projects implementing Portland, OR’s Model Community Benefit Agreement (CBA). Government documents, communications, news stories, 19 stakeholder interviews and Bureau of Labor Statistics data were analyzed to better understand the formation, implementation, and results of hiring goals, and their effects on women working in the building trades. Findings show women who work in the building trades still struggle against numerous barriers including the lingering cultural ideal that women do not and/or should not want to work in the construction industry. Therefore, hiring goals appear to be one of only a handful of tools in place supporting women’s entry into construction careers. While appearing to support women’s entry into the building trades, they are not common enough nor generally employed in ways supporting women’s retention and promotion. Each of the examined cases implemented, not just hiring goals for women and minorities, but innovative features to support the meeting of those goals. These features including community involvement in oversight committees and supporting companies in recruitment of diverse employees, appear essential to meeting hiring goals. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ............................................................. 1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 Women in the construction industry ............................................................................ 1 Affirmative action........................................................................................................ 2 Purpose of the study ........................................................................................................ 5 Research questions .......................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .. 11 Historical context .......................................................................................................... 11 Civil rights and affirmative action. ............................................................................ 11 African Americans and the building construction trades. ......................................... 13 Civil Rights Act of 1964. ........................................................................................... 15 The Philadelphia Plan. ............................................................................................... 19 Women and affirmative action. ................................................................................. 22 Researching the experiences of tradeswomen ............................................................... 25 Policy analysis ............................................................................................................... 31 Policy tool approach. ................................................................................................. 31 Policy creation. .......................................................................................................... 35 From affirmative action to diversity. ......................................................................... 37 Community benefits agreement (CBA). .................................................................... 39 Segmented Labor Market Theory ................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 53 The research approach ................................................................................................... 53 Mixed methods .......................................................................................................... 55 The qualitative approach. .......................................................................................... 59 v The quantitative approach ......................................................................................... 60 Case study. ................................................................................................................. 63 Data collection and analysis .......................................................................................... 64 Participants. ............................................................................................................... 66 Interview method and content. .................................................................................. 66 Conducting the interviews. ........................................................................................ 68 Data analysis procedures ............................................................................................... 69 Validity and reliability .................................................................................................. 71 Limitations of the study ................................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ......................................................................................... 75 Setting the stage: Quantitative Data .............................................................................. 75 Twin cities metropolitan area .................................................................................... 80 Portland metropolitan area......................................................................................... 81 Women working in the building construction trades .................................................... 84 Individual Influences ....................................................................................................
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