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“The Basics of Brickwork Details” Glen-Gery’s Brickwork Techniques Seminar Series: “The Basics of Brickwork Details” Glen-Gery’s Brickwork Techniques Seminar Series: “The Basics of Brickwork Details” CAUTION: This document is intended for use in conjunction with the Seminar Presentation: “BASICS OF BRICKWORK DETAILS.” Understanding many of the concepts and details presented in this document requires further explanation which is provided in the seminar. Also, the documents listed below provide additional information that should be understood before attempting to apply the information in this document to specific applications. Reference List 1. Seminar: Basics of Brickwork Details 2. Brick Industry Association Technical Notes on Brick Construction: (www.bia.org) #1 – All-Weather Construction #3 – Overview of Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures #7 – Water Penetration Resistance – Design and Detailing #7A – Water Penetration Resistance – Materials #7B – Water Penetration Resistance – Construction and Workmanship #8 – Mortars for Brick Masonry #8B – Mortar for Brick Masonry – Selection and Controls #18 – Movement – Volume Changes and Effect of Movement, Part I #18A – Movement – Design and Detailing of Movement Joints, Part II #20 – Cleaning Brick Masonry #21C – Brick Masonry Cavity Walls – Detailing #23 – Efflorescence, Causes and Mechanisms, Part I of II #23A – Efflorescence, Prevention and Control, Part II of II #28 – Anchored Brick Veneer – Wood Frame Construction #28B – Brick Veneer/Steel Stud Walls #36 – Brick Masonry Details – Sills and Soffits #36A – Brick Masonry Details – Caps and Copings, Corbels and Racking 3. National Lime Association (www.lime.org) Lime-Based Mortars Create Watertight Walls 4. The Masonry Society (www.masonrysociety.org) TMS 402 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures 5. Glen-Gery Corporation (www.glengerybrick.com) Brickwork Design Profile 4t1, Cleaning New Brickwork Brickwork Design Profile 4t2, Masonry Construction Recommendations Brickwork Design Profile 4p7,Glen-Gery Glazed Brick 6. ASTM, International C 270, Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry This publication is intended solely for use by professional personnel who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the information provided herein, and who will accept total responsibility for the application of this information. To the extent permitted by law, Glen-Gery Corporation disclaims any and all responsibility for the accuracy and the application of the information contained in this publication. 1 THERMAL MOVEMENT OF BUILDING MATERIALS PART ONE: Movement COEFFICIENT MOVEMENT 0.000001 in/in/ºf in/100 ft/100ºf There are four basic causes of 7/16" movement in masonry materials: 3.6 Brick Masonry (11 mm) 1. CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE 1/2" 4.3 Lightweight CMU 2. CHANGES IN MOISTURE (13 mm) CONTENT 5/8" 5.2 Dense CMU 3. FREEZING EXPANSION (16 mm) 3/4" 4. DEFLECTION: 6.0 Structural Concrete (19 mm) Elastic and Plastic (creep) 13/14" 6.7 Structural Steel (20 mm) THERMAL MOVEMENTS 1-9/16" Every material expands or contracts 12.8 Aluminum (39 mm) as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature increases and contracting Figure 1 as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at Figure 1 different rates when they undergo is not determined by the difference Mortar, concrete, and concrete similar changes in their temperatures between the maximum temperature masonry units also exhibit relatively (Figure 1). When discussing wall sys- and the minimum temperature. In the major shrinkage movements as they tems, changes in the sizes of materials case of expansion, the amount of dry during and immediately following are of particular concern when they movement is actually determined by construction. If, after initial drying, occur in the plane of the wall. When the difference between the maximum materials containing Portland cement discussing wall systems, differing rates temperature and the temperature of concrete become wet, they will and directions of expansion or contrac- the wall when it was built. Similarly, in expand. As they dry again, they will tion of adjacent building materials are the case of contraction, the amount shrink. also of concern. of movement is determined by the Brick masonry, on the other hand, Brick veneer can expand and difference between the temperature does not shrink as it cures and dries in contract approximately 7/16" per at which the wall was built and the the wall. Brick masonry has an initial 100 feet per 100º F temperature swing minimum temperature. moisture expansion that is not (kt = 0.000004 inch per inch per ºF). reversible, just as is the shrinkage of When calculating the expansion or concrete products as they cure is not contraction of a brick veneer using this MOISTURE MOVEMENTS reversible. As with concrete products, factor, it is important to remember the Moisture affects all porous masonry this change in size is accommodated effects of the sun on materials. The materials, including brick, mortar, con- in design.This expansion occurs as energy from the sun’s rays raises the crete masonry units, and stone, but in completely dry brick (typically fired in temperature of a material well above very different ways. These effects must excess of 1800º F) are exposed to the the air temperature: On a day when be considered when a combination of moisture (humidity) in the air outside the air temperature is 32º F, the these materials is used, such as when the kiln. Some brick expand more than energy from the sun can raise a wall’s brick rests on a concrete foundation, others during this period. Many temperature to above 100º F. The brick veneer units are used with block expand so little that the expansion is temperature of the wall is what is back up, and when brick and architec- insignificant. Most moisture expansion important. The sun can raise the tem- tural concrete products are used in occurs during the first two months perature of dark materials to 160º F or the same wythe – bands of precast after leaving the kiln. For most design more and lighter-colored materials to concrete or architectural concrete purposes, a factor of moisture expan- 120º F and these values should be block in a brick veneer. sion of ke = 0.0005 inch per inch may used in design. Because a wall facing After their initial mixing or casting, be used. As the moisture expansion of north or nearly so receives little or no mortar, poured-in-place concrete, brickwork is in the opposite direction sun in the Northern Hemisphere, the and concrete masonry units shrink as of the drying shrinkage of concrete or temperature of such a wall rarely the curing of the Portland cement CMU, the differential movement may exceeds the air temperature. proceeds. This is an unavoidable be significant. Composite masonry We often forget that buildings are consequence of the curing of concrete sometimes fails to perform properly rarely constructed at either 140º F or products and is accommodated in because of these opposing move- 0º F and that the amount of movement design. ments. When composite systems are 2 MOVEMENT JOINT VENEER AND CAVITY WALL REINFORCING used, the placement of movement joints in the brick and control joints in VENEER AND CAVITY WALL MOVEMENT JOINT the concrete or CMU must receive REINFORCING additional attention. Control Joint Joint reinforcement is typically placed in the bed joints of concrete masonry to help control shrinkage cracking. If joint reinforcement and control joints are placed properly, cracking should be limited to the con- trol joints. This reinforcement can be either the “truss’’ type or the “ladder’’ type. Truss-type 3-wire reinforcement, which has the third wire in the brick Movement Joint masonry bed joints, should not be used unless the wall system is designed as a composite wall with a Figure 2 Figure 3 grouted collar joint. In cavity or veneer wall systems, truss-type reinforcement Figure 2 can transfer forces to the brick CALCULATING THE AMOUNT tensile, compressive, or shear stresses wythe, forces which may cause OF MOVEMENT from developing. If large stresses are damage to the mortar joints or loss of not generated, cracks cannot occur. A Figure 3 embedment of the wire. Note that Actually, we are not really interested movement joint is a discontinuity in the ANY three-wire system may cause in the amount of movement! Rather, structure – a break in the fabric of the difficulties when laying the two wythes because the widths of movement joints building – that allows movement to if one wythe is completed before the are usually arbitrarily set, we are inter- occur and prevents the build-up of other; therefore, the “eye and pintle’’ ested in determining how far apart the stresses. In most brick veneer system is preferred (Figure 2). If brick movement joints should be placed. structures, the only evidence of a is laid in stack bond, horizontal joint Brick Industry Association Tech movement joint is a very thin vertical or reinforcing must be placed in the bed Note 18A addresses movement joint horizontal band at the face of the wall. joints of the brick wythe to inhibit spacing with this equation: The exposed portion of this band is cracking of the continuous (vertical) S = [w • e] ÷ [ke + k f + k t ∆T] usually an elastomeric sealant which head joints. Where, prevents rain, snow, debris, and small S = spacing between adjacent plants and animals from filling the move- joints in inches ment space or entering the structure. FREEZING EXPANSION w = width of the movement joint in inches One of the decisions that the Freezing expansion occurs when designer must make is how wide this clay masonry units saturated with e = extensibility or compressibility of the sealant/filler band may be without unduly disturbing water are frozen and the temperature the eye. Usually, designers limit the of the frozen, saturated units goes ke = coefficient of moisture expan- sion, in./in.
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