CANADIANS AND ASIA-PACIFIC SECURITY LES CANADIENS ET LA SÉCURITÉ EN ASIE-PACIFIQUE Edited by Sous la direction de Brian MacDonald Vimy Paper 2008 Cahier Vimy 2008 The Conference of Defence Associations Institute L’Institut de la Conférence des associations de la défense ii Acknowledgements Financial Support The publication of this volume was made possible in part through grants from the following: The Department of National Defence Mr. David Scott Cover Production The cover photograph was provided by the “Combat Camera” unit of the Department of National Defence. Cover post -production by LCol (Ret'd) Gordon Metcalfe, CD. Authors and Staff As the editor of this book it has been my pleasure to work with an outstanding group of authors, and I thank them for their patience and understanding as we have made the various mutual adjustments that are always part of a book making process. I would also like to thank LGen (ret’d.) Michel Maisonneuve who had been one of our original authors but was compelled to withdraw because of his appointment as Directeur des Etudes, Collège militaire royal - Saint-Jean. I would especially like to acknowledge the support of the Conference of Defence Associations Institute’s key staff and stakeholders, and particularly the unwavering enthusiasm and encouragement of President Paul Manson, Executive Director Alain Pellerin, and of Richard Evraire, Chairman of the Conference of Defence Associations (whose skills as a gifted copy-editor in both official languages had been unknown to me before I began editing the Vimy Papers). And I acknowledge a particular debt to our Executive Secretary, Gord Metcalfe, whose graphics skills were invaluable, and especially to Arnav Manchanda, our Project Officer, and Peter Forsberg, our Public Affairs Officer, both of whom cheerfully carried out the myriad of little, and not so little, administrative and behind- the-scenes tasks, which soak up so much time but are absolutely essential to a book’s construction. Finally, I would also like to thank our indefatigable translator, Laurentin Lévesque, who undertook translations and retranslations with good humour and professionalism. iii Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Canadians and Asia-Pacific security / edited by Brian MacDonald. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-9698881-7-8 1. Canada--Foreign relations--Pacific Area. 2. Pacific Area-- Foreign relations--Canada. 3. National security--Canada. 4. National security--Pacific Area. I. MacDonald, Brian, 1939- II. Conference of Defence Associations Institute UA600.C369 2008 327.7101823 C2008-902744-2 iv Table of Contents Foreword Paul Manson 1 Introduction Brian MacDonald 5 The Evolving Canadian Strategic Policy Framework Paul Chapin 12 China’s Strategic Vision Christian Constantin and Brian Job 28 New Alliances: Russia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization J.L.Black 42 Ships, SLOCs, and Security at Sea James Boutilier 57 A View from Washington Seth Cropsey 71 Developing Canadian and Australian Security Cooperation John Blaxland 80 Joint Force Requirements: JTF Pacific Roger Girouard 87 Expeditionary Command: Developing A Rubik’s Cube Response Capability Ken Summers 103 Conclusions Paul Manson 118 Notes on Contributors 131 v Table des matières Avant-propos Paul Manson 1 Introduction Brian MacDonald 5 Le cadre des politiques stratégiques canadiennes en évolution Paul Chapin 12 Conception stratégique de la Chine Christian Constantin et Brian Job 28 Les Nouvelles Alliances : La Russie et l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai J.L.Black 42 Les navires, les LCM et la sécurité en mer James Boutilier 57 Vu de Washington Seth Cropsey 71 Développer une coopération entre le Canada et l’Australie en matière de sécurité John Blaxland 80 Les besoins d’une force interarmées: FOI Pacifique Roger Girouard 87 Forces expéditionnaires: Construire une capacité d’intervention format ‘Rubik’s Cube Ken Summers 103 Conclusions Paul Manson 118 Nos Collaborateurs 131 vi Foreword Paul Manson In this, the third in the series of monographs presented annually by the Conference of Defence Associations Institute, we turn to the Asia-Pacific Region and the security challenges that face Canada with the remarkable changes taking place in that part of the world. In the past, Canadians tended not to turn our strategic gaze westward with any particular intensity. We traditionally thought of Asia as “the Far East”, a mysterious land distantly beyond Great Britain and Europe, and therefore remote in cultural, economic, and strategic terms. To the west, the vast Pacific Ocean itself provided a degree of physical security that was comforting, even during the Second World War, but it also isolated us from Asia. My own childhood impressions of Asia were of teeming millions living in abject poverty, of people vulnerable to colonial domination in spite of their rich cultures, and with very little democracy of the kind we know in our Western world. All of that has changed dramatically over the intervening years. Asia-Pacific is burgeoning in economic and political terms. The image of modern skyscraper cities like Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore tells us a lot about how different the region is today, and where it appears to be going. The coming decades will see a continuation of growth and development that will surely impact upon Canada and Canadians in many ways, including national security. The emergence of Asia as a major trading bloc began decades ago, with the appearance of miracle economies in Japan and South Korea. More recently we have witnessed explosive economic growth in China and India, and can foresee that other Asian nations have at least the potential to follow the pattern. All of this is basically good news for the people of Asia and indeed of the West, but it brings with it some important side-effects that will inevitably touch on Canada’s future. Energy demand in Asia is increasing rapidly, with serious implications for fossil fuel consumption, reserve depletion, and environmental deterioration. The energy equation alone has important implications for Asia’s strategic relationships with Europe, the South Pacific, and the Americas. Meanwhile, and largely related to the energy situation, new alliances are being formed which will change the global power balance. In all of this, Canada’s traditional indifference towards Asia- Pacific is beginning to change, and it is at our peril that we ignore 1 the profound developments that we see as we look beyond our west coast. Already, our country is engaged in an Asian war, but – in keeping with our traditional outlook – Canadians tend to look eastward toward Afghanistan, not westward. The time has come to examine our future involvement with the Asia-Pacific region and its implications for national security and national defence. Under the skilled editorship of Brian MacDonald, this latest Vimy Paper presents a compelling picture of the region and what we as Canadians should be doing to ensure a productive and secure relationship with our neighbours to the west. Colonel MacDonald, in bringing together the considered views of leading experts in the field from Canada, the United States and Australia, offers the reader a stimulating and useful foundation for the development of a coherent and timely national defence strategy vis-à-vis the Asia-Pacific region. To be sure, it is of necessity an incomplete picture, but it is a good beginning. If this little volume stimulates Canadian decision-makers and the general public alike to look westward with strategic insight, then Vimy Paper 08 will have achieved its objective. 2 Avant-propos par Paul Manson Dans la présente monographie, troisième de la série présentée chaque année par l’Institut de la Conférence des associations de la défense, nous nous tournons vers la région de l’Asie et du Pacifique et vers les défis que doit affronter le Canada en matière de sécurité avec les changements remarquables qui sont en train de se produire dans cette partie du monde. Par le passé, les Canadiens avaient tendance à ne pas tourner leur regard stratégique vers l’ouest avec une acuité particulière. Traditionnellement, nous pensions à l’Asie comme étant ‘l’Extrême Orient’, une terre mystérieuse sise au-delà de la Grande-Bretagne et de l’Europe, et par conséquent éloignée aux points de vue culturels, économiques et stratégiques. Vers l’ouest, l’immense océan Pacifique lui-même offrait un certain degré de sécurité physique qui était réconfortant, même pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, mais il nous isolait tout autant de l’Asie. Les impressions que j’avais moi-même de l’Asie dans mon enfance étaient celles d’un fleuve fait de millions d’êtres vivant dans une pauvreté abjecte, de peuples vulnérables à la domination coloniale en dépit de la richesse de leurs cultures, et d’une quasi absence de la démocratie du genre de celle que nous connaissons dans le monde occidental. Tout ça a changé de façon dramatique au cours des années qui se sont écoulées depuis. L’Asie-Pacifique est florissante en termes économiques et politiques. L’image de villes de gratte-ciel modernes comme Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur et Singapour nous dit en termes éloquents à quel point la région est différente aujourd’hui et nous renseigne sur la direction qu’elle semble prendre. Les décennies à venir vont voir une poursuite de la croissance et du développement qui auront de plusieurs façons un impact incontestable sur le Canada et les Canadiens, y compris sur la sécurité nationale. L’émergence de l’Asie comme bloc commercial majeur a commencé il y a des décennies, avec l’apparition d’économies miracle au Japon et en Corée du Sud. Plus récemment, nous avons été témoins d’une croissance économique explosive en Chine et en Inde, et nous pouvons prévoir que d’autres nations asiatiques ont au moins le potentiel de suivre ce schéma.