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“The content of this report is the sole responsibility of ALTAIR Asesores and Agriconsulting. S.L. and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Commission. This report has been prepared by the team of consultants: Ms. Bente Topsøe-Jensen (team leader), Ms. Alice Pisco, Mr. Padil Salimo and Mr. João Lameiras, with contributions from Mr. Vasconcelos Muatecalene.” The photographs of pages 3, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 38, 44, 48, 49, 53, 55,57, 60, 63, 65, 69, 74, 80, 82, 86, 88, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 117, 118, 122, 125, 130, 134, 135, 137, 140, 142, 144, 158 they were provided by Bente Topsøe-Jensen, the pages 31, 50, 61 by Alice Pisco, the page 36 by Padil Salimo, the page 72 by João Lameiras and the pages 126, 135 by Piergiorgio Calistri. MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE Acknowledgements and Disclaimer Rural settings for civil society, Niassa province, March 2015. The team of consultants appreciates the collaboration of all those involved in the present mapping study of civil society organizations in Mo- zambique, which took place in the first half of 2015. Without the availability and readiness to meet with us and to share ideas, criticisms and suggestions, our work would not have been possible. Special thanks to the provincial and district based organizations that took responsibility of organizing workshops and scheduling meetings, as well as to the other informants, ranging from community associations to thematic networks, provincial platforms and organizations headquar- tered in Maputo. We also thank the government institutions at provincial and district level, the embassies, development and cooperation agencies and the inter- national non-governmental organizations that shared with us their experiences and ideas on Mozambican civil society. The support and interest demonstrated by the Office of the National Authorizing Officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs encouraged us and contributed to technical and logistical achievement. Lastly, a special thanks to the staff of the Delegation of the European Union, who facilitated the work and accompanied the process of mapping from the beginning to the end with great dedication. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion or the official policy of the European Union or of any other organization or bodies inter- viewed during the mapping study. The authors assume full responsibility for the content of the document. 3 MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE Table of Contents Acknowledgements and Disclaimer 3 Table of Contents 4 Executive Summary 9 1 Introduction 23 1.1 The mapping study in context . .23 1.2 Objectives of the mapping study. 25 1.3 Scope of the mapping study . .26 1.4 Structure of the report . .27 2 Methodology applied 29 2.1 Methodology . 29 2.2 Approach . .31 3 Civil society in Mozambique 35 3.1 The environment in which the CSOs operate. 35 3.1.1 Political context. 35 3.1.2 Economic context . .37 3.1.3 Social context. 40 4 MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE 3.1.4 The legal context for the CSOs. 42 3.2 Structure of civil society. 44 3.2.1 Definition of civil society. 45 3.2.2 Typology of civil society . 50 3.3 Capacity of civil society . .63 3.3.1 Legitimacy and credibility. 65 3.3.2 Governance capacity. 66 3.3.3 Capacity to achieve results . 70 3.3.4 Capacity for linkage with advocacy . .72 3.4 Sustainability of the CSOs. 74 3.4.1 Organizational sustainability . .74 3.4.2 Political sustainability. 75 3.4.3 Financial sustainability . 76 3.5 Engagement of civil society. 79 3.5.1 Spaces for dialogue . .79 3.5.2 Formal spaces and quality of interaction. 82 3.5.3 Informal spaces and quality of interaction. 85 5 MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE 4 The role of the CSOs in a sector perspective 89 4.1 Good governance. .90 4.1.1 Budget monitoring . 92 4.1.2 Studies – production of evidence . .94 4.1.3 Access to information . .96 4.1.4 Human rights . .96 4.2 Sustainable rural development. 98 4.2.1 The main actors. 98 4.2.2 The main current and future areas of intervention of the CSOs. 103 4.3 Other sectors . .107 4.3.1 Social services. .107 4.3.2 Cultural heritage . 114 4.3.3 Technical and vocational education and training . 119 5 The architecture of civil society support 123 5.1 Official development assistance . 124 5.2 Joint mechanisms and civil society support programmes . 126 5.3 Direct support to CSOs . .131 6 MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE 5.4 International NGOs – partner or intermediary? . 135 6 Findings and recommendations 141 6.1 Summary findings. 141 6.2 Recommendations. .144 6.2.1 Recommendations for sustaining the political engagement of CSOs. .145 6.2.2 Recommendations for supporting CSO capacity building. 149 6.2.3 Recommendations for strengthening CSO sustainability . 153 6.2.4 Recommendations related to support modalities . 155 Appendix 159 A. Abbreviations . 160 B. Bibliography . 168 C. Interview Check list . 184 D. Contracts under way with CSOs, June 2015 . 186 E. Civil Society Funding Mechanisms and Programmes. 193 F. Civil Society Organizations – Contacts . 199 G. Recent cases in which the action of civil society resulted in legislative changes. 222 H. Specific Characteristics of Civil Society by Province . 230 7 Women’s Association, District of Mecanhelas, Niassa province. MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE Executive Summary The Mapping Study of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Mozambique was carried out during the first half of 2015, within the context of preparation for the Roadmap of the European Union (EU), Member States and other partners for engagement with civil society.1 Data collection included document analysis, and interviews with CSOs, international partners and Mozambican government institutions at national, provincial, district and local level. In the first phase of the field work, nine provincial workshops were held, and in the second phase four workshops were held for verification of findings and validation of recommendations. The overall objective of the mapping study is to provide the EU and all interested parties with a comprehensive overview of the state of CSOs in Mozambique, including identification of their needs and proposals for maximizing their influence in the definition and monitoring of public policies. The study also presents recommendations on the priorities to include in the EU Roadmap for engagement with civil society, and may thus contribute to improving the strategy for support to CSOs within current programming.2 The specific objectives are to: 1) Analyse the global state of play of the 2) Identify existing the gaps, the fundamen- 3) Provide specific recommendations on civil society in Mozambique, particularly tal needs and the opportunities for the how to better meet needs identified by regarding the environment, structure, CSOs to get involved in and influence poli- suggesting priorities and actions for pro- capacity, engagement and sustainability cy processes, to monitor implementation grammes and other civil society support of its organizations; of state commitments, and in general to interventions. claim transparency in public processes and good governance; 1. The September 2012 Communication from the European Commission entitled The Roots of Democracy and Sustainable Development: Europe’s engagement with Civil Society in external rela- tions envisages the elaboration of Roadmaps at country level. Conceived as a joint initiative between the European Union and Member States, they aim to enhance a strategic dialogue with civil society. Roadmaps comprise of five interlinked sections. Sections 1 and 2 provide the analytical foundation by assessing the state of civil society (i.e. enabling environment, roles and capacity) as well as the current EU engagement with civil society (i.e. dialogue, mainstreaming, and coordination). Sections 3, 4 and 5 in turn set direction by prioritizing actions to be implemented, based on a set of process and results indicators. http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/public-governance-civilsociety/minisite/eu-country-roadmaps-engagement-civil-society-introduction 2. Mapping Study of Civil Society Organizations in Mozambique, specific Term of Reference, FWC Beneficiaries 2013 – Lot 7: Governance and Home affairs, EuropeAid/132633/C/SERE/multi. 9 MAPPING STUDY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE Environment Various aspects were analysed in relation to the environment: Political context Economic context Social context Legal context The democratic process began In recent years GDP has grown Despite the economic growth, The framework legislation for the in 1992 with the signing of the on the order of 7 to 8% per year.3 the 2010 poverty index is at 55%4 CSOs, passed in 1991, does not General Peace Accord and adop- The boom in natural resource ex- (a new survey will be available in comprise the diverse types.