An Appraisal Analysis of Gossip News Texts Written by Perez Hilton from Perezhilton.Com (A Study Based on Systemic Functional Li
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An Appraisal Analysis of
Gossip News Texts Written By Perez Hilton
From Perezhilton.com
(A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for Requirements for the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
BY:
Clara Ertyas P.
C0306022
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Clara Ertyas P.
NIM : C0306022
Herewith, it is declared that this thesis entitled “An Appraisal Analysis of Gossip
News Texts Written by Perez Hilton from Perezhilton.com (A Study Based on
Systemic Functional Linguistics)” is completed by the researcher, not by others. It
is not a plagiarism and it never becomes a thesis previously. Everything related to
other people’s works, which are published or not, the sources of them are placed
in the bibliography. If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is
ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta,
The researcher
Clara Ertyas P.
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MOTTO
If I was the kind to have regrets,
I wouldn't be doing what I'm doing.
-Perez Hilton-
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
Everyone who loves me
and everyone I love
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praises for Jesus Christ as His blessings lead and guide the researcher and
hence this thesis can be completed.
This thesis has been accomplished as the requirement of Sarjana Sastra
degree. It is believed that without any help and support from some people, this
thesis would not be finished well. For that reason, there will be gratefulness to:
1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D, the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine
Arts, for approving this thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., the Head of S1 Regular Program of English
Department, for giving permission to write this thesis.
3. Dr. Tri Wiratno, M. A., the writing thesis supervisor, for giving his guidance
and helping me in making this thesis.
4. All lecturers in English Department, for wholeheartedly giving and sharing
knowledge and experiences.
5. My lovely mother, for loving me, praying for me and supporting me.
6. My sisters: mbak Linda, mbak Emma, mbak Erin; my mirthful nephews and
niece: Michael, Eggy and Jasmine; my uncle, and my father for your loves.
7. Bimo, for always caring and supporting me.
8. Va dilla, for leading me to perezhilton.com and getting me to decide to dwell
on Perez Hilton, thank you so much.
9. My awesome friends: Dila, Intan, Cindy, Hendro, and everyone in ED 2006.
10. Everyone who could not be mentioned here, for helping in achieving this
thesis. commit to user
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Presumably, this thesis may become a contribution to those in need. The
researcher realizes that this thesis is not sufficiently perfect. However, hopefully
this thesis would be useful.
The researcher,
Clara Ertyas P.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title i
Approval of The Supervisor ii
Approval of The Board of Examiners iii
Pronouncement iv
Motto v
Dedication vi
Acknowledgment vii
Table of Content ix
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xv
Abstract xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background 1
B. Research Objective 5
C. Problem Statement 5
D. Research Significance / Benefits 6
E. Scope of The Research 6
F. Research Methodology 7
G. Thesis Organization 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Systemic Functional Linguistics 10
B. Appraisal Theory 16
C. Modality 34 commit to user
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D. Genre 37
E. Prosody 45
F. Ideology 46
G. Gossip News Text 48
H. Mass Media 49
I. Website “perezhilton.com” 50
J. Perez Hilton 53
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design 56
B. Research Location 57
C. Sampling 57
D. Data and Source of Data 58
E. Data Validity 59
F. Data Analysis 60
G. Procedure of Data Analysis 62
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Introduction 66
B. Data Description/Findings 68
C. Discussion 142
CHAPTER V Conclusion and Recommendation
A. Conclusion 159
B. Recommendation 162
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIXES commit to user
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Table of The four strata of the SF model 14
Table 2.2 Table of Realization of Affect 21
Table 2.3 Table of Types of Appreciation 26
Table 2.4 Table of Levels of Modality 37
Table 2.5 Table of Text Genre 40
Table 3.1 Table of example of appraisal analysis
(Text 1 - Katy Perry, clause no. 5) 62
Table 3.2. Table Example of engagement and attitude analysis
(Text 4 - Leona Lewis, clause no. 4) 64
Table 3.3 Table Example of engagement and attitudes analysis
(Text 1 - Katy Perry, clause no. 20) 64
Table 4.1.1 Attitude and Engagement analysis – “Russell Gets In Good
with Katy's Parentals” 68
Table 4.1.2 Graduation Analysis – “Russell Gets In Good with Katy's
Parentals” 70
Table 4.1.3 Genre Analysis – “Russell Gets In Good with Katy's Parentals” 72
Table 4.1.4 Prosody analysis – “Russell Gets In Good with Katy's Parentals” 74
Table 4.1.5 Ideology Analysis – “Russell Gets In Good with Katy's
Parentals” 76
Table 4.2.1 Attitudes and Engagement Analysis – “Katy and Russell,
Going Strong!” 78
Table 4.2.2 Graduation Analysis commit– “Katy to and user Russell, Going Strong!” 79
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Table 4.2.3 Genre Analysis – “Katy and Russell, Going Strong!” 80
Table 4.2.4 Prosody Analysis – “Katy and Russell, Going Strong!” 81
Table 4.2.5 Ideology Analysis – “Katy and Russell, Going Strong!” 82
Table 4.3.1 Attitudes and Engagement Analysis – “Leona’s First Solo Show” 83
Table 4.3.2 Graduation Analysis – “Leona’s First Solo Show” 85
Table 4.3.3 Genre Analysis – “Leona’s First Solo Show” 87
Table 4.3.4 Prosody Analysis – “Leona’s First Solo Show” 89
Table 4.3.5 Ideology Analysis – “Leona’s First Solo Show” 90
Table 4.4.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – “Leona Speaks! Lewis
Staying Positive Despite Being Attacked” 92
Table 4.4.2 Graduation Analysis – “Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying
Positive Despite Being Attacked” 95
Table 4.4.3 Genre Analysis – “Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive
Despite Being Attacked” 96
Table 4.4.4 Prosody Analysis – “Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive
Despite Being Attacked” 98
Table 4.4.5 Ideology Analysis – “Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive
Despite Being Attacked” 100
Table 4.5.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – “Miley Has Bad Taste!” 101
Table 4.5.2. Graduation Analysis – “Miley Has Bad Taste!” 104
Table 4.5.3 Genre Analysis – “Miley Has Bad Taste!” 105
Table 4.5.4 Prosody Analysis – “Miley Has Bad Taste!” 107
Table 4.5.5 Ideology Analysis – “Miley Has Bad Taste!” 109
Table 4.6.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – “No Miley, Not commit to user
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Everyone Knows Who You Are!” 111
Table 4.6.2 Graduation Analysis – “No Miley, Not Everyone Knows
Who You Are!” 112
Table 4.6.3 Genre Analysis – “No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who
You Are!” 114
Table 4.6.4 Prosody Analysis – “No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who
You Are!” 115
Table 4.6.5 Ideology Analysis – “No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who
You Are!” 117
Table 4.7.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – “Glambert Out!
Beat-Her-Down In?!” 119
Table 4.7.2 Graduation Analysis – “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!” 122
Table 4.7.3 Genre Analysis – “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!” 125
Table 4.7.4 Prosody Analysis – “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!” 127
Table 4.7.5 Ideology Analysis – “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!” 129
Table 4.8.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – “Chris Brown
Heckled By Woman In Public!” 132
Table 4.8.2 Graduation Analysis – “Chris Brown Heckled By Woman
In Public!” 134
Table 4.8.3 Genre Analysis – “Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public!” 136
Table 4.8.4 Prosody Analysis – “Chris Brown Heckled By Woman
In Public!” 138
Table 4.8.5 Ideology Analysis – “Chris Brown Heckled By Woman
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Table 4.9.1 Attitudes in the texts 142
Table 4.9.2 Types of the appraising items 144
Table 4.9.3 Engagement in the texts 146
Table 4.9.4 Graduation in the texts 147
Table 4.9.5 Result of the analysis 152
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Four Strata of Linguistics Description 13
Figure 2.2. The Appraisal System 18
Figure 2.3. Types of Judgment 23
Figure 2.4. Types of Modality 23
Figure 2.5. The System Network of Graduation 31
Figure 2.6. Types of Modality 34
Figure 2.7. Dynamic Ideology Perspective 45
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ABSTRACT
Clara Ertyas P. 2011. An Appraisal Analysis of Gossip News Texts Written
By Perez Hilton From Perezhilton.com (A Study Based on Systemic
Functional Linguistics). English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine
Arts, Sebelas Maret University.
This research explored the appraisal system in the gossip news text written by Perez Hilton, taken from his website, perezhilton.com. There were eight texts that were analyzed. They were two texts of Katy Perry, two text of Leona Lewis, two text of Miley Cyrus, and two texts of Chris Brown, which were analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory is concerned with attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find out what appraising items applied in those texts; how they were applied; and why they were applied, including the ideology. This was a descriptive qualitative research. The technique of taking sample used in this research was total sampling. There were two data in this research, the primary data which was sourced from the eight analyzed texts, and the secondary data which was contained the information of Perez Hilton related to his writings. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and appreciation) are applied in the texts, but mostly is judgment. The types of the items are in the forms of word, nominal group and clause. Mostly the attitudes are
in the forms of epithet group, attitudinal lexis and mental process clauses. Meanwhile, the engagement is mostly monogloss.
The moslty graduation is force, and the scaling of the graduation is up-
scaled. The attitudes are applied through the strong expression, and they are
applied in Analytical Exposition genre. Additionally, the texts are written subjectively based on the writer’s aspiration.
The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that
the writer wants to convey. The ideologies are right antagonist for texts exposing
Katy Perry and Leona Lewis; and left antagonist for texts exposing Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. The ideology shows the writer’s style in writing gossip news
text that he supports the artist if he likes and conversely he challenges the artists
who he does not like.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Insensibly, people often evaluate or appraise something or someone, or
express feelings towards something and some issues. Within the framework of
Systemic Functional Linguistics, such evaluation belongs to the theory of
appraisal.
According to White (2001), “Appraisal theory is concerned with the
linguistics resources for by which texts/speakers come to express, to negotiate and
to naturalize particular inter-subjective and ultimately ideological positions”.
Moreover, he states that the theory is concerned more particularly with the
language of evaluation, attitude and emotion, and with a set of resources which
explicitly position a text's proposals and propositions interpersonally. That is, it is
concerned with those meanings which vary the terms of the speaker's engagement
with their utterances, which vary what is at stake interpersonally both in
individual utterances and as the texts unfolds cumulatively.
Those evaluations contain attitude system, engagement and amplification.
As Martin (2002) states that appraisal contains negotiation based on the source’s
perspective. Appraisal is divided into three systems. They are attitude,
engagement, and graduation. The attitude is concerned with expressing affect,
judgment and appreciation. Engagement refers to the source of the attitude, and
graduation covers force and focus. Therefore, through appraisal, people can commit to user
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express their personal emotion or opinion towards everything through written or
spoken discourse.
Presently, a lot of columns in mass media are given to everyone to deliver
their opinions and ideas towards something, people, feelings, or a certain
condition. That kinds of columns in mass media includes opinion column,
editorial, gossip news, etc.
What is discussed in this thesis is taken from gossip news column. Gossip is
a person who habitually retails private, scandalous, or sensational and often
inaccurate information (Merriam-Webster Collegiate® Thesaurus Version 1.0,
2005). Hence, gossip news means the exposition of celebrities or famous people
and their life which may contain a controvercy, so that the news are not always
fact or true.
Hollywood, one of the places of famous international celebrities, often
becomes the topic of gossiping and criticizing. It is not only in United States of
America but also around the world. This is legitimate; people may give opinions
or give evaluations towards everything, as long as they do not slander people who
are being gossiped and do not collide their rights.
One of them who cares enough to Hollywood lifestyle is Perez Hilton. He
has blogs and websites containing gossip news about celebrities, film, music,
lifestyle, fashion, etc., for examples fitperez.com, cocoperez.com, teddyhilton.com,
and merchdirect.com. One of his blogs is perezhilton.com. In this blog, he exposes
Hollywood celebrities and makes stories about them through gossip news. He
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often gives many evaluations in writing the gossip news. These are some of the
examples:
-How cute! Glad to see her parents approve!
(taken from text 1 Katy Perry, clause no. 19 and 20)
The examples above can be analyzed as follows :
Attitude 1: cute = Affect (positive, happiness: affection), monogloss,
Force (attitudinal lexis - up-scaled)
Attitude 2: glad = Affect (positive, happiness: affection), monogloss,
Force (attitudinal lexis - up-scaled)
To have a comparative analysis of appraisal in this website, other clauses
from other gossip news texts will help to make clear:
- Miley Has Bad Taste!
- The prosti-tot was getting some food
(Taken from text 3 Miley Cyrus, clause no. 1; and text 4 Miley Cyrus, clause
no. 6)
Attitude 3: Bad = Appreciation (negative, reaction:quality),
monogloss, Force: attitudinal lexis - down-scaled
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Attitude 4: prosti-tot = Judgment (negative, normality), monogloss,
Force: metaphor – up-scaled
Therefore, it can be concluded that the writer’s own evaluations
(monogloss as the source of the attitude) toward news about different artists,
contain a significant distinction. Attitude 1, and 2 about Katy Perry, are within a
news that consists of positive appraisal, whereas, attitude 3, and 4 gossip Miley
Cyrus with negative evaluations. The three of four attitudes are up-scaled. This
means that the writer tends to give strong evaluations to the artists through the
texts.
Those are only some of the examples within the texts in this website. By
observing the brief analysis above, it can be seen the way Perez Hilton writes
gossip news toward a celebrity. His ideologies for his texts are diverse depending
on who he discusses. Or in other words, his subjectivity influences his writing
gossip as well.
Analyzing appraisal becomes interesting because it can be acquainted with
the way the writer expresses his/her idea and opinion within his/her texts. For that
reason, it seems that it is interesting to catch wind of more of the attitudes used by
Perez Hilton, the function of them, and also the reason of using those attitudes in
gossip news texts through “An Appraisal Analysis of Gossip News Texts Written
by Perez Hilton from perezhilton.com (A Study Based on Systemic Functional
Linguistics)”.
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B. Research Objectives
The objectives of making this research are:
1. To classify what kinds of appraising items employed in Perez Hilton’s gossip
news texts exposing Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, and Chris Brown.
2. To find out the function of the appraising items employed in Perez Hilton’s
gossip news texts exposing Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, and Chris
Brown.
3. To find out why Perez Hilton applies some certain appraising items in the
gossip news texts written by him exposing Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley
Cyrus, and Chris Brown and to find out the kinds of ideologies which are
applied.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the research objectives, the questions are composed as follows:
1. What appraising items are employed in Perez Hilton’s gossip news texts
exposing Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, and Chris Brown?
2. How are the appraising items employed in Perez Hilton’s gossip news texts
exposing Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, and Chris Brown?
3. Why does Perez Hilton apply some certain appraising items in the gossip news
texts written by him exposing Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, and
Chris Brown and what kinds of ideologies which are applied?
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D. Research Significance / Benefit
The significances/benefits of making this research are:
1. This research is completed because, so far, there are not too many researches
that discuss about appraisal yet. There are only few journals and books about
appraisal and English Appraisal Theory. Therefore, this research about
appraisal is accomplished to contribute a new development for appraisal
especially in gossip news text.
2. It is significant to make the reader understand more about the English
Appraisal analysis of a discourse and provide an understandable justification
about the appraising items that is used to evaluate someone or something.
3. For English Department students, this research can be read to comprehend an
analysis of text using Systemic Functional Linguistic study especially English
Appraisal Theory or as a reference.
4. The analysis of appraisal can be used to determine the way the gossip news’
writer expresses his ideas which influence the artists’ and readers’ image
toward his texts.
E. Scope of the Research
Appraisal is applied in the discourse to show the evaluation or attitude of
some issues. This research examines the attitude that happens in the texts taken
from a website perezhilton.com. There are hundreds of artists on this gossip news
website, but this study only focuses on four artists; Katy Perry, Leona Lewis,
Miley Cyrus, and Chris Brown. commit to user
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In addition, it is also limited by only choosing two short texts for each
artist. The reason is that the texts and those four celebrities can represent the voice
or prosody and the ideology of Perez Hilton’s gossip news texts. In addition, there
should be at least two texts for each artist to be analysed, because if it is only one,
it could not mean anything. This means, that one text is not enough to prove the
way the writer writes the texts and the ideology of the writer in the texts.
The classifications are;
Katy Perry : “Russell Gets In Good with Katy's Parentals”, and “Katy and
Russell, Going Strong!”,
Leona Lewis : “Leona’s First Solo Show”, “Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying
Positive Despite Being Attacked”,
Miley Cyrus : “Miley Has Bad Taste!”, “No Miley, Not Everyone Knows
Who You Are!”,
Chris Brown : “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!”, and “Chris Brown
Heckled By Woman In Public!”.
This research does not compare and does not analyze some texts which
have one same issue, but it compares some texts having different issue with the
same writer, Perez Hilton. It is because the researcher wants to find the way the
writer of the gossip news texts expresses his ideas in his texts.
F. Research Methodology
This thesis belongs to a descriptive and qualitative research. It is because it
discusses about linguistics phenomena in the forms of words and language. commit to user
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Moreover the data is in the form of text which contains attitudes, and what is
analyzed in this research is those attitudes.
The approach that is used in this thesis is the application of Systemic
Functional Linguistics (SFL). The research analyzes some gossip news texts
written by Perez Hilton which are realized by the appraising items.
The source of data of this research are eight gossip news texts taken from
perezhilton.com exposing some Hollywood celebrities. The primary data are all
appraising items in the texts, and the secondary data are the information of the
texts’ writer, Perez Hilton. The technique of taking the sample is total sampling
because all data are analyzed.
The triangulation applied in this research is only the source of data
triangulation. The data are taken from eight texts from perezhilton.com.
The analysis of the data is through some stages; domain, taxonomy,
componential and finding cultural values.
G. Thesis Organisation
This research consists of five chapters. It is systematized as is explained
the section below:
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. This chapter is composed of research
background, research objective, problem statement, research significance /
benefits, scope of the research, research methodology and thesis organization.
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW contains the definition of
Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appraisal Theory and its types, Modality, Genre, commit to user
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Prosody, Ideology, Mass Media, Gossip News Text, Website “perezhilton.com”,
and Perez Hilton profile.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY deals with research
design, research location, sampling, data and source of data, data validity, data
analysis, and procedure of data analysis.
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION comprises
introduction, data description/findings and discussion, including the explanations.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION draws
conclusion and gives suggestion or recommendation about the subject matter
discussed.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory of language focused on the
concept of language function. While SFL accounts for the syntactic structure of
language, it places the functions of language as central (what language does, and how
it does it), in preference to more structural approaches, which place the elements of
language and their combinations as central. SFL starts at social context, and looks at
how language both acts upon, and is constrained by, this social context (adapted from
Matthiessen & Halliday in http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/).
Furthermore, it is stated that a central notion is 'stratification'. Such language is
analyzed in terms of four strata: Context, Semantics, Lexico-Grammar and
Phonology-Graphology.
―Context concerns the Field (what is going on), Tenor (the social roles and
relationships between the participants), and the Mode (aspects of the channel of
communication)‖, (http://www.isfla.org/systemics/Definition/definition.html).
Systemic semantics includes what is usually called 'pragmatics'. Semantics is
divided into three components:
Ideational Semantics (the propositional content);
Interpersonal Semantics (concerned with speech-function, exchange structure,
expression of attitude, etc.);
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Textual Semantics (how the text is structured as a message, e.g., theme-structure,
given/new, rhetorical structure etc.
In other word Halliday (1985) calls the components as ―metafunctions‖.
Metafunctions are fundamental components of meaning in language. All languages
are combined between two main kinds of meaning; ‗ideational‘ (to understand the
environment) and ‗interpersonal‘ (to act on the others in it). ―Combined with these is
a third metafunctional component, the ‗textual‘ which breathes relevance into the
other two (ideational and interpersonal).‖
Based on Graham Lock on his book ―Functional English Grammar: An
Introduction for Second Language Teachers‖ (1996: pages 8–10), grammar is a
resource for making and exchanging meanings. There are three types of meanings
within grammatical structures that can be identified:
a. Experiential meaning
Experiential meaning has to do with the ways language represents experience of
the world and the inner world of thoughts and feelings. In other words, it is
concerned with how people talk about actions, happenings, feelings, beliefs,
situations, states, and so on, the people and things involved in them, and the
relevant circumstances of time, place, manner, and so on.
E.g. Mike arrived at 9.45.
It is about a person namely Mike performing an action in the past
(arrived) at a certain time, at 9.45.
b. Interpersonal meaning
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Interpersonal meaning has to do with the ways in which people act upon one
another through language by giving and requesting information, getting people to
do things, and offering to do things ourselves, and the ways in which people
express judgments and attitudes, about such things as likelihood, necessity, and
desirability.
E.g. a. Did Mike arrive at 9.45?
b. Mike might have arrived at 9.45.
Even though both examples have the same experiential meaning as the previous
example, but they differ in other aspects of meaning.
Mike arrived at 9.45 informs the listener that the event took place. Did Mike
arrive at 9.45? calls on the listener to confirm or deny that the event took
place. Mike might have arrived at 9.45 introduces into sentence an
assessment by the speaker of the likelihood of the event actually having
taken place.
c. Textual meaning
Textual meaning has to do with the ways in which a range of language is
organized in relation to its context. It is important in the creation of coherence in
spoken and written text.
E.g. He arrived at 9.45.
The name of the performer of the action has been replaced by the pronoun
he. The listener would need to refer to something in the context to know
who he refers to.
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Almost all clauses in English simultaneously express these three aspects of
meaning.
Meanwhile the Lexico-Grammar concerns the syntactic organization of words
into expression. In addition, a functional approach is taken, involving analysis of the
expression in terms of roles such as Actor, Agent/Medium, Theme Mood, etc.
(Halliday 1994 in http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/). Another reference states that
―Lexicogrammar is stratum of language which expresses linguistics meanings and is
itself expressed by phonology and/or graphology; the grammar and lexicon of
language‖, (Odlin, 1994:324).
―Phonology refers to the sound system of a particular language, roughly
corresponding to the more familiar term pronunciation‖, (Lock, 1996: 3).
From the book ―Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar‖ which is a collection
of original papers edited by Terence Odlin; Ruqaiya Hasan and Gillian Perrett
express that, there are four strata of a stratal theory of linguistics description. Picture
below is to illustrate (1994: 189).
Context Categories Semantics of social Systems of Lexicogrammar situation meaning Systems of Phonology wording Systems of
sound
Figure 2.1. Four strata of Linguistics description commit to user
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There are three strata internal to language based on Systemic Functional
model (188-189). They are: (1) semantics: systems of meaning, where the term
―meaning‖ is to be interpreted not simply as cognitive/referential meaning, as in
formal linguistics, but all kinds of meanings already discussed; (2) lexicogrammar:
systems of wording, including both grammar and lexicon; (3) Phonology: systems of
sound, both segmental and suprasegmental.
Context of situation is part of the external and internal environment of the
speakers. According to Systemic Functional Linguistics, the aspects of the social
environment regularly highlighted by the language of the discourse can be assigned to
one or the other of the following categories:
1. The social relations between the participants of the discourse; 2. The nature of the social process, that is, what is being achieved in by the discourse; 3. The semiotic management of the interaction as a social event. These three categories have been traditionally referred to in the Systemic Functional model as tenor, field, and mode of the discourse, and together they
constitute the schematic construct known as context of situation. (1994: 186)
Table 2.1 The four strata of the SF model
Semiotic structure of situation Functional components of language
Field (type of social action) Associated with Ideational metafunction
Tenor (social relations) Associated with Interpersonal metafunction
Mode (verbal action and contact) Associated with Textual metafunction
.
Clearly, Ruqaiya Hasan and Gillian Perrett write about interpersonal, textual,
and experiential meaning that;
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INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTION: Language acts as a potential for expression of speakers‘ subjectivity – their assessment of probability, obligation, and commitment; their attitudes and
evaluations. Further, engaging in any use of language implies that speakers roles to their addressees. (1994: 183)
TEXTUAL METAFUNCTION of language: in any social use of language, interactants indicate what can be taken as given, what is
new, what is the speaker‘s point of departure, whether further verbal action is anticipated, how the various parts of the discourse relate to each other, what degree of specificity is needed to get the message across, whether information is presented as retrievable from what has already been ―said‖, whether more information is to be presented in the on-going discourse, and so on. (1994: 184)
The EXPERIENTIAL METAFUNCTION of language is the resource speakers draw on to construe their experience of the world – both the outside world of physical phenomena and the inside world of feelings, beliefs and reflection. (1994: 184)
In conclusion, SFL is concerned with functions of language in conveying
meaning. The functions are called as metafunctions; Ideational, Interpersonal, and
Textual. Ideational is to interpret reality meaning or to express the speakers‘
experience. Interpersonal is the meaning to express social and personal relation,
evaluations and appraisal. Textual is the combination of both, realization of ideational
and interpersonal which is shown in the text.
What will be discussed in this research is the interpersonal function. In
interpersonal meaning, the social relation between the participants and social
interaction can be realized through intonation, tone, lexis used, modality, and also
text structure as a whole.
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B. Appraisal Theory
Appraisal is a system of interpersonal meanings. The resources of appraisal
are used for negotiating our social relationship, by telling our listeners or readers how
we feel about things and people (in a word, what our attitude are). Attitude has to do
with evaluating things (appreciation), people‘s character (judgment), and feelings
(affect). Those attitudes may be more or less amplified. In addition, the attitude may
come from the writer or from other sources. (Martin & Rose 2003: 22). Attitude
coming from the writer is called monogloss, and attitude sourced from other is called
as heterogloss.
―Appraisal theory is the idea that emotions are extracted from our evaluations
(appraisals) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our
appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be
based on that appraisal‖ (Scherer et al.: 2001 from wikipedia.org).
According to White 2001, from www.grammatics.com/appraisal:
Appraisal theory is concerned with the linguistic resources for by which
texts/speakers come to express, negotiate and naturalize particular inter- subjective and ultimately ideological positions. Within this broad scope, the theory is concerned more particularly with the language of evaluation, attitude
and emotion, and with a set of resources which explicitly position a text's proposals and propositions interpersonally. That is, it is concerned with those meanings which vary the terms of the speaker's engagement with their
utterances, which vary what is at stake interpersonally both in individual utterances and as the texts unfolds cumulatively.
Meanwhile, Geoff Thompson (2004: 75) asserts that appraisal is the
indication of what the speaker thinks that something (a person, thing, action, event,
situation, idea, etc.) is good or bad. The good or bad scales can be seen as the
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simplest and most basic one, but there are many other scales of appraisal, and it
shows what kinds of values are established in any particular genre.
Another reference, David Hope and Jonathon Read, 2006, express that
―Appraisal is concerned with the linguistic formulations of conveying emotions and
opinions, how writers align their authorial personae with the stance of others, and
how they manipulate their writings to convey a greater or lesser degree of strength
and conviction in their propositions‖. Furthermore, they state that appraisal describes
how social relationships are negotiated through evaluations of self, others and
artifacts. Appraisal considers three types of attitude: Affect (personal emotion);
Judgment (appraisal of others‘ behavior); and Appreciation (evaluation of
phenomena). All three ways of feeling can be positive or negative.
Based on the book The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English, Martin
& White (2005: 35) affirm that appraisal is one of three major discourse semantics
expressing interpersonal meaning (along with involvement and negotiation).
Appraisal is classified into 3 interacting domains; attitude, engagement, and
graduation.
Engagement deals with sourcing attitudes and the play of voices around opinions in discourse. Graduation attends to grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred. Attitude is itself into three
region of feeling, ‗affect‘: deals with resources for construing emotional reactions, ‗judgment‘: is concerned with resources for assessing behavior
according to various normative principles, ‗appreciation‘: looks at resources for construing the value of things.
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Based on the citations above, this figure is put to simplify.
Monogloss
Source
Heterogloss
Affect
Appraisal Attitude Judgment Appreciation
Force Graduation
Focus
Figure 2.2 The Appraisal System (Martin & Rose, 2003: 54).
a.) ATTITUDE
―Attitude is a framework for mapping feelings as they are construed in English
texts‖, (Martin & White, 2005: 42). Attitudes have to do with evaluation of things
(appreciation), people‘s character (judgment) and feelings (affect), (Martin & Rose,
2003: 43). Affect focuses on the feeling of the appraiser, while judgment and
appreciation focuses on the quality of what is appraised. (Thompson, 2004: 76).
White (2001) expresses that attitude is values that are delivered by the
speakers to pass judgments and to associate emotional/affectual responses with
participants and processes. Additionally, he states that ―Attitude includes those
meanings by which texts/speakers attach an intersubjective value or assessment to
participants and processes by reference either to emotional responses or to systems of
culturally-determined value systems‖. Attitude is then divided into three sub-systems; commit to user
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Affect (the characterization of phenomena by reference to emotion), Judgment (the
evaluation of human behavior with respect to social norms), and Appreciation (the
evaluation of objects and products rather than human behavior, by reference to
aesthetic principles and other systems of social value).
(http://www.grammatics.com/Appraisal/AppraisalOutline/Framed/AppraisalOutline-
03.htm#TopOfPage)
David Hope and Jonathon Read (2006) explain that attitude can be realized:
• explicitly, through the lexicogrammar (inscribed) or
• implicitly, through ideational meanings (invoked) that:
are marked with attitudinal lexical items (flagged);
are elaborated by metaphor (provoked) or
make reference to cultural attitudinal norms (afforded)
For examples:
We smashed their way of life. (invoked; flagged)
We fenced them in like sheep. (invoked; provoked)
It was our ignorance and our prejudice. (inscribed)
The more obvious explanation of kinds of attitude will be thrashed out below.
1.) Affect
Affect is the most natural way of talking to express our emotional
responses to what we feel about certain things, (Thompson, 2004: 76).
According to White (2001), affect is concerned with emotional response and
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disposition. Affect occurs through mental processes of reaction, through
attributive relationals of affect, and through nominalization. For examples:
This pleases me; I hate chocolate, show mental processes of reaction.
I'm sad; I'm happy; She's proud of her achievements; show attributive
relationals of affect.
His fear was obvious to all, show nominalization.
According to Halliday (1994) from J. R. Martin and David Rose
(2003: 58-59), realization of affect is not too different from White‘s, that
affect can be realized in ‗qualities‘, ‗processes‘, and ‗comments‘.
o Affect as ‘quality’
Describing participants (as Epithet) A happy cat
Attributed to participant (as Attribute) The cat was happy
Manner of process (as Circumtance) The cat played happily
o Affect as ‘processes’
Affective sensing (effective) The fish pleased the cat
Affective behaving (middle) The girl smiled
o Affect as ‘comments’
Desiderative comment (Modal Adjunct) Happily, he ran to his home
To classify affect, the following questions have to be answered.
(Martin & Rose, 2003: 59) commit to user
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Are the feelings positive or negative?
Are the feelings a surge of emotion or an ongoing mental state?
Are the feelings reacting to specific external agency or an ongoing mood?
Are the feelings as more or less intense?
Do the feelings involve intention rather than reaction?
Are the feelings to do with un/happiness, in/security or dis/satisfaction?
It is clearly explained in the figure bellow:
Table 2.2 Realization of Affect (Martin & White, 2005)
Fear Irrealis Affect Dis/Inclination Desire Misery Unhappiness Antipathy Un/Happiness Cheer Happiness Affection Disquiet Insecurity Surprise Realis Affect In/Security Confidence Security Trust
Ennui Dissatisfaction Displeasure Dis/Satisfaction Interest Satisfaction Pleasure
2.) Judgment
Judgment is a system of meaning dealing with evaluation to human
behavior positively and negatively by reference to a set of institutionalized
norms, (White, 2001: An introductory tour through appraisal theory 11).
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Martin and White (2005: 52) declare that judgment is the region of
meaning that construes people‘s attitudes to others and the way others behave
(their character).
Iedema (1994) from Martin and Rose (2003: 62), Martin and White
(2005: 52), Geoff Thompson (2004: 77), and White (2001) express that the
system of judgment is divided into two major groups; social esteem and social
sanction.
Judgment of social esteem (broadly to do with social behavior) is
concerned with
―…evaluations under which the person judged will be lowered or raised in the esteem of their community, but which do not have legal or moral implications. Thus negative values of social esteem will be seen as dysfunctional or inappropriate or to be discouraged but they will not be assessed as sins or crimes. (If you breach social sanction you may well need a lawyer or a confessor but if you breach social esteem you may just need to try harder or to practice more or to consult a therapist or possibly a self-help book.)‖ (White, 2001)
Social esteem involves admiration (positive) and criticism (negative) which
have to do with ‗normality‘ (how unusual someone is; ‗is the person's
behavior unusual, special, customary?‘), ‗capacity‘ (how capable they are; ‗is
the person competent, capable?‘), and ‗tenacity‘ (how resolute they are; ‗is
the person dependable, well disposed?‘).
Meanwhile, social sanction,
―… is more often codified in writing, as edicts, decrees, rules,
regulations and laws about how to behave as surveilled by church and state –with penalties and punishments as levers against those not complying wit the code sharing values in this areas underpins civic
duty and religious observances.‖ (Martin & White, 2005: 52)
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Social sanction involves praise (positive) and condemn (negative),
which have to do with ‗veracity‘ (how truthful someone is; ‗is the person
honest?‘), and ‗propriety‘ (how ethical someone is; ‗is the person ethical,
beyond reproach?‘).
The figure below, based on David Hope and Jonathon Read, 2006, is
to clarify:
normality: fortunate, hapless
Social esteem capacity: powerful, weak
tenacity: resolute, reckless Judgment veracity: truthful, dishonest Social sanction
propriety: ethical, immoral
Figure 2.3 Types of Judgment
Halliday (1994) in Martin and White (2005: 54) expresses that
judgment reflects grammatical distinctions in the systems of modalisation.
probability probably truth
modalization usually fate usuality sanction
Type obligation supposed ethics esteem
modulation to inclination keen to resolve
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Figure 2.4. Types of Modality
In proposition, normality is to usuality, veracity is to probability; in
proposal, capacity is to ability, tenacity is to inclination, and propriety is to
obligation. (Martin & White, 2005: 54)
Examples:
Modalisations of probability
He‘s naughty. He‘s certainly naughty. It‘s certain he‘s naughty. It‘s true he‘s naughty. It‘s true, honest, credible, authentic, bogus, etc. [Judgment: veracity] (Martin & White, 2005: 54)
Modalities of usuality
He‘s naughty. He‘s often naughty. It‘s usual for him to be naughty. It‘s normal for him to be naughty. It‘s normal, average, fashionable, peculiar, odd, etc.
[Judgment: normality]
(Martin & White, 2005: 54-55)
Modalisations of ability
He can go.
He‘s able to go. He‘s capable of going. He‘s strong enough to go.
He‘s healthy enough, mature enough, clever enough, etc. [Judgment: capacity]
(Martin & White, 2005: 55)
Modulations of inclination
I‘ll go.
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I‘m determined to go. I‘m intent on going. I‘m resolved.
I‘m resolute, steadfast, unyielding, unflinching, etc. [Judgment: tenacity]
(Martin & White, 2005: 55)
Modulations of obligation
Go. You should go. You‘re supposed to go. It’s expected you‘ll go. It‘d be unfair for you to go. It‘d be corrupt, insensitive, arrogant, selfish, rude, etc. [Judgment: propriety] (Martin & White, 2005: 55)
The explanation about Modality will later on be thrash out on the next
sub-chapter.
3.) Appreciation
―Appreciation is the system by which evaluations are made of
products and processes‖. (White: 2001)
David Hope and Jonathon Read, 2006, state that appreciation is the
evaluation of phenomena. The same, Martin and White (2005: 56) express
that appreciation is the meanings to construe evaluations of ‗things‘, things
that is made, performance that is given including natural phenomena (how
they are valued).
Like affect and judgment, it has a positive and negative dimension.
The system of appreciation is organized around three variable: reaction
(impact and quality), composition (balance and complexity), and valuation.
(Martin & Rose, 2003: 63). commit to user
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The types of appreciation can be classified through a table below.
Table 2.3 Types of Appreciation
Examples Types of appreciation Positive Negative
reaction impact Arresting, captivating Dull, boring quality Lovely, beautiful Plain, ugly composition balance Balanced, harmonious Unbalanced, discordant complexity Simple, elegant Ornamental, puzzling valuation Significant, deep Insignificant, shallow
The attitude is expressed through some forms. They are (adapted from
Santosa, 2003; Martin & Rose, 2003):
a. Minor clause: a clause which does not have predicator.
E.g. OK.
Disgusting.
b. Word: a unit of language with meaning.
1.) Grammatical item (intensifier): the meaning depends on the ‗content
words‘ that preceding or following it.
E.g. several/all/some questions
2.) Lexical item (attitudinal lexis): a lexis that contains attitude.
E.g. vivacious man
3.) Modal adjunct: an adjunct or adverb that contains modality.
E.g. probably, possibly
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4.) Metaphor: a word that have connotation meaning.
E.g. Beat-Her-Down, means that someone who beats her down
c. Nominal group: a group of words which have a meaning.
1.) Epithet: pre-modifier which describes in terms of physical and
psychological condition.
E.g. beautiful lady, one-eyed man
2.) Adjective phrase: post modifier which adds information about thing.
E.g. a topic interesting to read
a song easy to sing
3.) Metaphor: a group of words that contains connotation meaning.
E.g. dirt poor
d. Clause: a language unit that consists of a group of words which contains
predicator.
1.) Mental process: process of sensing such as perception, cognition, and
affection.
E.g. I feel so nervous.
It smells good.
2.) Mental behavior process: the combination of material and mental process.
E.g. She looks at you.
3.) Relational process: a process of giving attributive (attributive relational
process) or giving value to an entity (identifying relational process).
E.g. I feel hungry. (Attributive relational process)
This reflects the crisis. (Identifying relational process) commit to user
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4.) Modality clause: a clause that contains modality.
E.g. You should go.
They must have been hungry.
b.) SOURCE / ENGAGEMENT
Source or engagement is from whom the evaluations come from. There are
two kinds of attitudes sources. They are heterogloss (the source of an attitude is other
that the writer) and monogloss (the source is simply the author). (Martin & Rose,
2003: 44)
David Hope and Jonathon Read, 2006, explain that engagement is appraisals
of appraisals; engagement considers how writers transmit their point of view and how
they position themselves with respect to the position of others.
White (2001) declares that engagement encompasses an arrangement of
resources:
Projection and related structures of attribution/reported speech; (his alleged ...,
informed sources report ..., scientists have found evidence suggesting that…)
Modal verbs; (perhaps, it may..., I think..., surely)
Reality phase (verbal group elaboration); (it seems…)
Negation; (you don’t need to…)
Conjunctions/connectives of expectation and counter-expectation; (predictably, of
course, amazingly, although)
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Engagement is divided into some systems: (David Hope and Jonathon Read,
2006; Martin & White, 2005)
1. Contract
a. Disclaim: ―the textual voice positions itself as at odds with, or rejecting, some
contrary position. Two kinds of disclaim are deny (negation) and counter
(concession/counter expectation)‖
b. Proclaim: ―by representing the proposition as highly warrantable, the textual
voice sets itself against, suppresses or rules out alternative positions.‖ There
are three types of proclaim; concur, pronounce, endorse.
2. Expand
a. Entertain: ―by explicitly presenting the proposition as grounded in its own
contingent, individual subjectivity, the authorial voice represent the
proposition as but one of a range of possibility positions – it thereby entertains
or invokes these dialogic alternatives.‖
b. Attribute: ―by representing proposition as grounded in the subjectivity of an
external voice, the textual voice represents the proposition as but one of a
range of possible positions – it thereby entertains or invokes these dialogic
alternatives.‖ Acknowledge and distance belongs to attribute.
c.) GRADUATION / AMPLIFICATION
Based on Peter White (2001), ―GRADUATION are concerned with values
which act to provide grading or scaling, either in terms of the interpersonal force
which the speaker attaches to an utterance or in terms of the preciseness or sharpness commit to user
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of focus with which an item exemplifies a valeur relationship. These two dimensions
are variously labeled ‗FORCE‘ (variable scaling of intensity) and ‗FOCUS‘
(sharpening or blurring of category boundaries)‖.
Graduation is another major subsystem of meanings which is concerned with
up-scaling and down-scaling. Not only become a feature of attitude, but gradability is
also a feature of the engagement system. ―Graduation operates across two axes of
scalability – that of grading according to intensity or amount (force), and that of
grading according to prototypicality and the preciseness (focus) by which category
boundaries are drawn‖. (Martin & White, 2005: 135)
The two types or graduation are (Martin & White, 2005; Martin & Rose,
2003; White, 2001; Hope & Read, 2006):
1. Force
Force is the dimension of graduation of scaling regarding with intensity.
Force shows how strongly we feel about someone or something. Force includes
values which have been called, intensifiers, down-tones, boosters, emphasisers,
emphatics etc. (White, 2001).
Force operates appraisal as to degree of intensity and as amount, as is
stated by Martin and White (2005: 140). Force is for turning the volume up or
down including intensify meanings, and vocabulary items. (Martin & Rose, 2003:
38)
Types of Force according to Martin and Rose (2003), Martin and White
(2005), and White (2001):
a. Intensification commit to user
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Intensification covers qualities, processes, and modalities.
b. Quantification
Quantification can operate evaluation of amount including entities.
Modes or forms of Force according to Martin and White, 2005 are:
a. Isolating
The up-scaling/down-scaling is realized by an isolated, individual item which
solely or primarily performs the function of intensification and quantification.
E.g. very beautiful; extremely challenging (up/down-scaling of qualities)
b. Infusion
Infused force means that there is no separate lexical form conveying the sense
of graduation. However, a single term delivers a meaning.
E.g. I‘m happy; you are beautiful.
c. Repetition
Repetition means the recurrence of the same lexical item.
E.g. It‘s great great great, she just cry and cry all day.
Types of force (Martin & Rose: 2003) are:
1. Intensifier: the words that amplify the attitude including quantity, manner
degree and modality.
E.g. Quantity: all/several/some question
Manner degree: uncontrollably
Modality: there must/would/ might have been …
2. Attitudinal lexis: a lexis which contains attitude commit to user
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E.g. beautiful lady
3. Metaphor: a word or group of words that have connotation meaning.
E.g. dull like the dead.
4. Swearing: a profanity words or cursing.
E.g. WTF!, Bullshit!
2. Focus
Focus covers those meanings which are elsewhere typically analyzed
under the headings of ‗hedging‘ and ‗vague language‘. Typical values are, he
kind'y admitted it; he effectively admitted it, he as good as admitted etc; a whale
is a fish, sort’y. Under appraisal theory, values which sharpen rather than blur the
focus are also included - for example a true friend, pure folly, he drank his friend
under the table, literally. (White; 2001)
Prototypicality (focus) manages scaling phenomena according to the
degree to which they match some supposed core or ideal case of a semantic
category, for examples; true, real, genuine. (Martin & White, 2005: 137)
The form of Focus can be up-scaling or ‗sharpen’, and down-scaling or
‗soften’. (Martin & White, 2005: 138)
E.g. a true love (sharpen); an apology of sorts (soften).
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This figure shows the system network for graduation: force and focus.
number: few, many
mass/presence: tiny, huge
quantification proximity: recent, ancient
distribution: narrow, wide extent Time: long-lasting hostility
Space: wide spread hostility
force quality: slightly, intensification very
process: like, love, adore isolating
infusing
focus: a true X, an X of sorts
up-scale
down-scale
Figure 2.5 The system network of graduation (Martin & White, 2005 p. 154)
The conclusion of the description above, appraisal is a theory that belongs to
interpersonal meaning to show personal opinion and evaluation towards someone,
something, issues or performance. One person‘s evaluation might be different from
another. The evaluation is also called as attitude. Evaluation or attitude to someone is
called judgment; evaluation to things is labeled as appreciation; and evaluation of the
feeling is named affect. The strength of those attitudes is measured by graduation or commit to user
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amplification. In addition, the resource of which the attitude comes from is called
engagement or source.
C. Modality
Beside appraisal theory, modality is another part of Interpersonal meaning
which also contains appraisal. Halliday, 1994 from Martin and Rose, 2003, describes
―modality as a resource which sets up a semantic space between yes and no, a cline
running between positive and negative poles‖. Furthermore he states that there are
two kinds of modality, i.e. one for negotiating services, and the other for negotiating
information.
Graham Lock on his book ―Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for
second language teachers‖, expresses that modality is used in expressing judgments
and attitudes.
There are two areas of modality. They are degrees of likelihood and degrees
of requirement. Likelihood is about ―it is so‖ and ―it is not so‖. It is expressed by
modal adjunct, modal auxiliaries, attributive clause, and mental process clause of
cognition. Meanwhile, requirement is about ―do it‖ and ―don‘t do it‖. It expressed by
modal auxiliaries, clauses with verbs, and clauses with attributive. Beside likelihood
and requirement, frequency, inclination, potentiality and ability can be regarded as
kinds of modality as well (Graham Lock, 1996).
Here are some examples of the modality to explain.
1. Likelihood
a. Modal auxiliaries (modals) of likelihood are classified into levels: commit to user
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Positive polarity : – high : must
– mid : ought to
– low : may
Negative polarity: – high : can’t
– mid : shouldn’t
– low : may not
b. Modal adjuncts of likelihood: – high : certainly
– mid : probably
– low : possibly
c. Attributive clause: I am sure that, I am certain, etc.
d. Mental process clause of cognition: I doubt if …, I don’t think, I think, etc.
2. Requirement
a. Modal auxiliaries of requirement:
Positive polarity: – high (obliged/necessary): I must say to ….
– mid (advised): The extremist view should ….
– low (permitted) : You can copy now.
Negative polarity: – high (obliged/necessary not to): We must not be guilty …
– mid (advised not to): We should not spend ….
– low (permitted not to) : … you don’t have to do it.
b. Clauses with verbs: I require you to …., I forbid you to…
c. Clauses with attributive: It is necessary for you to….
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Modality mediates between positive and negative polarity. Modality has three
levels; high, median, low, Riyadi Santosa (2003: 111-112). ―Modality refers to the
area of meaning that lies between yes and no – the intermediate ground between
positive and negative polarity‖ (Halliday 1985:335).
A scheme below is to clarify (adapted from Santosa and Halliday):
Probability (‗may be‘)
Modalization (‗indicative‘ type) Usuality (‗sometimes‘)
Modality Type Obligation (‗is wanted to‘) Modulation (‗imperative‘ type)
Inclination (‗wants to‘)
Figure 2.6 Types of Modality
―Modalization is a part of modality which is concern specifically with
speakers‘ assessment of probability and usuality‖. ―Modulation is a part of modality
which is concern specifically with speakers‘ judgment of obligation or willingness‖,
(Odlin, 1994: 325). In other words, modalization is about proposition (giving and
demanding information) and modulation concerns with proposal (giving and
demanding goods and services), based on Riyadi Santosa (2003: 112).
The three levels of modality, according to Halliday (1985: 337), are:
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Table 2.4 Levels of Modality
No. Scale Probability Usuality Obligation Inclination
1. High certain always required determined
2. Middle probable usually supposed keen
3. Low possible sometimes allowed willing
Thus, modality is included into appraisal system. Modality is leveled into
there polarity; high, medium, and low.
D. GENRE
Genre is a social process that has particular social purposes, which can be
identified through the sequences of social activities in stages. Genre contains cultural
values and norms owned by a society. (Santosa, 2003: 23).
More completely, Suzanne Eggins gives an idea about genre that genre is
used to describe the influence of the context of culture on language by exploring the
staged, step-by-step structure cultures institutionalize as ways of achieving goals.
(Eggins, 1994: 9)
Martin and Rose (2003: 7-8) state that ―genre is a staged, goal-oriented social
process.‖ It is social because there is participation of people in genres. It is goal-
oriented because genres are used to get things done. It is staged because a few steps
are usually used to reach the goals. There are three families of genre; story, argument
and legislation.
From the book ―Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings‖ by
Vijay K. Bhatia, genre is ―a recognizable communicative event characterized by a set
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of communicative purpose(s) identified and mutually understood by members of the
professional or academic community in which it regularly occurs‖ (Bhatia, 1993: 13).
Besides, the genre contains communicative event that is very structured and
conventional. Genres show a limitation of allowable contributions regarding to the
intent, positioning, form and functional value. Therefore, although the writer is free to
explore his/her idea to his/her text, but the writer has to comply with the standard of
the writing process of a particular genre.
Still in this book, ―each genre is an instance of a successful achievement of a
specific communicative purpose using conventionalized knowledge of linguistic and
discoursal resources‖ (1993: 16). Furthermore, the writer states that,
From the point of view of applied genre analysis, our primary concern is twofold: first, to characterized typical or conventional textual features of any genre-specific text in an attempt to identify pedagogically utilizable form- function correlation; and second as well as the cognitive constraints operating in the relevant area of specialization, whether professional or academic, (Bhatia, 1993: 16).
Based on Pardiyono, genre can be identified as text type which has functioned
as a frame of reference so that the text can be created effectively; effective in terms of
accurate purposes, selecting and composing text elements, and accurate in using
grammar, (Pardiyono, 2007: 2). He also stated that there are some kinds of genre.
Here are those genres and the text elements (^ = followed by):
a) Description: Identification ^ Description
b) Information Report: General statement ^ General classification ^ Description
c) Recount: Orientation ^ Record of events ^ Reorientation
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d) Narration : Orientation ^ Sequence of events (crisis and climax) ^ Resolution ^
Closure
e) Procedure : Goal ^ Procedure
f) Explanation : General Statement ^ Sequence of explanations
g) Discussion : General statement about a particular social issue or social problem to
be discussed ^ Arguments For ^ Arguments Against ^ Conclusion and
Recommendation
h) Exposition : Thesis ^ Arguments ^ Summing up / Recommendation
i) News Item : Headline ^ Summary of event ^ Background Event ^ Sources
j) Anecdote : Abstract ^ Orientation ^ Crisis ^ Reaction ^ Coda
k) Review : Identification ^ Summary and evaluation ^ Author and Publisher
The stages of each genre in the trilogy Writing Module 1, 2, and 3, are not too
different from the explanation above, there are ten kinds of genre in series;
Description, Report, Procedure, Recount, Explanation, Exposition, Essay/Discussion,
Review, Anecdote, and Narrative (Wiratno, Santosa, & Djatmika, 2006, 2007).
A Description text is structured in two stages, i.e. ―Thing(s) to be Described‖
and ―Parts/characteristics to be Described‖. Report has two stages as well, ―General
Classification‖, and ―Subclasses‖. Stages in Procedure text are ―Goal‖, ―Materials‖
(not required for all Procedural texts), and ―Step 1 - n‖. ―Orientation‖, ―Sequences of
Events‖, and ―Reorientation‖ (just optional) are three stages of Recount text.
(Wiratno, Santosa, & Djatmika, 2006)
The stages in Explanation text are ―Opening/General Background‖ and
―Sequence of Stages‖. Hortatory Exposition contains ―Thesis‖, ―Arguments‖, and commit to user
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Recommendation‖, but Analytical Exposition consists of ―Thesis‖, ―Arguments‖,
and Reiteration‖. In Discussion text, the stages are ―Opening/Issue‖,
―Body/Argument (For and Against)‖, and ―Closing/Recommendation (summary and
final comment‖ (Wiratno, Santosa, & Djatmika, 2007).
The generic structure of Review Genre involves ―Orientation‖, ―Interpretive
Recount‖, ―Evaluation‖, and ―Evaluative Summation‖ (Optional). The staging of
Anecdote is ―Abstract‖, ―Orientation‖, ―Crisis‖, ―Reaction‖, and ―Coda‖ (optional).
Last but not least, Narrative is structured as ―Abstract‖, ―Orientation‖,
―Complication‖, ―Evaluation‖, ―Resolution‖, and ―Coda‖ (Wiratno, Santosa, &
Djatmika, 2007).
More clearly and briefly, Linda Gerot and Peter Wignell, 1994, classify the
text genre that has been put into the table below:
Table 2.5 Text Genre
GENRE SOCIAL GENERIC STRUCTURE SIGNIFICANT
FUNCTION LEXICOGRAMMATICAL
FEATURES
To retell events for Recount Orientation: provides the Focus on specific Participants the purpose of setting and introduces Use of material processes informing or participants Circumstances of time and place
entertaining Events: tell what happened, in Use of past tense
what sequence. Focus on temporal sequence.
Re-orientation: optional-
closure of events
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Spoof To retell events for Orientation: provides the Focus on specific Participants
the purpose of setting and introduces Use of material processes
informing or participants Circumstances of time and place entertaining. Events: tell what happened, in Use of past tense The ending is what sequence. Focus on temporal sequence. usually funny Re-orientation: optional-
closure of events
Report To describe the General classification: tells Focus on Generic Participants. way things are, what the phenomenon under Use of Relational Processes to with reference to a discussion is. state what is and that which it is. range of natural, Description tells what the Use of simple present tense man-made and phenomenon under discussion (unless extinct). social phenomena is like in terms of (1) parts, (2) No temporal sequence. in our environment. qualities, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.
Discussion To present (at Issue: Focus on generic human and least) two points of Statement generic non-human view about an Preview Participants. issue. Arguments for and against or Use of:
Statement of differing points Material Processes, e.g.
of view. has produced, have developed, to feed. Point Relational Processes, e.g., Elaboration is, could have, cause, are. Conclusion or Recommendation. Mental Processes, e.g.,
feel.
Use of Comparative:
contrastive and Consequential
conjunctions.
Reasoning expressed as verbs
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and nouns (abstraction).
Explanation To explain the A general statement to Focus on generic, non-human
processes involved position the reader. Participants.
in the formation or A sequenced explanation of Use mainly of Material and
workings of natural why or how something occurs. Relational Processes.
or sociocultural Use mainly of temporal and phenomena. causal Circumstances and Conjunctions. Some use of Passive voice to get Theme right. Exposition To persuade the Thesis Focus on generic human and (Analytical) reader or listener Position: Introduces topic non-human Participants. that something is and indicates writer‘s Use of simple present tense. the case. position. Use of Relational Processes. Preview: Outlines the Use of Internal conjunction to main arguments to be state argument presented. Reasoning through Causal Arguments Conjunction or nominalization.
Point: restates main
arguments outlined in
Preview.
Elaboration: develops and
supports each
Point/argument
Reiteration: restates writer‘s
position.
Exposition To persuade the Thesis: announcement of issue Focus on generic human and
(Hortatory) reader or listener concern. non-human Participants,
that something Arguments: reasons for except for speaker or writer
should or should concern, leading to referring to self.
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not be the case. recommendation. Use of:
Recommendation: statement Mental Processes: to state of what ought or ought not to what writer thinks or feels happen. about issue, e.g. realize, feel,
appreciate.
Material Processes: to state
what happens, e.g., is polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated. Relational Processes: to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn‘t seem to have been, is Use of simple present tense
News Item To inform readers, Newsworthy Event(s): Short, telegraphic information listeners or viewers recounts the event in summary about story captured in headline. about events of the form Use of Material Processes to day which are Background Events: elaborate retell the event (in the text considered what happened, to whom, in below, many of the Material newsworthy or what circumstances. Processes are nominalized).
important. Sources: comments by Use of projecting Verbal
participants in, witnesses to Processes in Sources stage.
and authorities expert on the Focus on Circumstances (e.g.
event. mostly within Qualifiers).
Anecdote To share with Abstract: signals the retelling Use of exclamations, rhetorical
others an account of an unusual incident. questions and intensifiers
of an unusual or Orientation: sets the scene. (really, very, quite, etc.) to point
amusing incident. Crisis: provides details of the up the significance of the events. unusual incident Use of material Processes to
Reaction: reaction to crises tell what happened.
Coda: optional – reflection on Use of temporal conjunctions.
or evaluation of the incident.
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Narrative To amuse, Orientation: sets the scene Focus on specific and usually
entertain and to and introduces the individualized Participants. deal with actual or participants. Use of Material Processes (and
vicarious Evaluation: a stepping back to in this text, Behavioral and
experience in evaluate the plight. Verbal Processes.
different ways; Complication: a crisis arises. Use of Relational Processes and
Narratives deal Resolution: the crisis is Mental Processes. with problematic resolved, for better or for Use of temporal conjunctions events which lead worse. and temporal Circumstances. to a crisis or Re-orientation: optional. Use of past tense. turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
Procedure To describe how Goal Focus on generalized human something is Materials (not required for all agents. accomplished Procedural texts). Use of simple present tense, through a Steps 1-n (i.e., Goal followed often Imperative. sequence of by a series of steps oriented to Use mainly of temporal actions or steps. achieving the Goal). conjunctions (or numbering to
indicate sequence).
Use mainly of Material
Processes.
Description To describe a Identification: Identifies Focus on specific Participants
particular person, phenomenon to be described. Use of Attributive and
place or thing. Description: describes parts, Identifying Processes. qualities, characteristics. Frequent use of Ephitets and
Classifiers in nominal groups.
Use of simple present tense.
Review To criticize an art Orientation: places the work Focus on Particular
work, event for a in its general and particular Participants.
public audience. context, often by comparing it Direct expression of options
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Such works of art with others of its kind or through use of Attitudinal
include movies, TV through analogue with a non- Ephitets in nominal groups; shows, books, art object or event. qualitative Attributes and
plays, operas, Interpretive Recount: Affective Mental Processes.
recordings, summaries the plot and/or Use of elaborating and extending
exhibitions, provides an account of how clause and group complexes to
concerts and the reviewed rendition of the package the information. ballets. work came into being; is Use of metaphorical language optional, but if present, often (e.g., The wit was there, recursive. dexterously ping-ponged to and Evaluation: provides an fro …). evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive. Evaluative Summation: provides a kind of punchline which sums up the reviewer‘s opinion of the art event as a whole; is optional.
To sum up, according to some references above, genre is the category of texts
in the art of writings that has particular standards, functions, and purposes.
E. Prosody
Prosody, based on Concise Oxford English Dictionary, is ―the patterns of
stress and intonation in a language‖. Meanwhile, TheFreeDictionary.com shows that
prosody is manner of speaking in delivering speech.
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In linguistics, prosody is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Prosody
may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the
speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of
irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of language that
may not be encoded by grammar or choice of vocabulary. (wikipedia.org)
Meanwhile, Martin and Rose (2003) explain that prosody or voice or stance is
the pattern of choice which reverberates in a whole part of the text. The scaling of
prosody is from more objective to more subjective.
Thus, prosody becomes the voice of the text which contains the subjectivity or
objectivity of the writer in the text.
F. Ideology
At last later on, this research will try to discover the ideology of the text.
Thus, this is the definition of ideology, adapted from Riyadi Santosa, 2003. Ideology
is a part of cultural context that also determines the use of genre and register.
Furthermore, Eggins clarifies that ―A higher level of context to which
increasing attention is being given within systemic linguistics is the level of
ideology‖. Every writer must have a particular ideology in any kind of genre in which
the ideology is applied. This means, the language that is used is influenced by the
ideology position, the values that are held (consciously or unconsciously), the bias
and perspective that are adopted. (Eggins, 1994: 10)
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The classification of ideology is figured below:
Right Antagonist
Support (Right)
Right Protagonist Issue
Left Antagonist Challenge (Left)
Left Protagonist
Figure 2.7 Dynamic Ideology Perspectives
Right antagonist means that interlocutor expresses issue unilaterally, from one
side only, and also become the holder of power hegemony. Right protagonist means
that the interlocutor considers various sides to support the issue. Left antagonist is
concerned with the interlocutor that opposes the issue only from one side, and does
not hold the power hegemony. Left protagonist means interlocutor looks at the issue
from various sides before rejecting it.
Summarizing, analyzing appraisal, at last, can be found what kind of ideology
that the writer has. The way to find the ideology is by identifying the arguments,
whether the arguments support or refuse an issue; whether the arguments openly
support or refuse the issue, or the writer looks at the external factors before
supporting or challenging that issue. Therefore, the ideology of the writer will
eventually be identified as antagonist right or left, or protagonist right, or conversely,
left.
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G. Gossip News Text
‗Gossip‘ is a ―rumor or talk of a personal, sensational, or intimate nature‖, or
―talk about other people's affairs, not always truthful‖ (the freedictionary.com).
Meanwhile, ‗news‘ is ―information about recent events or happenings, especially as
reported by newspapers, periodicals, radio, or television‖. However, it is not only in
newspaper, radio or television, but also internet, magazine, and mobile phone.
From Merriam-Webster Collegiate® Thesaurus Version 1.0, 2005, gossip is ―a
person who habitually retails private, scandalous, or sensational and often inaccurate
information‖. Gossip also refers to rumor or report of an intimate nature.
Gossip does actually not belong to news genre. It is because gossip news does
not suitable with the all characteristics of information news genre, as discussed on the
previous sub-chapter. Gossip does not only give information to the reader as the
social function of information news genre (Gerot & Wignell, 1994), but also gives
opinion within the text, similar to the social function of exposition, discussion, or
narrative genre, whereas, a good information news may not employ appraisal item. It
means, news must be written very objectively, but gossip is not always so.
Before inserting the definition of text, the researcher will explain the
definition of discourse first. The meaning of discourse is the most complete unit of
language that is asserted orally, such as speech, talk, sermon, and dialogue, or written
such as short story, novel, book, letter, and written document. Discourse has a
cohesive characteristic if it refers to the aspect of form and coherent characteristic if it
refers to the aspect of meaning. (Sumarlam, 2003: 15)
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Willis Edmondson (1981) from Sumarlam states that ―a discourse is a
structured event manifest to linguistic (and other behavior)‖, while ―a text is a
structured sequence of linguistic expressions forming a unitary whole‖.
In this research, the source of data is written discourse, that is, text. A text is
―the actual structure of words in a piece of writing; wording‖ (thefreedictionary.com).
Or, a text is ―main body of a book or printed page (contrasted with notes, diagrams,
illustrations, etc.)‖, (Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary of Current English).
Eggins explains as well that the term text refers to linguistics product of
everyday language. It is a complete linguistic interaction (spoken or written),
preferably from beginning to end. It is because the purpose and structure can not be
described from the sentence only. (Eggins, 1994: 5)
H. Mass Media
Taking a citation from Wikipedia.org, mass media denotes a section of the
media specifically designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a
nation state. It is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment
across media such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, and text publishers.
Mass media includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video
sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in
scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The
communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass
society with special characteristics.
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According to Stan Le Roy Wilson (1995), mass media are the channel used in
mass communication to provide information and entertainment. Another definition is
that mass media is the channel through which a message travels from the source to
the receiver. Mass media use these channels to carry message.
The functions of mass media are surveillance (what people usually called the
news and information role of the media), interpretation (not only facts and data, but
mass media also provide information on the ultimate meaning and significance of
events), linkage (mass media becomes a business), transmission of values (the ways
in which an individual comes to adopt the behavior and values of a group), and
entertainment (the media can make entertainment available to a large number of
people at relatively little cost), (Dominick, 1996).
The conclusion is that mass media are tools to deliver messages and ideology
from one source to the readers and listeners.
I. Websites perezhilton.com
Website is ―a set of interconnected web pages, usually including a homepage,
generally located on the same server, and prepared and maintained as a collection of
information by a person, group, or organization‖ (thefreedictionary.com).
Merriam-Webster Collegiate® Dictionary interprets web site as ―a group of
World Wide Web pages that usually contains hyperlinks to each other and made
available online by an individual, company, educational institution, government, or
organization‖.
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Meanwhile, Wikipedia.org discusses that ‗Perezhilton.com celebrity juice, not
from concentrate‘ is a popular gossip news website in US, mostly contains gossip
news of celebrities, lifestyle, recent events, film, music and sometimes about the
country. The writer of this site is Perez Hilton. He calls this website as ―Hollywood‘s
most-hated website‖. It is because in delivering the news, Perez Hilton mostly passes
judgment on artists very critical. Sometimes, he scrawls the picture of the artist to
increase more critical value to the news that he wrote. Perezhilton.com (formerly
PageSixSixSix.com), is known for posting covering gossip items about musicians,
actors and public figures. He is also known for posting tabloid photographs over
which he has added his own captions or "doodles." He often describes celebrity
awards shows, clubs, and private events he has attended, and posts photographs of
himself with the celebrities he writes about under the "Personally Perez" category of
his blog. As of April 2009 PerezHilton.com was ranked by Alexa as the 491st most
trafficked website on the Internet (143rd within the United States) with 2/3rds of
users being American and strongest demographic being females between the ages of
18 and 24.
Based on askmen.com, thehollywoodgossip.com, and wired.com,
perezhilton.com is self-styled gossip news of mocking Hollywood‘s elite. The only
one employee is Hilton‘s sister, Barby, who fields emails and corrects typos.
"Perez is the outsider—the gay, the Latino, the interloper," he says of his persona. "And Hilton is the mainstream—Hollywood, pop culture. So I'm this
outsider commenting on this wacky world of celebrity who managed to become an insider but is still, in many ways, the ultimate outsider."
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The original name of the hot-pink PerezHilton.com is PageSixSixSix.com. It
had to be changed after the New York Post, home to the "Page Six" gossip column,
filed a lawsuit.
There are many celebrity-focused news sites, but it becomes special because
perezhilton.com sometimes puts a childlike graffiti scrawled over photos. For
examples, "L. Ron wuz here," scrawled over a shot of Tom Cruise, and the word
"Fake" marked on the breasts of actress and reality show regular Brigitte Nielsen.
The reaction from mainstream media was immediate and scathing: The
Insider, a tabloid TV show, called his site ―the most-hated in Hollywood‖ for its
tacky takedowns of untouchable stars. Old media attacked Hilton‘s integrity (is he a
journalist or just a pathetic celeb-hound with a blog?), and other bloggers mocked his
oily, cruelly self-promoting manner. One site called him as a ―professional canker
sore.‖
However, in less than three years, perezhilton.com has become a major rest
stop on the information superhighway that attracts almost a million unique users
every day. He promoted his site by posting a bulletin on Friendster; soon
PerezHilton.com was generating 20,000 page views a month.
Ads on perezhilton.com reached to $54,000 a day. The site now averages 198
million page views a month, according to the Web ratings service Quantcast. Nielsen
Online estimates that while visitors to TMZ.com, one of his main competitors, stay
only 15 minutes, those on Hilton's site linger for 45 minutes.
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When perezhilton.com posted tracks by an unknown singer-songwriter named
Eric Hutchinson, thousands of fans rushed to iTunes to download the album. Three
months later, Warner Music signed Hutchinson and began considering Hilton.
Finally, this explanation is concluded that perezhilton.com contains gossip
news of everything about Hollywood celebrities that are put through the media of
internet. It is full of controversy but it influences the readers as well.
J. Perez Hilton
Mario Armando Lavandeira, Jr. (born March 23, 1978), better known as Perez
Hilton, is an American blogger and television personality. Mario was born in Miami,
Florida whose parents are from Cuba. In 2002 Mario moved to Los Angeles,
California, where he currently resides. Mario is openly gay.
The name Perez Hilton comes from his close friend Paris Hilton. Some people
have argued that Mario's closeness to the celebrities about whom he writes has led to
deviated coverage on his blog. For example, he rarely reports on stories or rumors
talking about Paris Hilton in a negative or unflattering light, and that, unlike most
gossip blogs, he often acknowledges and praises her positive achievements. He also
supports the contestant of Miss American Pageant, Carrie Prejean, who believes that
same-sex marriage is legal. He says, ―She lost it because of that question. She was
definitely the front-runner before that,‖ leading some to believe that the answer
directly had caused her to lose the competition. Additionally, Mario has been known
to speak out publicly against the discriminatory behavior of celebrities and other
public figures. For instance, he called for the firing of Isaiah Washington from ABC commit to user
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television series Grey’s Anatomy for making homophobic remarks and called for his
readers to do the same. However, in early 2007, he was criticized by the blog The
Hollywood Gossip for ignoring racist and homophobic remarks made by Paris Hilton.
Hilton often promotes his favorite up-and-coming musicians by posting
streams of their songs under the ―Listen to This‖ category of his blog. London-based
singer Mika‘s 2007 rise to popular success in North America has been partially
attributed to Mario‘s frequent support. Hilton and Mika also claim to be friends.
(Wikipedia.org)
Besides wikipedia.org, IMDb.com and nndb.com also report that Perez
Hilton, nicknamed of Mario Lavandeira Jr., is an actor, a journalist, a publicist, and a
gossip columnist. He is a blogger of wildly popular PerezHilton.com. Mario
graduated With Honors from New York University. He received a B.F.A. in Drama
from The Tisch School of the Arts in May 2000.
Mario becomes famous because when people come to internet about
―celebrities‖, then there is not anyone bigger than Perez Hilton. Mario is great
because he is fearless and rambunctious. He dedicates his life to work.
―I go out six out of seven nights a week to one or two or three events a night,‖ he says. ―I don't get enough sleep. I probably get maybe five hours on a good night. I always make sure any hotel I'm staying at has internet access
before I agree to stay there.‖
Mario is a celebrity gossiper. Luckily for him, Mario was the first to provide
evidence of the powerful couple‘s (Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt) relationship after
one of his sources gave him photos of them traveling together in Africa. Everyone
had been speculating that they were a couple, but no one had any proof until Mario
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posted the images of them on vacation. Within hours, this site crashed from all the
traffic. This time, Mario becomes the influencing gossip columnist in the global
network in the internet.
―Yet you can‘t dispute his impact on the celebrity gossip world, and as much as you might think Perez Hilton sucks, or is a complete hack, you gotta
begrudgingly take your hat off to him for making it big and following his dream.‖ (thehollywoodgossip.com)
Based on what has been written above, Perez Hilton tends to be subjective
because he writes the news regarding with what he likes. Some celebrities try to get
closer with him because he can promote and publicize them, but in other hand, he is
often carped as well due to his articles.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
This research is a qualitative research which discusses about people‟s
evaluations delivered through words and language. According to Lexy J. Moleong
(2007: 6), a qualitative research is a research that intends to understand
phenomena about what is experienced by subjects such as behavior, perception,
motivation, action, etc. by describing something in the form of words and
language of a special natural context and by using various methods. Meanwhile,
this research intends to comprehend about linguistics phenomena described in
special linguistics methods.
It is also a descriptive research because “the collection of data is words,
pictures, not numbers. Besides, the collection of data is likely to become a key to
what has been researched.” (Moleong: 2007, p. 11). The data in this research are
in the form of text which contain attitudes, and what is analyzed in this research is
those attitudes.
As the approach, this research applies Systemic Functional Linguistics
(SFL). The research analyzes some gossip news texts written by Perez Hilton
which are realized by the appraising items or the attitudes.
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B. Research Location
Research location includes the settings of this research, actors or
participants, and events, (Spradley, 1980). The setting of this research is in the
form of media especially the gossip news texts. The participants are all celebrities
including the writer, while the events are the gossips and news that arise on the
website, perezhilton.com.
C. Sampling
The technique that is employed in taking the sample is total sampling
technique. It is because, the samples are all analyzed. According to Tatang M.
Amirin (2011), total sampling is the same as population study or census, that the
samples are analyzed as a whole. All data embracing appraising items both
positive and negative will be analyzed here.
Sample of this research are taken from the short gossip news texts written
by Perez Hilton which are taken from perezhilton.com. Those texts are as follows:
- “Russell Gets In Good with Katy's Parentals”
“Katy and Russell, Going Strong!”
Those texts above are about a celebrity named Katy Perry.
- “Leona’s First Solo Show”
“Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive despite Being Attacked”
Those texts above are about a celebrity named Leona Lewis.
- “Miley Has Bad Taste!”
“No Miley, not everyone knows who you are!” commit to user
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Those texts above are about a celebrity named Miley Cyrus.
- “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!”
“Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public”
Those texts above are about a celebrity named Chris Brown.
The texts are categorized into four. They are four different celebrities. This
is in order to observe clearly the writer‟s evaluation towards those four artists so
that those can be analyzed whether the writer is subjectively or objectively
evaluate something or someone. The texts about Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley
Cyrus and Chris Brown are chosen as the data because those artists represent
Perez Hilton‟s evaluation towards other artists.
D. Data and Source of Data
Based on Michael Quinn Patton, 1980, the sources of data are from which
the data exist. Then, data are divided into two; primary data and secondary data.
The primary data are the data that have been collected by the researcher, and
secondary data are data that have been collected by other researchers but some
parts are used by the researcher.
The sources of data in this research are the gossip news texts which are
written by a same writer, Perez Hilton, from perezhilton.com.
There are two kinds of data in this research, the primary data and
secondary data. The primary data contain linguistics cases about English appraisal
including attitudes, engagement, and graduation; text genre and prosody; and commit to user
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ideology of the writer towards the texts. The data taken are in the form of
appraising item that can be analyzed their attitudes: affect, judgment, and
appreciation, as well as engagement and graduation.
The secondary data of this research are the information of Perez Hilton‟s
personal life related to his writings.
E. Data Validity
Based on Michael Quinn Patton (1980), data validity refers to a strategy to
collect data more than one technique. It is usually called as triangulation.
In qualitative research, it is better to apply triangulation or to use various
methods (multi-methods and multi-respondents/informants). It means that it does
not only collect data from one kind of respondent or one informant, and does not
only use one method of collecting data, but employs some informants and some
methods of collecting data (interview, observation, documentation). (Amirin:
2011). Because this research is a qualitative research, triangulation becomes
important.
There are four types of triangulation; data triangulation (use of various
sources of data in a study), investigator triangulation (use of some different
evaluators or social scientists), theory triangulation (use of more than one point of
view to interpret a set of single data), and methodology triangulation (use of more
than one method to investigate problems or single program, such as interview,
observation, structured questionnaire and documentation). (Patton: 2006)
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This research only applies data triangulation. Source of data triangulation
of this research is that the data are collected from the same website with different
artists. In this research, the data are collected from 8 different texts of gossip news
written by Perez Hilton.
F. Data Analysis
James P. Spradley (1980) explains that „content analysis‟ is organized in
four ways: domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and
finding cultural values.
The data in this research, as what Spradely explains, which have been
collected are analyzed as the following ways:
1. Domain analysis: the data are separated from other that does not belong to the
data (collecting the appraising items).
2. Taxonomic analysis: it is applied to see the attitude: affect, judgment, and
appreciation including the types of the items; and the source: monogloss and
heterogloss.
a. Affect
- Positive or negative
- Dis/inclination, un/happiness, in/security or dis/satisfaction
b. Judgment
- Positive or negative
- Normality, capacity, tenacity, veracity or propriety.
c. Appreciation commit to user
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- Positive or negative
- Reaction (impact or quality), composition (balance or complexity), or
valuation.
d. Type of the items
- Minor clause
- Word: grammatical item, lexical item, modal adjunct, or metaphor.
- Nominal group: epithet, adjective phrase, or metaphor.
- Clause: mental process, mental behavior process, relational process, or
modality clause.
3. Componential analysis: to find the function of the classifications: the
graduation: force and focus; the genre and the prosody of the texts.
a. Force
- Infusion, isolating or repetition.
- Up-scaled or down-scaled
- Intensification or quantification
- Metaphor, swearing, attitudinal lexis, or intensifier.
b. Focus
- Up-scaled or down-scaled
- Sharpen or soften
c. Genre
- Kind of genre
- Generic structure commit to user
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- Social function
d. Prosody
- more objective or more subjective
4. Finding cultural values: to discover the cultural values of appraising items of
the gossip news texts or to find the reason why Perez Hilton applies some
certain evaluations including the ideology of the texts.
G. Procedure of Data Analysis
The data are analyzed through some steps below, according to Spradley
(1980):
1. The data are collected from the sources: gossip news texts written by Perez
Hilton from his website perezhilton.com. Those data are taken from 8 different
texts of four different artists. They are Katy Perry and Leona Lewis whom the
writer adores; and Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown whom he does not really
like, (adores and dislikes are based on the appraising items that he used when
evaluating those artists). In this step, it is applied the domain analysis by
separating the data that belongs to the appraising item and do not. These are
the examples:
a.) You just have to see how the Lord‟s will is done
Table 3.1 Example of appraisal analysis (Text 1 Katy Perry, clause no. 5)
attitude source graduation Appraising Appr. Mono- Hetero- item Affect Judg. force focus gloss gloss commit to user
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You just have to Isolating – intensification: see how the Lord‟s - + prop - - v process – -
will is done up-scaled – intensifier
b.) We all have past.
(Text 1 - Katy Perry, clause no. 9)
This is excluded from the data because although the word is also the same
have, but have here does not show an attitude but only shows an experiential
meaning or reality meaning.
2. After identifying the data (domain analysis), the data are then classified into
certain attitudes, their sources and their types (taxonomic analysis). For
example:
a.) The lovely Leona Lewis was attacked by X Factor reject Peter Kowalczyk.
(Text 4 - Leona Lewis, clause no. 4)
Lovely
Attitude: judgement, positive: normality
Source: Monogloss
Type: word: lexical item
b.) Glad to see her parents approve!
(Text 1 - Katy Perry, clause no. 20)
Glad
Attitude: affect, positive: affection
Source: Monogloss commit to user
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Type: word: lexical item
3. The data are put into a table according to the attitude, source, and type to
observe the variations of evaluation and the frequency of the function of
certain comparable attitude in the texts.
Example 1: The lovely Leona Lewis was attacked by X Factor reject Peter
Kowalczyk.
Table 3.2 Example of engagement and attitude analysis Appraising Items Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised Type The lovely Leona Lewis was Leona Word: attacked by X Factor reject Monogloss - + norm - Lewis lexical item Peter Kowalczyk.
Example 2: Glad to see her parents approve!
Table 3.3 Example of engagement and attitudes analysis Appraising Items Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised Type Seeing parent‟s Word: Glad to see her Monogloss +affection - - approval lexical item parents approve!
4. The componential analysis and finding cultural values are then applied to find
the relation between the classifications and to find the reason behind the
evaluations. Here, the analysis is through discovering the graduation, the
genre, prosody, and ideology of the text.
For example:
The graduation of the attitudes is mostly up-scaled. The form is mostly force:
intensification: isolating: intensifier. commit to user
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The genre of the texts that are written by Perez Hilton is analytical exposition.
This is shown by the generic structure of the texts. Then, the prosody is more
subjective due to the attitudes applied in the entire parts of the texts. In
addition, based on the texts, although Perez Hilton took some projecting
clauses, or can be called as heterogloss, from other resources, but he always
put his own reiteration or his own conclusion at the end of the text. Therefore,
this makes the voice or prosody of the texts is more subjective.
Finally, the ideologies of the texts are right antagonist for texts exposing Katy
Perry and Leona Lewis, and left antagonist for texts about Miley Cyrus and
Chris Brown. This is because, Perez Hilton tends to support Katy Perry and
Leona Lewis, and in other hand, he challenges Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown.
He mostly puts positive evaluations to the artists he adores with. In the other
hand, he also puts many negative appraisals to artists he does not like. So, the
ideology of the texts are different, depends on the artist.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Introduction
Chapter IV discusses about the answers of research questions in problem
statement as written on Chapter I. Each text is compared to find the appraising
items, the way and the reason of employing the appraising items. The graduation
of the attitudes, the prosody and also the ideology are analyzed here to elucidate
the answer of each question.
This chapter consists of data description and discussion. The data
description compares each text and then they are analyzed to find out the result of
the answer of the research questions. The discussion contains the relation between
the questions ―what‖, ―how‖, and ―why‖ to the entire texts. Then it is compared to
the information on the secondary data and it is also compared to the previous
researches to see the relation between this research and the others. In addition, it is
also to see what makes this research different from the previous researches.
This analysis is the application of the procedure of data analysis explained
in Chapter III. They are domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential
analysis and finding cultural values. Domain and taxonomic analysis is used to
answer the first question, componential analysis is applied to answer the second
question, and finding cultural values is for answering the third question and the
relation between the texts and the writer.
To analyze appraisal in this thesis, the researcher applies J. R. Martin and
David Rose way of analysis of Appraisalcommit to Theory user in English, based on their book
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―Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause‖ (2003). In addition, to
complete the analysis, it is also applied the more complex English Appraisal
analysis by J. R. Martin and Peter White (2005) from the book ―The Language of
Evaluation: Appraisal in English‖, as has been written in Chapter II.
There might be some abbreviations within the analysis. The abbreviations
used are as follow (Martin & White, 2005):
+ positive attitude
- negative attitude
des affect: desire
hap affect: un/happiness
sec affect: in/security
sat affect: dis/satisfaction
norm judgment: normality
cap judgment: capacity
ten judgment: tenacity
ver judgment: veracity
prop judgment: propriety
reac appreciation: reaction
comp appreciation: composition
val appreciation: valuation
commit to user
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B. Data Description / Findings
To answer the research questions on problem statements on Chapter I, here
the data are compared to be analyzed.
1. Text 1 (Katy Perry) – “Russell Gets in Good with Katy’s Parentals”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.1.1 Attitude and Engagement analysis – ―Russell Gets in Good with Katy‘s Parentals‖ Clause Appraising Types of the Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised No. Items items Russell Gets Russell‘s Word: In Good +reac 1. Monogloss relationship to Attitudinal with Katy's (quality) Katy‘s parent Lexis Parentals Katy Perry's devout Christian mom and Nominal dad are 2. Monogloss + prop Christian group: opening up Epithet about their daughter's lover Russell Brand.
And surprisingly, Word: they're very Katy‘s parent 3a. Monogloss + sec Grammatical accepting of accepting item the British comedian!
they're very Heterogloss Word: accepting of 3b. (Katy‘s + prop Russell Grammatical the British parent) item comedian!
that "You Clause: just have to Heterogloss Modulation 5. see how the (Mary + prop Russell of
Lord's will is Hudson) obligation: done". proposal After reading Russell's not Nominal Neg Russell‘s 8 so angelic Monogloss group: + val history history, Epithet commit to user Keith admits:
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I was in the Heterogloss Nominal Jimi Hendrix 10 (Keith -comp Keith‘s era group: and Janis Hudson) Epithet Joplin era Russell's really got a Heterogloss Word:
12a hunger for (Keith +cap Russell grammatical the Hudson) item supernatural.
Russell's really got a Heterogloss Word: 12b. hunger for (Keith - prop Russell Attitudinal the Hudson) Lexis supernatural. Russell Russell‘s Clause: Heterogloss 13. really likes + hap feeling to the Metal (Russell) us parents Process Mary also Mary‘s agrees that Heterogloss agreement Clause: Russell has a 15a (Mary + sec about Russell Mental ―hunger‖ for Hudson) with the Process positive father influences Mary also agrees that Heterogloss Word: Russell has a 15b. (Mary - prop Russell Attitudinal “hunger” Hudson) lexis for positive influences Mary also agrees that Heterogloss Nominal Russell has a 15c. (Mary + val Influences Group: ―hunger‖ for Hudson) Epithet positive influences ―I think the Heterogloss Clause: Russell and 16 two of them (Mary - prop Relational Katy are hungry. Hudson) Process Clause: and they are Heterogloss Russell and Modalisation of 18 going to find (Mary + ten Katy probability: it.‖ Hudson) proposition Russell and Minor 19 How cute! Monogloss + hap Katy‘s Clause relationship Glad to see Parent Word: Att. 20 her parents Monogloss + hap approval Lexis approve!
Numbers 5 8 4
Percentages 29.4%commit 47.1 to %user 23.5%
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There are 17 attitudes in the text entitled ―Russell Gets in Good with
Katy‘s Parentals‖. Within this text, all kinds of attitude are almost spread
evenly; affect, judgment, and appreciation. There are 5 affects, 8 judgments,
and 4 appreciations. This means Perez Hilton dares to express his evaluations
not only to the personal artist and everything concerned with the artist, but he
also expresses his own feeling proved by the affect on clause number 3a, 19
and 20; ‗surprisingly‘, ‗how cute‘, and ‗glad‘.
The types of affect are security, and happiness. The types of judgment
are propriety, capacity, and tenacity. Additionally, the types of appreciation
are reaction: quality, and valuation.
Most of the attitudes are positive. There are 12 positive items and 5
negative items. Although there are many negative attitudes in the text such as
―not so angelic‖, ―Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin era‖, ―hunger‖, and ―hungry‖,
this text still support the artist, that is Katy Perry.
The types of the appraising items are attitudinal lexis (4 items), 3
grammatical items, epithet (4 items), modality clause (2 items), mental
process clause (2 items), relational process clause (1 item) and minor clause
(1 item).
Meanwhile, the engagement of the attitudes in this text is 6 monogloss
and 11 heterogloss attitudes. This means the attitudes come from other
resources are more than from the writer himself.
b. Graduation analysis
Table 4.1.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Russell Gets in Good with Katy‘s Parentals‖ commit to user
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Graduation
Clause Force Appraising Items Focus Form / Meaning no. Intensifi- Quantifi- cation cation
1. Russell Gets In Good Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis with Katy's Parentals
Katy Perry's devout Christian mom and 2. dad are opening up Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – Att. Lexis about their daughter's
lover Russell Brand. And surprisingly, 3a. they're very accepting Process - - Inf – up-scaled – intensifier of the British comedian! they're very 3b. accepting of the Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier British comedian! that "You just have to 5. see how the Lord's Process - - Iso – up-scaled – Intensifier will is done". After reading 8 Russell's not so Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier angelic history, Keith admits: I was in the Jimi 10 Hendrix and Janis - Extent - Iso – down-scaled – metaphor Joplin era Russell's really got a 12a hunger for the Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier
supernatural. Russell's really got 12b. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor a hunger for the supernatural.
13. Russell really likes Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier us
Mary also agrees that 15 a Russell has a Process Inf – down-scaled – Att. Lexis ―hunger‖ for positive influences
Mary also agrees that 15 b. Russell has a Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor “hunger” for positive
influences Mary also agrees that Russell has a 15 c. Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – Att. Lexis ―hunger‖ for positive influences commit to user
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―I think the two of 16 Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor them are hungry. and they are going to 18 Process - - Iso – down-scaled – Intensifier find it.‖
19 How cute! Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – att. Lexis
Glad to see her 20 Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis parents approve!
The amplification of the attitudes in this text is all force. There are 16
intensification and 1 quantification attitudes. Not only quality, but the writer
also uses verb which contains attitude (process) clauses.
The types of graduation (force) are 8 infusion items and 9 isolating
items. In this text, the writer applies intensifier (7 items), attitudinal lexis (6
items) and metaphor (4 items).
The attitudes in this text are mostly up-scaled. This means Perez
Hilton extremely strengthens his evaluations in the text. When he judges or
appreciates someone or something, he uses words explaining that he really
supports the artist, for example ‗good‘, ‗devout‘, or ‗really likes‘. He applies
those words instead of ‗fine‘, ‗religious‘ or just ‗likes‘.
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.1.3 Genre Analysis – ―Russell Gets in Good with Katy‘s Parentals‖
Generic structure Clauses
Title Russell Gets In Good with Katy's Parentals
Katy Perry's devout Christian mom and dad are opening up about their daughter's lover Russell Brand Thesis
And surprisingly, they're very accepting of the British comedian!
Argument 1 The singer's momcommit Mary toHudson user said after taking a trip with the new
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couple to Austria that
"You just have to see how the Lord's will is done".
But keeping true to his faith, poppa Keith Hudson gave Russell a
copy of his religious book The Cry
and in return the Brit gave Keith a copy of his revealing
autobiography My Booky Wook, which discusses Brand's sex and
heroin addictions.
After reading Russell's not so angelic history, Keith admits:
"We all have a past.
I was in the Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin era,
and I used to take LSD. Argument 2 Russell's really got a hunger for the supernatural.
Russell really likes us
because he has a whole new, different concept on Christianity now that he has met us."
Mary also agrees that Russell has a "hunger" for positive influences.
"I think the two of them are hungry. Argument 3 They are basically seeking the truth from God –
and they are going to find it."
How cute! Reiteration Glad to see her parents approve!
The genre of the text is analytical exposition. It is because of some
reasons below:
1) Social function
The social function of this text is to show the readers that the
relationship between Katy Perry and her boyfriend, Russell, has been
approved by Katy‘s parent, although Russell has bad history. The writer commit to user
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wants to influence and to persuade the reader that their relationship is
deserved to be supported. Therefore, this text contains support to both of
them.
2) Generic Structure
The text consists of thesis, three arguments and reiteration.
Thesis: Katy‘s parent accept Russell
Argument 1: Russell and Katy‘s father give books each other.
Argument 2: Katy‘s father realizes the bad history of Russell and he
accepts Russell.
Argument 3: Katy‘s mother supports her daughter and Russell.
Reiteration: A conclusion from the writer which supports the news of
Katy Perry.
Thus, based on evidence above, the text is categorized into Analytical
Exposition.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.1.4 Prosody analysis – ―Russell Gets in Good with Katy‘s Parentals‖
Clause Generic Kinds of Clauses Engagement No. Structure Attitudes
1 Title Russell Gets In Good with Katy's Parentals + Appr Monogloss
Katy Perry's devout Christian mom and dad
2 are opening up about their daughter's lover + Judg Monogloss
Russell Brand Thesis + Affect Monogloss And surprisingly, they're very accepting of 3 Heterogloss the British comedian! +Judg (Katy‘s parent)
4 Argument The singer's mom commitMary Hudson to user said after
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1 taking a trip with the new couple to Austria
that
"You just have to see how the Lord's will is Heterogloss 5 + Judg done". (Mary Hudson)
But keeping true to his faith, poppa Keith
6 Hudson gave Russell a copy of his religious
book The Cry
and in return the Brit gave Keith a copy of his revealing autobiography My Booky Wook, 7 which discusses Brand's sex and heroin addictions.
After reading Russell's not so angelic Neg + 8 Monogloss history, Keith admits: Appr
9 "We all have a past.
I was in the Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin Heterogloss 10 - Appr era, (Keith Hudson)
11 and I used to take LSD.
Argument Heterogloss + Judg 2 Russell's really got a hunger for the (Keith Hudson) 12 supernatural. Heterogloss - Judg (Keith Hudson)
Heterogloss 13 Russell really likes us + Affect (Keith Hudson)
because he has a whole new, different concept 14 on Christianity now that he has met us."
Heterogloss + Affect (Mary Hudson)
Mary also agrees that Russell has a Heterogloss 15 Argument - Judg "hunger" for positive influences. (Mary Hudson) 3 Heterogloss + Appr (Mary Hudson)
16 "I think the two ofcommit them are to hungry user . - Judg Heterogloss
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(Mary Hudson)
They are basically seeking the truth from 17 God
Heterogloss 18 and they are going to find it." + Judg (Mary Hudson)
19 How cute! + Affect Monogloss Reiteration 20 Glad to see her parents approve! + Affect Monogloss
The prosody in this text is more subjective. In this text writing, Perez
Hilton uses many attitudes. From 20 clauses, there are 17 clauses contain
attitudes. The attitudes are employed in all part of the text; in the title, thesis,
arguments and reiteration. Moreover, he puts his own opinion (monogloss)
which support the artist by giving positive evaluations (clause number 19 and
20), and finds other references (heterogloss) which also support his ideology.
Therefore, the voice or prosody of the text is more subjective.
e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.1.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Russell Gets in Good with Katy‘s Parentals‖
Clause Kinds Generic Engagement Appraising Items Appraised No. of Att. Structure
Russell‘s Russell Gets In Good with 1. Monogloss + Appr relationship to Title Katy's Parentals Katy‘s parent Katy Perry's devout Christian mom and dad are 2. Monogloss + Judg Christian opening up about their daughter's lover Russell Brand. Thesis And surprisingly, they're Katy‘s parent 3a. Monogloss + Aff very accepting of the accepting British comedian!
3b. Heterogloss +Judg they'recommit very accepting to user of Russell the British comedian!
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(Katy‘s parent)
Heterogloss that "You just have to see
5. + Judg how the Lord's will is Russell Argument 1 (Mary Hudson) done".
Neg + After reading Russell's not 8 Monogloss so angelic history, Keith Russell‘s history Appr admits:
Heterogloss I was in the Jimi Hendrix 10 - Appr Keith‘s era (Keith Hudson) and Janis Joplin era
Heterogloss 12a + Judg Russell's really got a Russell Argument 2 (Keith Hudson) hunger for the supernatural.
Heterogloss Russell's really got a 12b. - Judg hunger for the Russell (Keith Hudson) supernatural. Heterogloss 13. + Aff Russell really likes us Russell‘s feeling (Keith Hudson)
Heterogloss Mary also agrees that Mary‘s agreement 15a + Aff Russell has a ―hunger‖ for about Russell to (Mary Hudson) positive influences the parent Heterogloss Mary also agrees that 15b. - Judg Russell has a “hunger” for Russell (Mary Hudson) positive influences Heterogloss Mary also agrees that 15c. + Appr Russell has a ―hunger‖ for Influences Argument 3 (Mary Hudson) positive influences Heterogloss 16 - Judg ―I think the two of them are Russell and Katy (Mary Hudson) hungry.
Heterogloss 18 + Judg and they are going to find Russell and Katy (Mary Hudson) it.‖
Russell and Katy‘s 19 Monogloss + Aff How cute! relationship Reiteration Glad to see her parents 20 Monogloss + Aff Parent approval approve!
The writer‘s ideology towards this text is right antagonist. It is
because, first of all, there are many positive attitudes more than the negative
ones. The positive attitudes show that the text is positive. This means commit to user supporting. Second, Perez Hilton does not find the bad side or the negative
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one of the artist and does not find the rival to drop her. Even though there are
some negative evaluations, they are only about the bad character of the artist
(hunger or hungry) but still support the artist. Third, he also finds other
references (heterogloss) which also similar with his, in this case he takes from
Keith and Mary Hudson which also give support to Katy Perry. Hence, the
ideology of the text is right antagonist.
2. Text 2 (Katy Perry) – “Katy and Russell, Going Strong!”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.2.1 Attitudes and Engagement Analysis – ―Katy and Russell, Going Strong!‖
Clause Types of Appraising items Engagement Affect Judg. Appr. Appraised no. items Katy and Clause: Katy Perry and 1. Russell, going Monogloss + cap Relational Russell strong! Process and it's been at + reac Nominal 3. least a few Monogloss Month group: quality months! Epithet Katy Perry and
Russell Brand went on a + reac Katy Perry and Nominal 4. romantic outing Monogloss Russell‘s group: quality to catch a movie outing Epithet in Hollywood on Tuesday! The two have a Katy Perry and Nom. group: 5. Monogloss + norm lot in common – Russell‘s Epithet sunglasses, + reac Words: 6. skinny jeans and Monogloss Films Attitudinal quality a love for films? Lexis
+ sat Support to More power to Katy Perry and 7. Monogloss Admi- Minor clause ya! Russell‘s ration relationship
Number 1 2 3
Percentage 16.7% 50% commit to33.3% user
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There are 7 attitudes from 7 clauses in this text, which spreads evenly
within them. Not only affect and appreciation, but judgment is also often used
here. They are 1 affect, 2 judgments, and 3 appreciations. The type of affect is
satisfaction, the types of judgment are capacity and normality, and the type of
appreciation is reaction: quality. Again, Perez Hilton puts his own affect at the
end part of the text.
100% attitudes are positive. Those positive attitudes are directed to the
artist (Katy Perry), and they are truly positive. It means the writer gives good
evaluations to Katy Perry.
The appraising items are in the form of word (1 attitudinal lexis item),
nominal group (3 items of epithet), clause (1 item of relational process), and
minor clause (1 item). Meanwhile, the source of the attitudes is all monogloss,
which means that the writer likes to put attitudes on his text and does not find
other sources to support the information.
b. Graduation Analysis
Table 4.2.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Katy and Russell, Going Strong!‖
Clause Force Appraising items Focus Form / Meaning No. Intensification Quantification Katy and Russell, Iso – up-scaled – 1. Process - - going strong! intensifier
and it's been at least a Iso – down-scaled – 3. - Number - few months! intensifier
Katy Perry and Russell
Brand went on a Inf – up-scaled – 4. romantic outing to Quality - Attitudinal Lexis catch a movie in Hollywood on commit to user
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Tuesday!
The two have a lot in Iso – up-scaled – 5. - Number - common intensifier
sunglasses, skinny Inf – up-scaled – 6. jeans and a love for Quality - - Attitudinal lexis films?
Iso – up-scaled – 7. More power to ya! Process - - intensifier
The amplifications of the attitudes in this text are up-scaled and down-
scaled as well. This means Perez Hilton does not too accentuate the diction,
but he just expresses his understandable words to clarify the evaluation to the
artist.
The graduation is all force; 4 intensifications and 2 quantifications.
The intensification is process and quality, the quantification is number only.
The forms are 4 isolating items and 2 infusion items. Meanwhile, the types of
the force are 5 intensifier, and 1 attitudinal lexis.
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.2.3 Genre Analysis – ―Katy and Russell, Going Strong!‖
Generic Structure Clauses
Title Katy and Russell, going strong!
Well, they're still together Thesis and it's been at least a few months!
Katy Perry and Russell Brand went on a romantic Argument 1 outing to catch a movie in Hollywood on Tuesday!
The two have a lot in common - Argument 2 sunglasses, skinny jeans and a love for films? Reorientation More commitpower to to ya! user
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This text belongs to Analytical Exposition genre. The reasons are:
1.) Social Function
The social function of the text is to persuade the readers that Katy
Perry and her boyfriend, Russell, have a good relationship.
2.) Generic Structure
The text consists of thesis, two arguments and reiteration.
Thesis: Katy still gets along with Russell.
Argument 1: Katy and Russell have some dates.
Argument 2: Katy and Russell have many similarities.
Reiteration: A restatement from the writer which supports the news of
Katy Perry relationship with Russell.
Therefore, the genre of this text is analytical exposition.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.2.4 Prosody Analysis – ―Katy and Russell, Going Strong!‖
Clause Generic Kinds Clauses Engagement No. Structure of Att.
1 Title Katy and Russell, going strong! + Judg Monogloss 2 Well, they're still together Thesis 3 and it's been at least a few months! +Appr. Monogloss
Argument Katy Perry and Russell Brand went on a romantic 4 +Appr. Monogloss 1 outing to catch a movie in Hollywood on Tuesday!
5 Argument The two have a lot in common + Judg Monogloss
6 2 - sunglasses, skinny jeans and a love for films?
7. Reiteration More power to ya! + Judg Monogloss
commit to user
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Firstly, Perez Hilton uses many attitudes in this text. From 7 clauses, 6
of them contain attitudes. Secondly, as can be seen from the number of the
words in bold, the attitudes are employed in all part of the text; in the title,
thesis, arguments and reiteration. Thirdly, he puts his own opinion
(monogloss) which support the artist by giving positive evaluations (for
example: clause number 7; ―More power to ya!‖), and he does not find another
reference (heterogloss). Finally, it can be concluded that the voice or prosody
of the text is more subjective.
e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.2.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Katy and Russell, Going Strong!‖
Clause Kinds Generic Engagement Appraising Items Appraised No. of Att. Structure Katy and Russell, Katy Perry and 1. Monogloss +Judg Title going strong! Russell and it's been at least a 3. Monogloss +Appr. month Thesis few months!
Katy Perry and Russell
Brand went on a Katy Perry and Argument 4. Monogloss +Appr. romantic outing to Russell‘s outing 1 catch a movie in
Hollywood on Tuesday!
The two have a lot in Katy Perry and 5. Monogloss +Judg common Russell‘s outing Argument sunglasses, skinny 2 6. Monogloss +Appr. jeans and a love for films
films?
Support to Katy Reitera- 7. Monogloss +Affect More power to ya! Perry and Russell‘s tion commit to user relationship
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The ideology of the writer within this text is right antagonist. It is right
because all attitudes in this text are deeply positive. This means supporting.
Furthermore, it is antagonist because Perez Hilton does not try to find the bad
side or the negative side of the artist at all and does not find the rival to drop
her. He clearly gives support by saying ―More power to ya!‖. For that reason,
the ideology is right antagonist.
3. Text 3 (Leona Lewis) – “Leona’s First Solo Show!”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.3.1 Attitudes and Engagement Analysis – ―Leona‘s First Solo Show!‖ Clause Appraising Types of Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised No. Items items And she got a Nominal Leona 2 standing Monogloss + norm group: Lewis ovation! Metaphor Leona Lewis may have given Nominal + reac Leona a fab 3 Monogloss Lewis‘ group: performance at Quality performance her first solo gig Epithet
… but that doesn't mean she's Nominal - reac Leona without a few 4a. Monogloss Lewis‘ group: tricks up her Quality tricks sleeves - or Epithet
lyrics! but that doesn't mean she's Nominal Leona without a few 4b. Monogloss + ver Lewis‘ group: tricks up her behavior sleeves - or Metaphor lyrics! Clause:
Modalisation We can imagine 6a. Monogloss + cap We of … capability:
proposition 6b. We can imagine Heterogloss - hap Simon‘s Word: Simon's commit to user feeling to
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disappointment (Simon) Antipa- Leona‘s Attitudinal if she had! cheating thy Lexis
But, it all went + comp Leona Word: 7. down without a Monogloss Lewis‘ Attitudinal balance hitch! performance Lexis
"I just want to Heterogloss Clause: say thank you Leona Lewis‘ 9a. so much for (Leona + des Mental desire coming to Lewis) process support me," "I just want to Heterogloss Word: say thank you + sat Leona Lewis‘ 9b. so much for (Leona Attitudinal admir. thanks coming to Lewis) lexis support me," "I just want to Heterogloss Word: say thank you + reac Leona 9c. so much for (Leona Lewis‘ Grammatical quality coming to Lewis) thanks item support me," I was 13 so it Heterogloss Clause: + comp Leona seemed fitting 12. (Leona Lewis‘ Relational for me to come balance performance back here." Lewis) process And the concept + reac Leona Nominal 13. was pretty Monogloss Lewis‘ group: Quality ferosh! concept Epithet … with large images of Nominal + reac Leona herself 14. Monogloss Lewis‘ group: projected on a Qual. images see-through Epithet
screen. … the half Nominal Leona naked ghoulish 15 a. Monogloss - norm Lewis‘ group: dancers running dancers around Epithet
… the half Nominal Leona naked ghoulish 15 b. Monogloss - norm Lewis‘ group: dancers running dancers around Epithet Congrats, Miz Leona Word: Att. 17. Monogloss + norm Lewis! Lewis Lexis We expect Clause: many more Leona Modulation of 18. Monogloss + prop solo shows to Lewis obligation: come!! proposal Numbers 3 7 7 Percentages 17.6commit% to41.2 user% 41.2%
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There are 17 attitudes applied in the text entitled ―Leona‘s First Solo
Show‖. This text contains 18 clauses, this means about 88.9 % clauses have
attitudes within them. All kinds of attitude are employed here; affect (17.6%),
judgment (41.2%) and appreciation (41.2%).
The types of affect in this text are happiness, desire, and satisfaction,
the types of judgment are normality, veracity, and propriety, and types of
appreciation are reaction and composition.
From 17 attitudes, four of them are negative, but they still support
Leona Lewis and some are not directed to Leona Lewis (clauses number 15a.
and 15b. are directed to the ‗dancers‘).
The types of the items are word, nominal group, and clause. There are
4 attitudinal lexes of word, 1 grammatical item, 6 epithets of nominal group, 2
metaphors of nominal group, 2 modality clauses, 1 mental process clause, and
1 relational process clause. Besides, the engagement is mostly monogloss (12
items) and the rest is heterogloss (5 items).
b. Graduation Analysis
Table 4.3.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Leona‘s First Solo Show!‖
Graduation Clause Appraising items Force Form / Meaning No. Focus
Intens. Quant.
Process Inf – up-scaled – And she got a standing 2 - - ovation! metaphor
Leona Lewis may have Quality Iso – up-scaled – 3 given a fab performance - - Attitudinal lexis at her first solo gig …
4a. but that doesn't mean she's commit- toNumber user - Iso – down-scaled – without a few tricks up
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her sleeves - or lyrics! intensifier
but that doesn't mean she's Quality Iso – up-scaled –
4b. without a few tricks up - - metaphor her sleeves - or lyrics!
6a. We can imagine Simon's Process - - Iso – up-scaled – disappointment if she had! intensifier We can imagine Simon's Quality Inf – up-scaled – Att.
6b. disappointment if she - - Lexis had! Quality Inf – up-scaled – 7. But, it all went down - - without a hitch! intensifier
"I just want to say thank Process Inf – down-scaled – 9a. you so much for coming - - Attitudinal Lexis to support me," "I just want to say thank Inf - up-scaled – Att. 9b you so much for coming Quality - - Lexis to support me," "I just want to say thank Iso – up-scaled – 9c. you so much for coming - Number intensifier to support me," I was 13 so it seemed 12. fitting for me to come - - Soften Down-scaled back here." Quality Iso – up-scaled – 13. And the concept was - - pretty ferosh! Attitudinal Lexis
… with large images of Iso – up-scaled – 14. herself projected on a see- - Mass - intensifier through screen. … the half naked 15 a. - - Soften Down-scaled ghoulish dancers running around … the half naked Iso – down-scaled –
15 b. ghoulish dancers running Quality - - Attitudinal lexis around
Inf – up-scaled – Att. 17. Congrats, Miz Lewis! Quality - - Lexis
18. We expect many more Process - - Iso – up-scaled – solo shows to come!! intensifier
According to the table above, there are 12 items that belong to
intensification force and 3 items are quantitative force. Besides, there are 2 commit to user items that belong to focus. The forms of the force are 6 infusion items and 9
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isolating items. The meaning of the force contains metaphor (2 items),
intensifier (6 items), and attitudinal lexis (7 items). Both up-scaled and down-
scaled are grading in these attitudes. The focus is all down-scaled (soften).
This all means that the writer prefers to use amplifying force to
sharpen and soften focus. In this text, the writer applies metaphor as well
(clauses number 2 and 4b). He sometimes uses strong attitude, but sometimes
he does not too pernickety about the dictions.
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.3.3 Genre Analysis – ―Leona‘s First Solo Show!‖ Generic structure Clauses
Title Leona‘s First Solo Show
And she got a standing ovation!
Leona Lewis may have given a fab performance at her first solo gig Thesis in London on Monday, but that doesn't mean
she's without a few tricks up her sleeves - or lyrics!
In order for the X Factor winner to remember her lyrics, she wrote
Argument 1 some key words on her hand as to not forget anything!
We can imagine Simon's disappointment if she had!
But, it all went down without a hitch!
The show at the Hackney Empire was a return to where she
performed as a teenager.
Argument 2 "I just want to say thank you so much for coming to support me,"
Leona told the audience.
"The first time I ever performed here I was 13
so it seemed fitting for me to come back here."
Argument 3 And the concept was pretty ferosh! commit to user
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Leona appeared on stage in a black hooded cape with large images
of herself projected on a see-through screen.
Not to mention the half naked ghoulish dancers running around and
a stage covered in smoke!
Congrats, Miz Lewis!
Reiteration We expect many more solo shows to come!!
The text above is an analytical exposition text. The proofs are as
follows:
1.) Social Function
The text consists of arguments supporting the thesis. The content of
the arguments affirms the statement that Leona Lewis has given a wonderful
performance with a trick as stated in the first paragraph and a restatement of
the thesis. Here the writer tends to show that though Leona has done a kind
of tricking / cheating, she gives a wonderful performance.
2.) Generic Structure
The text consists of thesis, arguments and reiteration . The thesis is
Leona Lewis has performed a fabulous show with a trick. The arguments
are;
Leona writes some key words on her hand.
The show goes down without a hitch.
The concept of the performance is very good.
Then, the reiteration is ―Congrats, Miz Lewis! We expect many
more solo shows to come‖. Those statements restate the first paragraph that
the writer agrees that Leona Lewis has done a fabulous performance by commit to user
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giving a support and felicitation. For these reasons, the genre of the text is
analytical exposition.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.3.4 Prosody Analysis – ―Leona‘s First Solo Show!‖
Clause Generic Kinds of Clauses Engagement No. structure Att. 1. Title Leona‘s First Solo Show
2. And she got a standing ovation! + judg. Monogloss
Leona Lewis may have given a fab performance at 3. + apprc. Monogloss Thesis her first solo gig in London on Monday, but that doesn't mean she's without a few tricks up + apprc. Monogloss 4. her sleeves - or lyrics! + judg. Monogloss In order for the X Factor winner to remember her 5. lyrics, she wrote some key words on her hand as to Argument not forget anything! 1 + judg Monogloss We can imagine Simon's disappointment if she 6. Heterogloss had! - affect (Simon)
7. But, it all went down without a hitch! + apprc. Monogloss
The show at the Hackney Empire was a return to 8. where she performed as a teenager.
Heterogloss + affect (Leona Lewis) Argument "I just want to say thank you so much for coming Heterogloss 9. 2 + affect to support me," (Leona Lewis)
Heterogloss + apprc. (Leona Lewis)
10. Leona told the audience.
11. "The first time I ever performed here I was 13 commit to user
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+ apprc. Heterogloss 12. so it seemed fitting for me to come back here." (Leona Lewis)
13. And the concept was pretty ferosh! + apprc. Monogloss
Leona appeared on stage in a black hooded cape 14. with large images of herself projected on a see- + apprc. Monogloss
Argument through screen.
3 Not to mention the half naked ghoulish dancers - Judg. Monogloss 15. running around - Judg. Monogloss
16. and a stage covered in smoke!
17. Congrats, Miz Lewis! + judg. Monogloss Reiteration 18. We expect many more solo shows to come!! + judg. Monogloss
Based on the table above, there are many attitudes in this text. As
analyzed on the table above, there are 16 attitudes within 18 clauses. The
attitudes are applied in all parts of the text; in the thesis, arguments, and
reiteration.
Additionally, about 70% of attitudes are monogloss or in other words,
they come from the writer‘s idea. He puts his own opinion (monogloss) which
support the artist by giving positive evaluations (clauses number 17 and 18;
―Congratz Miz Lewis! We expect many more solo shows to come!!‖), and
finds other references (heterogloss; from Leona Lewis) which also support his
ideology. Thus, the prosody of the text is more subjective.
e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.3.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Leona‘s First Solo Show!‖
Clause Kinds of Generic Engagement Appraising Items Appraised No. Att. commit to user structure
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2 Monogloss + Judg And she got a standing Leona Lewis ovation!
Leona Lewis may have Leona Lewis‘ given a fab 3 Monogloss + Appr performance performance at her first solo gig … but that doesn't mean Leona Lewis‘ Thesis she's without a few 4a. Monogloss + Appr Tricks tricks up her sleeves - or lyrics!
but that doesn't mean Leona Lewis‘ she's without a few 4b. Monogloss +Judg behavior tricks up her sleeves - or lyrics! We can imagine 6a. Monogloss +Judg Simon's disappointment We if she had! Simon‘s We can imagine Argument 1 Heterogloss feeling to 6b. - Aff. Simon's (Simon) disappointment if she Leona Lewis‘ had! cheating
Leona Lewis‘ 7. Monogloss + Appr But, it all went down without a hitch! performance
Heterogloss "I just want to say Leona Lewis‘ 9a. + Aff. thank you so much for (Leona Lewis) desire coming to support me," Heterogloss "I just want to say Leona Lewis‘ 9b. + Aff. thank you so much for Argument 2 (Leona Lewis) thanks coming to support me,"
Heterogloss "I just want to say thank Leona Lewis‘ 9c. +Appr you so much for (Leona Lewis) Thanks coming to support me,"
Heterogloss I was 13 so it seemed Leona Lewis‘ 12. +Appr fitting for me to come (Leona Lewis) performance back here."
Leona Lewis‘ And the concept was 13. Monogloss + Appr pretty ferosh! concept
… with large images of Leona Lewis‘ 14. Monogloss + Appr herself projected on a Images see-through screen. Argument 3
… the half naked Leona Lewis‘ 15 a. Monogloss - Judg ghoulish dancers dancers running around 15 b. Monogloss - Judg … committhe half nakedto user Leona Lewis‘ ghoulish dancers
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running around dancers
17. Monogloss + Judg Leona Lewis Congrats, Miz Lewis!
We expect many more Reiteration 18. Monogloss + Judg Leona Lewis solo shows to come!!
From the analysis above, it can be concluded that the writer tends to
give support to the artist (Leona Lewis). To make evidence, the writer puts
more positive evaluations to the artist than the negative ones. Even though the
artist has done a kind of cheating (clause number 4; ―but that doesn't mean
she's without a few tricks up her sleeves - or lyrics!‖), the writer, instead,
support her by expressing positive attitudes as can be seen above (clause
number 7). Hence, this is what is called as ―right‖.
Furthermore, this text only exposes Leona Lewis, and just looks for the
good side of her, without comparing to other artist. The negative manner of
her (clauses number 4a and 6; ‗cheating‘) does not make the writer excoriate
her. Hence, this means ―antagonist‖. Finally, the ideology of this text is right
antagonist.
4. Text 4 (Leona Lewis) – “Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive Despite
Being Attacked”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.4.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – ―Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying
Positive despite Being Attacked‖
Clause Appraising Items Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised Types of items No.
Lewis Staying Word: 2. Positive despite Monogloss + ten Leona Lewis Attitudinal Being Attacked commit to user Lexis
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the lovely Leona Nominal group: 4. Lewis was Monogloss + norm Leona Lewis Epithet attacked by … Now, the
Bleeding Love Nominal group: 5 a. Monogloss - cap Leona Lewis singer is opening Epithet up about…
… about the - reac Attack to Nominal group: 5 b. Monogloss terrible attack impact Leona Lewis Epithet Clause: Leona Lewis "It could have Heterogloss Modalisation of 6 a. + ver who gets been worse (Leona Lewis) probability: attack proposition Word: "It could have Heterogloss - reac Attack to 6 b. Grammatical been worse (Leona Lewis) quality Leona Lewis item It is just Something Clause: something you Heterogloss that has to be Modulation of 8 a. have to deal + prop (Leona Lewis) done by obligation: with when you Leona proposal have fame It is just something you Word: Heterogloss 8 b. have to deal with + norm people Attitudinal (Leona Lewis) when you have Lexis fame and the positives Word: Heterogloss + reac People‘s 9 a. far outweigh the Attitudinal Leona Lewis) quality behavior negatives. Lexis and the positives Word: Heterogloss - reac People‘s 9 b. far outweigh the Attitudinal (Leona Lewis) quality behavior negatives. Lexis neg + I don't like to Heterogloss hap Dwell on Clause: Mental 10 a. dwell on the (Leona Lewis) Antipa- negatives process negatives thy
I don't like to Word: Heterogloss + reac All about 10 b. dwell on the Attitudinal (Leona Lewis) Quality Leona Lewis negatives Lexis
Clause: I'm a very Heterogloss 11. - ten Leona Lewis Relational positive person (Leona Lewis) process Word: Glad you're Leona Lewis‘ 12 a. Monogloss + hap Attitudinal staying positive! feeling Lexis Word: Glad you're 12 b. Monogloss + ten Leona Lewis Attitudinal staying positive! Lexis commit to user 13 a. And it probably Monogloss + ver Leona Lewis Word: Modal
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helps to know Adjunct: that … Modalisation of
probability: proposition
… that the douchebag is Leona Lewis Word: 13 b. Monogloss - norm getting charged attacker metaphor for the attack.
Lewis staying Word: 15. positive despite Monogloss + ten Leona Lewis Attitudinal
being attacked… Lexis - reac Attack to 16. Poor thing! Monogloss Minor Clause quality Leona Lewis Numbers 2 11 6 Percentages 10.5% 57.9% 31.6%
There are 19 attitudes applied in 16 clauses within the text. All kinds
of attitudes are employed, but mostly (about 57.9%) is judgment. Here, Perez
Hilton wants to evaluate the artist rather than expressing his feelings. The
types of affect in this text are unhappiness and happiness. The types of
judgment are tenacity, normality, capacity, veracity and propriety. The types
of appreciation are reaction: quality and reaction: impact.
Most of the attitudes are positive but four of them are negative.
However, overall, the text is deeply positive.
The forms of the appraising items are 8 attitudinal lexis items, 1
grammatical item, 1 metaphor item, 3 epithet groups, 2 modality clauses, 1
mental process clause, 1 relational process clause, 1 modal adjunct, and 1
minor clause. Besides, there are 10 items of attitudes which are monogloss and
9 items of attitudes are heterogloss.
b. Graduation Analysis commit to user
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Table 4.4.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive despite
Being Attacked‖
Graduation Clause Appraising Items Force Focus Form / Meaning No. Intens. Quant. Lewis Staying 2. Positive despite Process - - Iso – up-scaled – Attitudinal. Lexis
Being Attacked the lovely Leona 4. Lewis was attacked Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier by … Now, the Bleeding Love singer is 5 a. Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – metaphor opening up about… … about the 5 b. Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – Attitudinal lexis terrible attack "It could have been 6 a. Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier worse "It could have been 6 b. Quality - - Inf – down-scaled – intensifier worse It is just something you have to deal 8 a. Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier with when you have fame It is just something you have to deal 8 b. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis with when you have fame
and the positives 9 a. far outweigh the Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis
negatives. and the positives 9 b. far outweigh the Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis
negatives. I don't like to 10 a. Quality Iso – down-scaled – Att. Lexis dwell on the - - negatives I don't like to dwell 10 b. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis on the negatives I'm a very positive 11. Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier person Glad you're 12 a. Process - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis staying positive!
Glad you're staying 12 b. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis positive! commit to user
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And it probably 13 a. helps to know that Process - Inf – up-scaled – intensifier - … … that the
douchebag is 13 b. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor getting charged for the attack.
Lewis staying 15. positive despite Process - - Iso – up-scaled – Att. Lexis being attacked…
16. Poor thing! - - soften Down-scaled
The graduations of the attitudes are both up-scaled and down-scaled.
In this text, the writer does not too emphasize the strength of the attitude, but
he just uses some attitudes to clarify his notion. Sometimes he uses up-scaled
metaphor ―douchebag‖, but he also employs down-scaled attitudinal lexis
―don’t like‖.
There are 1 focus and 18 force graduations (process and quality), 9 of
them are isolating items and 9 of them are infusion items. The meanings of the
force items contain attitudinal lexis (10 items), intensifier (6 items), and
metaphor (2 items).
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.4.3 Genre Analysis – ―Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive despite
Being Attacked‖
Generic structure Clauses
Leona speaks! Title Lewis staying positive despite being attacked
Thesis As we all know,
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the lovely Leona Lewis was attacked by X Factor reject Peter
Kowalczyk while at a London book signing of her autobiography,
Dreams, earlier this month.
Now, the Bleeding Love singer is opening up about the terrible
attack saying:
"It could have been worse.
I'm still alive. Argument It is just something you have to deal with when you have fame
and the positives far outweigh the negatives.
I don't like to dwell on the negatives.
I'm a very positive person."
Glad you're staying positive!
And it probably helps to know that the douchebag is getting charged for the attack. Reiteration Leona speaks!
Lewis staying positive despite being attacked…
Poor thing!
Analytical Exposition is the most suitable genre for the text above. The
reasons are:
1.) Social Function
The social function of this text is to persuade the reader that Leona
Lewis has been attacked, and the writer does not support that attack. He tends
to show that the attack is horrific.
2.) Generic Structure
The text consists of thesis, argument and reiteration.
Thesis: Leona Lewis has been attacked
Argument: Confession of Leonacommit Lewis to user about the attack.
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Reiteration: A conclusion from the writer which supports the fact of Leona
Lewis and opposes the attacker.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.4.4 Prosody Analysis – ―Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive despite
Being Attacked‖
Clause Generic Kinds Clauses Engagement No. structure of Att. 1. Leona speaks! Title 2. Lewis staying positive despite being attacked + Judg Monogloss
3. As we all know,
the lovely Leona Lewis was attacked by X Thesis Factor reject Peter Kowalczyk while at a 4. + Judg Monogloss London book signing of her autobiography, Dreams, earlier this month.
Now, the Bleeding Love singer is opening up - Judg Monogloss 5. about the terrible attack saying: - Appr Monogloss
Heterogloss + Judg (Leona Lewis) 6. "It could have been worse. Heterogloss - App (Leona Lewis)
7. I'm still alive.
Heterogloss Argument + Judg It is just something you have to deal with (Leona Lewis) 8. when you have fame Heterogloss + Judg (Leona Lewis)
Heterogloss + Appr (Leona Lewis) 9. and the positives far outweigh the negatives. Heterogloss - Appr (Leona Lewis)
10. I don't like to dwellcommit on the to negatives user . + Judg Heterogloss
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(Leona Lewis)
Heterogloss - Appr (Leona Lewis)
Heterogloss 11. I'm a very positive person." + Judg (Leona Lewis)
+ Aff Monogloss 12. Glad you're staying positive! + Judg Monogloss
And it probably helps to know that the + Judg Monogloss 13. douchebag is getting charged for the attack. - Judg Monogloss Reiteration 14. Leona speaks!
Lewis staying positive despite being 15. + Judg Monogloss attacked…
16. Poor thing! - Appr Monogloss
The voice or prosody of the text is more subjective. As can be seen,
there are many attitudes that are put in the text. Besides, the positive attitudes
are more than the negative ones. They are 12 positive attitudes and 7 negative
attitudes. However, the content of the text is truly positive because the attitude
in the title, thesis, arguments, and reiteration are positive. Thus, it supports
the artist.
Moreover, the writer often puts his own opinion proved by the
engagement which is monogloss. He also puts citations from other resources.
However, the attitudes which are from another resource (heterogloss) are just
from Leona Lewis, who is being talked about. This means, the writer only sees
the good side of the artist and explains how suffered the artist is. Because of
these reasons, the voice of this text is more subjective.
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e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.4.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Leona Speaks! Lewis Staying Positive despite
Being Attacked‖
Clause Kinds of Generic Engagement Appraising Items Appraised No. Att. structure
Lewis Staying 2. Monogloss + Judg Positive despite Leona Lewis Title
Being Attacked the lovely Leona 4. Monogloss + Judg Lewis was attacked Leona Lewis Thesis by … Now, the Bleeding 5 a. Monogloss - Judg Love singer is Leona Lewis opening up about… 5 b. Monogloss - Appr … about the terrible Attack to Leona Lewis attack Heterogloss Leona Lewis who gets 6 a. + Judg "It could have been (Leona Lewis) worse. attack
Heterogloss 6 b. - App "It could have been Attack to Leona Lewis (Leona Lewis) worse.
It is just something Heterogloss 8 a. + Judg you have to deal something (Leona Lewis) with when you have fame It is just something Heterogloss you have to deal 8 b. + Judg people Argument (Leona Lewis) with when you have
fame Heterogloss and the positives far 9 a. + Appr outweigh the People‘s behavior Leona Lewis) negatives. Heterogloss and the positives far 9 b. - Appr outweigh the People‘s behavior (Leona Lewis) negatives. Heterogloss 10 a. + Judg I don't like to dwell Dwell on negatives (Leona Lewis) on the negatives
Heterogloss 10 b. - Appr I don't like to dwell Leona Lewis (Leona Lewis) on the negatives
Heterogloss I'm a very positive 11. + Judg Leona Lewis (Leona Lewis) person 12 a. Monogloss + Affe Gladcommit you're stayingto user Leona Lewis Reiteration
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positive!
12 b. Monogloss + Judg Glad you're staying Leona Lewis positive!
And it probably 13 a. Monogloss + Judg helps to know that Leona Lewis …
… that the 13 b. Monogloss - Judg douchebag is Leona Lewis attacker getting charged for
the attack. Lewis staying 15. Monogloss + Judg positive despite Leona Lewis being attacked… 16. Monogloss - Appr Poor thing! Attack to Leona Lewis
The ideology is right because the writer tends to give support to the
artist (Leona Lewis). The proof is that the writer (monogloss) puts only
positive evaluations to the artist. There are some negative values from other
sources (heterogloss) but it only supports the artist. There are some negatives
from the writer (monogloss) such as clauses number 5a, 5b, and 16, but they
are not to disfigure the artist but they are to give compassion to the artist.
It is also antagonist because this text only exposes Leona Lewis, and
just looks for the good side of her, without comparing to other behavior or
other artists. Hence, the ideology of the writer towards this text is right
antagonist.
5. Text 5 (Miley Cyrus) – “Miley Has Bad Taste!”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.5.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – ―Miley Has Bad Taste!‖
Clause Appraising Items Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised Types of items No.
1. Miley Has Bad Monogloss - reac Miley Cyrus‘ Nominal Taste! commit to user
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quality taste group: Epithet
Clause:
2a. We always knew Monogloss + norm We Modalisation that … of usuality: proposition
… that Miley Neg + Clause: Mental 2b. Cyrus didn't Monogloss Miley Cyrus have the best ver Process
taste, … that Miley Neg Miley Cyrus‘ Nominal 2c. Cyrus didn't have Monogloss +reac taste Group: Epithet the best taste, quality Ashlee I love Ashlee Heteroglos + hap; Clause: Mental 8. Simpson & Simpson and (Miley Cyrus) affection Process Nicole Richie." Nicole Richie
Miley Cyrus + sat; loving to 10. Ok Monogloss Ashlee Minor Clause interest Simpson and Nicole Richie - comp; Nominal 11. so few things… Monogloss Things complex. group: Epithet
- dissat; First, Ashlee Ashlee Nominal 12a. Simpson just flat Monogloss displea- group: Simpson out has bad style. sure Metaphor
First, Ashlee - reac; Ashlee Nominal
12b. Simpson just flat Monogloss Simpson‘s quality group: Epithet out has bad style. style +hap; Clause: Mental 14. We love Nicole's Monogloss Nicole‘s style style affection Process
Clause: but Miley Neg +; Modulation of 15. shouldn't aim to Monogloss Miley Cyrus prop obligation: dress like her! proposal
Even Vanessa Clause: Vanessa 17a. Hudgens would Monogloss + ver Modulation of be a better Hudgens obligation choice!
Even Vanessa + reac; Choice of Nominal 17b. Hudgens would Monogloss be a better quality style group: Epithet choice! commit to user
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Even better, + reac; Miley Cyrus‘ Word: 19a. develop your Monogloss Attitudinal quality style own style Lexis Clause: Comment to 19b. … Develop your Monogloss - des Modulation of own style Miley Cyrus obligation: proposal
Clause: Comment 20. Wear what Monogloss - des Modulation of YOU like Miley Cyrus obligation:
proposal Numbers 6 4 6
Percentages 37.5% 25% 37.5%
16 attitudes are there within 21 clauses in this text; 6 affects, 6
appreciations, and 4 judgments. In this text, the writer tends to give fewer
judgments. The types of affect are happiness, dissatisfaction, and desire. The
types of judgment are normality, veracity, and propriety. Besides, the types of
appreciation are reaction: quality, and composition.
There are 7 positive items, and 9 negative items. The positive attitudes
are applied in this text not to appraise the artist who becomes the issue (Miley
Cyrus). Miley Cyrus, instead, is evaluated badly by the writer (put negative
evaluation to the artist).
The types of the items are 1 attitudinal lexis, 5 epithet groups, 1
metaphor group, 5 modality clauses, 3 mental process clauses, and 1 minor
clause.
Meanwhile, there are 15 monogloss and 1 heterogloss sources of
attitudes. This means the writer gives evaluations more than others sources
give.
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b. Graduation Analysis
Table 4.5.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Miley Has Bad Taste!‖
Graduation
Clause Appraising items Force Form / Meaning No. Focus Intens. Quant.
Miley Has Bad Iso – down-scaled – Attitudinal 1. Quality - - Taste! lexis We always knew 2a. Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier that …
… that Miley Cyrus
2b. didn't have the best Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier taste,
… that Miley Cyrus
2c. didn't have the best Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier taste,
I love Ashlee Inf – up-scaled – Attitudinal 8. Simpson & Nicole Process - - Lexis Richie."
10. Ok, Quality - - Inf – down-scaled – Att. Lexis
11. … so few things… - Number - Iso – down-scaled – intensifier
First, Ashlee
12a. Simpson just flat Quality - Iso – down-scaled – metaphor - out has bad style.
First, Ashlee Iso – down-scaled – Attitudinal 12b. Simpson just flat Quality - - lexis out has bad style.
We love Nicole's Inf – up-scaled – Attitudinal
14. Process - - style Lexis
but Miley 15. shouldn't aim to Process Iso – up-scaled – Intensifier - - dress like her!
17a. Even Vanessa Process commit- to user - Iso – up-scaled – Intensifier
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Hudgens would be
a better choice!
Even Vanessa
17b. Hudgens would be Quality Iso – up-scaled – intensifier - - a better choice!
Even better,
19a. develop your own Quality Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis - - style
… Develop your 19b. Process - - Iso – down-scaled - Intensifier own style
Wear what YOU 20. Process - - Iso – down-scaled - Intensifier like
The graduation of the attitudes is force. The force is in the form of
quality and process (intensification) and also number (quantification).
Besides, the majority graduation‘s scale of the attitudes is up-scaled;
the writer, again, uses strong words to criticize the artists‘ feeling. The types
of force are 12 isolating items and 4 infusion items. The graduation is 9 items
intensifier, 6 items attitudinal lexis, and 1 item metaphor.
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.5.3 Genre Analysis – ―Miley Has Bad Taste!‖
Generic structure Clauses
Title Miley Has Bad Taste!
We always knew that Miley Cyrus didn't have the best taste, Thesis and now we know why!
She tells Seventeen Magazine she looks to other celebrities for
Argument 1 style cues,
saying: commit to user
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"I'll go through magazines and
cut out pictures and hang them up.
I love Ashlee Simpson & Nicole Richie."
Hmm. Ok, so a few things…
First, Ashlee Simpson just flat out has bad style.
Beyond that, though, Ashlee and Nicole are both mothers! Argument 2
We love Nicole's style, but Miley shouldn't aim to dress like her!
What about Natalie Portman? Rachel Bilson?
Even Vanessa Hudgens would be a better choice!
You're only 16, girl! Reiteration Even better, develop your own style
and wear what YOU like!
Just sayin'.
The genre of this text is Analytical Exposition. This is because:
1.) Social Function
The social function of the text is that the writer wants to show to the
reader that Miley Cyrus‘ fashion is not interesting. Even though there are
some desire affects on the reiteration, they do not show a recommendation.
However, those just express the thesis using other words. That is, Miley
Cyrus, indeed, does not have a best taste.
2.) Generic Structure
The text contains thesis, two arguments, and reiteration.
Thesis: Miley Cyrus does not have a good taste.
Argument 1: Miley Cyrus‘ idols for styles.
Argument 2: Miley Cyrus‘commit style tois notuser suitable for her.
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Reiteration: A conclusion from the writer to restate that Miley really has
a bad taste and it is to criticize Miley Cyrus.
Therefore, this text is applied in analytical exposition genre.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.5.4 Prosody Analysis – ―Miley Has Bad Taste!‖
Clause Generic Kinds of Clauses Engagement No. structure Att. 1. Title Miley Has Bad Taste! - appr. Monogloss
+ norm Monogloss We always knew that Miley Cyrus didn't 2. Neg + judg Monogloss Thesis have the best taste, Neg + judg Monogloss
3. and now we know why!
She tells Seventeen Magazine she looks to 4. other celebrities for style cues,
5. saying:
6. "I'll go through magazines and
7. cut out pictures and hang them up. Argument 1 Heterogloss I love Ashlee Simpson & Nicole Richie." + affect 8. (Miley Cyrus)
9. Hmm.
10. Ok, + affect Monogloss
so a few things… - appr. Monogloss 11.
First, Ashlee Simpson just flat out has bad - affect Monogloss 12. style. - appr. Monogloss
Beyond that, though, Ashlee and Nicole are 13. Argument 2 both mothers!
14. We love Nicole's style, + affect Monogloss
15. but Miley shouldn't aim to dress like her! Neg + judg Monogloss commit to user
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16. What about Natalie Portman? Rachel Bilson?
Even Vanessa Hudgens would be a better + judg Monogloss 17. choice! + appr. Monogloss
18. You're only 16, girl! Reiteration
+ appr. Monogloss 19. Even better, develop your own style - affect Monogloss
20. and wear what YOU like! - affect Monogloss
21. Just sayin'.
The prosody of this text is more subjective. It is because there are
many attitudes here (16 attitudes within 20 clauses). This means the writer
gives his own evaluations and feelings on his text, even, there are some
clauses containing more than one attitude.
Furthermore, these attitudes are applied in all parts of the text. Not
only in the Reiteration part, but they are also in the thesis, argument even in
the title. Moreover, the sources of the attitudes are almost all monogloss. It is
only one heterogloss. This means that most of the attitudes come from the
writer himself.
Additionally, 56.25% of the attitudes are negative, and 43.75% are
positive. However, the positive attitudes are not about Miley Cyrus. Miley
Cyrus is evaluated negatively. It means the negativity or positivity of the
applied attitudes depends on the subjectivity of the writer. Then, the
conclusion is that the prosody of this text is more subjective.
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e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.5.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Miley Has Bad Taste!‖
Clause Kinds of Generic Engagement Appraising Items Appraised No. Att. structure
Miley Has Bad 1. Monogloss - appr. Miley Cyrus‘ taste Title Taste!
We always knew 2a. Monogloss + norm We that … … that Miley Neg 2b. Monogloss Cyrus didn't have Miley Cyrus + judg Thesis the best taste,
… that Miley Neg 2c. Monogloss Cyrus didn't have Miley Cyrus‘ taste + judg the best taste,
I love Ashlee Heteroglos Ashlee Simpson and 8. + affect Simpson & Nicole (Miley Cyrus) Nicole Richie Richie."
Miley Cyrus loving Argument 1 10. Monogloss + affect Ok, Ashlee Simpson and Nicole Richie
11. Monogloss - appr. … so few things Things
First, Ashlee
12a. Monogloss - affect Simpson just flat Ashlee Simpson
out has bad style.
First, Ashlee Ashlee Simpson‘s 12b. Monogloss - appr. Simpson just flat style out has bad style. Argument 2
We love Nicole's 14. Monogloss + affect Nicole‘s style style
but Miley Neg 15. Monogloss shouldn't aim to Miley Cyrus + judg dress like her!
17a. Monogloss + judg Evencommit Vanessa to userVanessa Hudgens Reiteration
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Hudgens would be
a better choice!
Even Vanessa
17b. Monogloss + appr. Hudgens would be Choice of style
a better choice!
Even better,
19a. Monogloss + appr. develop your own Miley Cyrus‘ style
style
… Develop your Comment to Miley 19b. Monogloss - affect own style Cyrus
Wear what YOU Comment to Miley 20. Monogloss - affect like Cyrus
The text is antagonist because the writer only exposes the bad style of
Miley Cyrus without considering the good side of her. For example, he
ignores Cyrus‘ quality in singing, acting, achievement, etc. The writer just
judges and evaluates negatively to Miley Cyrus‘ style shown by 94% attitudes
which are monogloss to Miley Cyrus and her taste. Additionally, the attitudes
which are directed to Miley Cyrus are all negative. This shows the writer‘s
own point of view.
Meanwhile, the writer gives many negative evaluations in this text for
Miley Cyrus as can be seen above that the attitudes are spread from the
beginning until the end part of the text. The title, thesis, argument 1 and 2, and
reiteration are all appraised negative. He often puts expressions which
showing his disapproval of Miley‘s style. Hence, this is what is called as left.
In conclusion, the ideology is left antagonist.
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6. Text 6 (Miley Cyrus) – “No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who You Are!”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.6.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – ―No Miley, Not Everyone
Knows Who You Are!‖
Clause Types of items Appraising Items Engagement Affect Judg. Apprc. Appraised No.
she just got a - reac; Nominal group: 5 rude wake up Monogloss Wake up call impact Epithet call. While the prosti- - prop Word: 6 tot was getting Monogloss Miley Cyrus Metaphor some food at … - insec; Miley Cyrus‘ 8 Miley was Monogloss Clause: Mental shocked surprise feeling Process
Miley was - insec; Miley Cyrus‘ Clause: Mental 9. shocked and Monogloss surprise feeling Process fired back with Heterogloss Clause: 10. Are you serious? + norm Counter person Relational (Miley Cyrus) Process Heterogloss Neg 11. You don't Counter person Clause: Mental recognize me? (Miley Cyrus) + ver Process
The name obviously didn't + comp; The name Miley Word: 13. register with the Monogloss grammatical balance Cyrus Pop Burger item employee
and just - dissat; Counter person‘s Clause: Mental 14. shrugged and Monogloss Behavior ennui respon said Process Heterogloss Miley Cyrus‘ + hap; That's nice for 16. (counter status as a Word: Att. Lexis you cheer person) celebrity
Heterogloss + hap; Counter person‘s Clause: Mental 18 Have a good day (counter cheer greeting process person)
The writer‘s - unhap; 19 HA! Monogloss feeling of Minor clause antipathy unbelieving commit to user
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Clause: Don’t start Criticizing Miley Modulation of 21. pulling this shiz Monogloss - prop Cyrus obligation: now! proposal
Numbers 6 4 2
Percentages 50% 33.33% 16.67%
There are 12 attitudes applied in 21 clauses within this text. All kinds
of attitudes are employed, but mostly (about 50%) is affect. Here, Perez Hilton
expresses more feelings. The types of affect are insecure, dissatisfaction,
happiness and happiness. Types of judgment are propriety, normality, and
veracity. Meanwhile, the types of appreciation are reaction: impact and
composition.
There are 4 positive items in this text which are not directed to Miley
Cyrus. Meanwhile, there are 8 negative evaluations that most of them appraise
Miley Cyrus.
The types of the attitudes are 1 attitudinal lexis items, 1 grammatical
item, 1 epithet group, 1 metaphor word, 4 mental process clauses, 1 mental
behavior process clause, 1 relational process clause, 1 modality clause and 1
minor clause.
Besides, in this text, there are 8 monogloss and 4 heterogloss sources
of attitudes. This again means that the writer puts attitudes more than other
resources put.
b. Graduation Analysis
Table 4.6.2 Graduation Analysis – ―No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who You
Are!‖ Clause Appraising items commitGraduation to user Form / Meaning
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No. Force Focus Intens. Quant. she just got a rude Iso – up-scaled – Attitudinal 5 Quality - - wake up call. lexis
While the prosti- 6 tot was getting Quality Inf – up-scaled – metaphor - - some food at …
8 Miley was shocked Process - - Inf – up-scaled – att. Lexis Miley was shocked 9. Process - - Inf – up-scaled – att. lexis and fired back with
10. Are you serious? Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – att. lexis You don't 11. Process - - Iso – up-scaled – att. lexis recognize me?
The name obviously didn't
13. register with the Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier Pop Burger employee
and just shrugged 14. Process - - Inf – up-scaled – att. lexis and said
16. That's nice for you Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – att. lexis
18 Have a good day - sharpen Up-scaled -
19 HA! Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – att. Lexis
Don’t start pulling 21. Process - - Iso – up-scaled – intensifier this shiz now!
Seeing the table above, the graduations are both force and focus. They
are 11 force attitudes and 1 focus attitude. The force is all intensification
whether it is process or quality. Mostly the form of the appraising items is
infusion (7 items) and 4 of them is isolating.
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The graduation of the attitudes is up-scaled. The writer wants to
emphasize the strength of the attitudes. Even, he uses metaphor ‗prosti-tot‘
which means as ‗prostitute‘ to judge Miley Cyrus. The writer sometimes, in
this text, uses intensifier (2 items), attitudinal lexis (8 items), and metaphor (1
item). In addition, he uses some expression as if to mock the artist scathingly
such as ‗HA!‘ and ‗Don‘t start pulling this shiz now!‘.
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.6.3 Genre Analysis – ―No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who You Are!‖ Generic structure Clauses No Miley, Title not everyone know who you are!
If Miley Cyrus thought that it's a Hannah Montana world
Thesis and everyone else is just living in it,
she just got a rude wake up call.
While the prosti-tot was getting some food at Pop Burger in New York City,
the counter person asked for her name to put on the order.
Miley was shocked
and fired back with:
"Are you serious?
Argument You don't recognize me?
I'm Miley Cyrus."
The name obviously didn't register with the Pop Burger employee
and just shrugged
and said
"That's nice for you.
Here is your order. commit to user
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Have a good day."
HA!
Reiteration Miley, you're only 17.
Don't start pulling this shiz now!
The text above belongs to analytical exposition genre text. The reasons
can be seen as follows:
1.) Social Function
The social function of the text is to show the reader that Miley Cyrus
deserves to be criticized, because she is too conceited that everybody must
know her.
2.) Generic Structure
The text contains thesis, argument, and reiteration.
Thesis: It is a mistake that Miley Cyrus thinks that everybody knows her.
Argument: Miley Cyrus is disappointed because there is someone she
meets who does not recognize her.
Reiteration: The writer shows his feeling to mock Miley Cyrus which
rewrites the thesis.
Hence, the genre of this text is analytical exposition.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.6.4 Prosody Analysis – ―No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who You Are!‖
Clause Generic Kinds of Clauses Engagement No. structure Att. 1. No Miley, Title 2. not everyone know who you are! commit to user
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If Miley Cyrus thought that it's a Hannah 3. Thesis Montana world
4. and everyone else is just living in it,
5. she just got a rude wake up call. - appr. Monogloss
While the prosti-tot was getting some food at 6. - judg. Monogloss Pop Burger in New York City,
the counter person asked for her name to put 7. on the order.
8. Miley was shocked - affect Monogloss
9. and fired back with: - affect Monogloss
Heterogloss 10. "Are you serious? + judg. (Miley Cyrus)
Heterogloss 11. You don't recognize me? - judg. (Miley Cyrus) Argument 12. I'm Miley Cyrus."
The name obviously didn't register with the 13. + appr Monogloss Pop Burger employee
14. and just shrugged - affect Monogloss
15. and said
Heterogloss 16. "That's nice for you. +affect (counter person)
17. Here is your order.
18. Heterogloss Have a good day." + affect (counter person)
19. HA! - affect Monogloss
20. Reiteration Miley, you're only 17.
21. Don't start pulling this shiz now! -judg Monogloss
Based on the analysis above, it can be concluded that the prosody of
the text is more subjective. As can be seen, there are 12 attitudes within 21 commit to user
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clauses. This means the writer not only gives fact about an artist, but he also
gives his own opinion on his text towards the artist. Besides, the attitudes are
applied in all parts of the text. Not only in the reiteration part, but the attitudes
are also in the thesis and argument. Then, about 67% of the sources of the
attitudes are monogloss. This means that more than a half of the attitudes
come from the writer himself. This also means that he often gives evaluation
to the artist.
Meanwhile, 67% of the attitudes are negative, and the rest are positive.
The positives are about the counter person‘s expression, the negative
evaluations are given by the writer to appraise the artist. Therefore, the text
contains the justly negative attitudes and this is a scathing text. This means,
the prosody is more subjective because he evaluates the artist with his own
way and based on his own desire.
e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.6.5 Ideology Analysis – ―No Miley, Not Everyone Knows Who You
Are!‖
Clause Kinds of Generic Engagement Appraising Items Appraised No. Att. structure she just got a rude 5 Monogloss - appr. Wake up call Thesis wake up call.
While the prosti-tot 6 Monogloss - judg. was getting some Miley Cyrus
food at …
8 Monogloss - affect Miley was shocked Miley Cyrus‘ feeling Argument
Miley was shocked 9. Monogloss - affect Miley Cyrus‘ feeling and fired back with 10. Heterogloss + judg. Arecommit you serious to user? Counter person
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(Miley Cyrus)
Heterogloss You don't recognize 11. - judg. Counter person (Miley Cyrus) me?
The name obviously didn't register with 13. Monogloss + appr The name Miley Cyrus the Pop Burger
employee
and just shrugged Counter person‘s 14. Monogloss - affect and said respon
Heterogloss Miley Cyrus‘ status as 16. +affect That's nice for you (counter person) a celebrity
Heterogloss Counter person‘s 18 + affect Have a good day (counter person) greeting
The writer‘s feeling of 19 Monogloss - affect HA! unbelieving Reiteration Don’t start pulling 21. Monogloss - judg. Criticizing Miley Cyrus this shiz now!
According to the table above, the text is antagonist because there is not
a comparison between one side and another. The writer only exposes the
unpleasant manner of Miley Cyrus without considering the good manner of
her. For example, he ignores Miley Cyrus‘s quality of singing, acting,
dancing, achieving and social life, etc.
Meanwhile, the writer gives many negative evaluations to Miley Cyrus
in this text, even there is not any positive evaluation about Miley Cyrus which
comes from the writer (monogloss). The artist is only appraised negatively by
the writer. Therefore, the writer does not support Miley Cyrus. Hence, this is
what is called as left. Finally, the ideology is left antagonist.
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7. Text 7 (Chris Brown) – “Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.7.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – ―Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down
In?!‖
Types of Clause Appraising items Engagement Affect Judg. Appr. Appraised no. items
Word: 1. Glambert out! Monogloss + norm Adam Lambert Metaphor Word: 2. Beat-Her-Down in! Monogloss - prop Chris Brown Metaphor America's priorities American‘s Clause: 3a. seem to be ass Monogloss + sec Relational priority now backwards! Process America's priorities - reac America‘s Nominal 3b. seem to be ass Monogloss group: impact priority backwards! metaphor Although Adam Lambert was deemed Heterogloss GMA‘s Clause: 4a. too controversial for + sec Mental (GMA) conviction Good Morning Process America Although Adam Lambert was deemed Heterogloss Word: 4b. too controversial for - prop Chris Brown grammati- (GMA) Good Morning cal item America Heterogloss Clause: Chris Brown sure 5. + norm Chris Brown Relational isn't! (GMA) Process
Clause: The singer, who pled Heterogloss Mental 6. guilty to beating - prop Chris Brown (court) Behavior Rihanna … process while Glambert's
7a. harmless gay kiss was Monogloss + norm Adam Lambert Word: too much for the Metaphor American public!
while Glambert's Glambert‘s gay Nominal harmless gay kiss was 7b. Monogloss + comp group: too much for the kiss Epithet American public! while Glambert's Heterogloss Glambert‘s gay Clause: harmless gay kiss was 7c. (American - comp Relational too much for the kiss public) Process American public! commit to user
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Gay activist + reac and feminist‘ Word:
8. And rightfully so, Monogloss furiousness grammatical impact over the item decision
many gay activists and Gay activist Nominal 9a. feminists are furious Monogloss + comp Group: and feminist over the decision!!!! Epithet
Heterogloss - dissat. Gay activist many gay activists and (Gay activist Clause: 9b. feminists are furious displea- and feminist‘ Relational and over the decision!!!! sure reaction Process feminist)
that it doesn't trust Heterogloss Neg + GMA‘s Clause: someone who shocked 11a. Mental with an unpredictable (GMA) sec conviction Process show and a gay kiss, that it doesn't trust Adam - insec. Clause: someone who shocked 11b. Monogloss Lambert‘s Mental with an unpredictable disquiet Process show and a gay kiss, feeling that it doesn't trust + reac Nominal someone who shocked 11c. Monogloss Show group: with an unpredictable impact Epithet show and a gay kiss, GMA‘s but then it is happy to Heterogloss + hap Clause: 12a. go ahead with Chris conviction to Relational (GMA) aff. Brown,… Chris Brown Process
… Chris Brown, who Heterogloss Clause: 12b. was convicted of - prop Chris Brown Mental (court) felony assault, Process
… Chris Brown, who Heterogloss - reac Nominal 12c. was convicted of Chris Brown group: (court) impact felony assault, Epithet
Word: The possibility of him Heterogloss Modal Chris Brown to performing a song will Adjunct: 17. (ABC + ver be worked out next perfom Mod. of week source) probability: proposition
- dissat. Writer‘s Minor 18. WTF! Monogloss displea- expression of Clause sure detestation
Clause: 19. He’s gonna perform?! Monogloss - ver Chris Brown commit to user Mod. of
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probability: proposition
Minor 22. Bullshit! Monogloss - ver GMA Clause
Next time, Glambert, Word: 23a. go ahead and beat the Monogloss + norm Adam Lambert Metaphor shiz outta your band!
Clause: Next time, Glambert, Modulation 23b. Monogloss + prop Adam Lambert go ahead and beat the of shiz outta your band! obligation: proposal + reac Support to Minor 24. No harm there! Monogloss impact Adam Lambert Clause
Numbers 7 12 8
Percentages 25.93 % 44.44 % 29.63 %
There are 27 attitudes within 24 clauses. This means the writer puts so
many evaluations within the text; 44.44% judgment, 29.63% appreciation, and
25.93% affect. The writer does not always judge the artist but he also
expresses his own feeling and evaluates things through the text. The types of
affect are security, insecurity, dissatisfaction, and happiness. The types of
judgment are normality, propriety, and veracity. Additionally, types of
appreciation are reaction: impact and composition.
There are 14 positive attitudes and 13 negative attitudes. The positive
attitudes to Chris Brown mostly come from other sources (heterogloss).
However, the positive attitudes which come from the writer tend to give
negative comment after the praise by other sources to Chris Brown, for
examples ‗WTF!‘ (clause number 18), ‗Bullshit!‘ (clause number 19), and
‗He‘s gonna perform?!?!‘ (clause number 22).
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The types of the appraising items are; 4 metaphor words, 2
grammatical items, 1 modal adjunct word, 1 metaphor group, 4 epithet group,
2 modality clauses, 4 mental clauses, 1 mental behavior process clause, 5
relational process clauses, and 3 minor clauses.
Besides, the sources of attitudes are mostly monogloss (16 items) and
the rest is heterogloss (11 items).
b. Graduation Analysis
Table 4.7.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!‖ Graduation Clause Appraising items Force Form / Meaning no. Focus Intensification Quantification Inf – up-scaled – 1. Glambert out! Quality - - metaphor
Iso – up-scaled – 2. Beat-Her-Down in! Quality - - metaphor
America's priorities seem to be 3a. - soften Down-scaled - ass backwards!
America's priorities seem to be Iso – up-scaled – 3b. Quality - - ass backwards! metaphor
Although Adam Lambert was Iso – down-scaled – Att. 4a. deemed too controversial for Process - - Lexis Good Morning America
Although Adam Lambert was Iso – up-scaled – 4b. deemed too controversial for Quality - - intensifier Good Morning America
5. Chris Brown sure isn't! - - sharpen Up-scaled
The singer, who pled guilty to Iso – down-scaled –
6. Process - - beating Rihanna … Att. Lexis commit to user
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while Glambert's harmless gay Inf – up-scaled – 7a. kiss was too much for the Quality - - metaphor American public!
while Glambert's harmless gay Iso – down-scaled – 7b. kiss was too much for the Quality - - intensifier American public!
while Glambert's harmless gay Iso – up-scaled – 7c. kiss was too much for the Quality - - intensifier American public!
Iso – up-scaled – 8. And rightfully so, Quality - - intensifier
many gay activists and feminists Iso – up-scaled – 9a. - Number - are furious over the decision!!!! intensifier
many gay activists and feminists Inf – up-scaled – Att. 9b. Quality - - are furious over the decision!!!! Lexis
that it doesn't trust someone who shocked with an Iso – down-scaled – 11a. Process - - unpredictable show and a gay Intensifier kiss,
that it doesn't trust someone who Inf – up-scaled – Att. 11b. shocked with an unpredictable Process - - Lexis show and a gay kiss,
that it doesn't trust someone who Iso – up-scaled –
11c. shocked with an unpredictable Quality - - Attitudinal lexis show and a gay kiss,
but then it is happy to go ahead Inf – up-scaled – Att.
12a. Quality - - with Chris Brown,… Lexis
… Chris Brown, who was Iso – up-scaled – Att. 12b. Process - - convicted of felony assault, Lexis
… Chris Brown, who was 12c. - - sharpen Up-scaled convicted of felony assault,
The possibility of him Inf – up-scaled – 17. Process - - performing a song will be commit to user intensifier
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worked out next week
Inf – up-scaled –
18. WTF! Quality - - swearing
Iso – down-scaled – 19. He’s gonna perform?! Process - - intensifier
Inf – up-scaled – 22. Bullshit! Quality - - swearing
Next time, Glambert, go ahead Inf – up-scaled – 23a. and beat the shiz outta your Quality - - metaphor band!
Next time, Glambert, go ahead Iso – down-scaled – 23b. and beat the shiz outta your Process - - intensifier band!
Iso – up-scaled – 24. No harm there! Quality - - intensifier
The graduations in this text are various. 24 items are force and 3 items
are focus. In this text, the writer uses process and quality for force
(intensification) and he also uses number (quantification). Besides, the focus is
both to sharpen and to soften for a certain condition. The scaling is mostly up-
scaled but there are some down-scale graduations as well.
The forms of force are infusion (9 items) and isolating (15 items).
Besides, the contents are 5 metaphor attitudes, 7 attitudinal lexis attitudes, 10
intensifier attitudes and 2 swearing attitudes. He uses some swearing such as
―WTF!‖ and ―bullshit!‖ (Clauses number 18 and 22). He also uses word like
―Glambert‖ which is his own language style to up-scale the amplification of
the evaluation.
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c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.7.3 Genre Analysis – ―Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!‖
Generic Structure Clauses
Title Glambert out!
Beat-Her-Down In?!
America‘s priorities seem to be ass backwards!
Although Adam Lambert was deemed too controversial for Good Thesis Morning America,
Chris Brown sure isn't!
The singer, who pled guilty to beating Rihanna, will do a taped tell- all interview with Robin Roberts over the incident,
while Glambert's harmless gay kiss was too much for the American Argument 1 public!
And rightfully so,
many gay activists and feminists are furious over the decision!!!!
"The network is giving a mixed message —
that it doesn't trust someone who shocked with an unpredictable show and a gay kiss,
but then it is happy to go ahead with Chris Brown, who was convicted of felony assault,"
said an ABC source.
Argument 2 "Chris Brown's interview was booked way
before Adam Lambert took to the stage.
It is to give him a chance to respond to Rihanna's interview.
The possibility of him performing a song will be worked out next
week."
WTF?!
He's gonna perform?!?!
The network stands by their claims that canceling Adam's GMA
Argument 3 appearance had nothing to do with his sexual orientation!
BULLSHIT!!!commit to user
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P. S. Next time, Glambert, go ahead and beat the shiz outta your
Reiteration band!
No harm there!
This text about Chris Brown is included into analytical exposition
genre. To prove it, here are the reasons:
1.) Social Function
The social function of the text is to show the reader that Adam
Lambert deserves to be supported, while Chris Brown is not right and he
deserves to be criticized. This means, the text belongs to analytical exposition
genre.
2.) Generic Structure
The text contains:
Title: ―Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down in!‖
Thesis: GMA deems Adam Lambert is too controversial, yet Chris Brown
is not.
Argument 1: Chris Brown who has pled guilty for his violence is given a
chance to be interviewed in GMA, yet Adam Lambert who does not break
the law or rule becomes too much for American public.
Argument 2: GMA does not trust Adam Lambert who has a good
performance, although he is a gay, yet it is happy with Chris Brown who
was convicted of felony assault.
Argument 3: GMA states that the canceling of Adam Lambert‘s show has
nothing to do with the reason of being gay.
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Reiteration: The writer conclusion restates the content of the thesis that
contains support to Adam Lambert, not to Chris Brown.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.7.4 Prosody Analysis – ―Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!‖
Clause Generic Kinds of Clauses Engagement no. Structure Att. 1. Glambert out! + judg. Monogloss Title 2. Beat-Her-Down In?! - judg. Monogloss
+ affect Monogloss 3. America's priorities seem to be ass backwards! - appr. Monogloss
Heterogloss + affect Although Adam Lambert was deemed too (GMA) 4. Thesis controversial for Good Morning America, Heterogloss - judg (GMA)
Heterogloss 5. Chris Brown sure isn't! + judg. (GMA)
The singer, who pled guilty to beating Rihanna, Heterogloss 6. will do a taped tell-all interview with Robin - judg.
(court) Roberts over the incident,
+ judg. Monogloss
+ appr. Monogloss while Glambert's harmless gay kiss was too 7. Heterogloss Argument much for the American public! - appr. (American 1 public)
8. And rightfully so, + appr. Monogloss
+ appr. Monogloss
many gay activists and feminists are furious Heterogloss 9. over the decision!!!! - affect (Gay activist
and feminist) commit to user
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10. "The network is giving a mixed message —
Neg + Heterogloss
that it doesn't trust someone who shocked affect (GMA) 11. with an unpredictable show and a gay kiss, - affect Monogloss
+ appr. Monogloss
Heterogloss + affect (GMA)
but then it is happy to go ahead with Chris Heterogloss 12. - judg Brown, who was convicted of felony assault," (court)
Argument Heterogloss - appr. 2 (court)
13. said an ABC source.
14. "Chris Brown's interview was booked way
15. before Adam Lambert took to the stage.
It is to give him a chance to respond to 16. Rihanna's interview.
The possibility of him performing a song will Heterogloss 17. + judg be worked out next week." (ABC source)
18. WTF?! - affect Monogloss
19. He's gonna perform?!?! - judg Monogloss
20. The network stands by their claims
Argument that canceling Adam's GMA appearance had 21. 3 nothing to do with his sexual orientation!
22. BULLSHIT!!! - judg Monogloss
P.S. Next time, Glambert, go ahead and beat + judg Monogloss 23. Reiteration the shiz outta your band! + judg Monogloss
24. No harm there! + appr Monogloss
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The prosody of this text is more subjective. There are 27 attitudes
within 24 clauses. This means the writer gives his own emotional feelings on
his text, even, there are some clauses containing more than one attitude.
Another reason is that the attitudes are applied in all parts of the text.
Not only in the reiteration part, but they are also in the thesis, each argument
even in the title. Moreover, the sources of the attitudes are about 60%
monogloss. This means that more than a half of all attitudes come from the
writer himself.
Besides, 52% of the attitudes are positive, and the rest are negative.
The positives are about Adam Lambert, but the negative evaluations are about
Chris Brown. The positive evaluations to Chris Brown do not come from the
writer, but they come from other sources (American Public and GMA). This
means, the negativity or positivity of the applied attitudes depends on the
subjectivity of the writer. Hence, the writer is more subjective in this text.
e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.7.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Glambert Out! Beat-Her-Down In?!‖
Clause Kinds of Generic Engagement Appraising items Appraised no. Att. Structure 1. Monogloss + judg. Glambert out! Adam Lambert Title 2. Monogloss - judg. Beat-Her-Down in! Chris Brown
America's priorities seem to American‘s priority 3a. Monogloss + affect be ass backwards! now
America's priorities seem to 3b. Monogloss - appr. America‘s priority Thesis be ass backwards!
Heterogloss Although Adam Lambert was 4a. + affect GMA‘s conviction (GMA) deemed too controversial for commit to user
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Good Morning America
Although Adam Lambert was Heterogloss 4b. - judg deemed too controversial for Chris Brown (GMA) Good Morning America
Heterogloss 5. + judg. Chris Brown sure isn't! Chris Brown (GMA)
Heterogloss The singer, who pled guilty 6. - judg. Chris Brown (court) to beating Rihanna …
while Glambert's harmless 7a. Monogloss + judg. gay kiss was too much for the Adam Lambert American public!
while Glambert's harmless 7b. Monogloss + appr. gay kiss was too much for the Glambert‘s gay kiss American public!
Heterogloss while Glambert's harmless 7c. (American - appr. gay kiss was too much for Glambert‘s gay kiss Argument public) the American public! 1
Gay activist and 8. Monogloss + appr. And rightfully so, feminist‘ furious over the decision
many gay activists and Gay activist and 9a. Monogloss + appr. feminists are furious over the feminist decision!!!!
Heterogloss many gay activists and Gay activist and 9b. (Gay activist - affect feminists are furious over the feminist‘ reaction and feminist) decision!!!!
that it doesn't trust someone
Heterogloss Neg who shocked with an 11a. GMA‘s conviction (GMA) +affect unpredictable show and a gay Argument kiss,
2 that it doesn't trust someone
11b. Monogloss - affect who shocked with an Adam Lambert‘s feeling unpredictablecommit show to userand a gay
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kiss,
that it doesn't trust someone
who shocked with an 11c. Monogloss + appr. Show unpredictable show and a
gay kiss,
Heterogloss but then it is happy to go GMA‘s conviction to 12a. + affect (GMA) ahead with Chris Brown,… Chris Brown
Heterogloss … Chris Brown, who was 12b. - judg Chris Brown (court) convicted of felony assault,
Heterogloss … Chris Brown, who was 12c. - appr. Chris Brown (court) convicted of felony assault,
The possibility of him Heterogloss 17. + judg performing a song will be Chris Brown to perfom (ABC source) worked out next week
Writer‘s expression of 18. Monogloss - affect WTF! detestation
19. Monogloss - judg He’s gonna perform?! Chris Brown Argument 22. Monogloss - judg Bullshit! GMA 3
Next time, Glambert, go
23a. Monogloss + judg ahead and beat the shiz outta Adam Lambert
your band!
Next time, Glambert, go Reiteration 23b. Monogloss + judg ahead and beat the shiz Adam Lambert
outta your band!
Support to Adam 24. Monogloss + appr No harm there! Lambert
Observing the table above, the text is antagonist. It is because the
writer only exposes the violence made by Chris Brown without considering
the good side of Chris Brown. For example, he ignores Brown‘s quality in commit to user
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singing and dancing, etc. The writer just judges and evaluates negatively to
Chris Brown. In the other hand, the writer gives many expressions of
admiration to Adam Lambert and does not care about the controversial life of
Adam Lambert which is a gay. Therefore, this is called as ―antagonist‖.
The writer gives many positive evaluations in this text for Adam
Lambert. However, because this text is actually about Chris Brown, and Adam
Lambert is only compared to Chris Brown in this text, which the attitudes for
Chris Brown are always negative by the writer, so the writer tends to support
Adam Lambert yet he challenges Chris Brown. Hence, this is what is called as
left. This kind of ideology is then called as left antagonist.
8. Text 8 (Chris Brown) – “Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public”
a. Attitude and Engagement Analysis
Table 4.8.1 Attitude and Engagement Analysis – ―Chris Brown Heckled By Woman in Public‖
Clause Types of Appraising items Engagement Affect Judg. Appr. Appraised no. items
… when a woman - reac; Woman Nominal 3. verbally tore him a Monogloss shouting to group: impact new asshole Chris Brown Epithet Heterogloss Nominal shouting, "Fucking 4. - prop Chris Brown group: beater!" (a woman) Epithet "I hope someone Heterogloss Clause: 5a. beats the fucking shit - prop Chris Brown Mental (a woman) out of you!" process … someone beats Heterogloss - reac; Chris Brown‘s Nominal 5b. the fucking shit out Group: (a woman) quality behavior of you!" Epithet 6. Beat-Her-Down Monogloss - prop Chris Brown Word: paid her no attention Metaphor There are even some
MAYJAH douches Chris Brown‘s Nominal 8a. praising Brown Monogloss - cap group: fans calling him ―the commit to user Metaphor man.‖
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… some MAYJAH Heterogloss Nominal douches praising 8b. (Chris Brown + prop Chris Brown group: Brown calling him Epithet ―the man.” fans)
- dissatis; The writer‘s Minor 9. Disgusting. Monogloss feeling to ennui clause Chris Brown
Beat-Her-Down Word: 10. says on the Wendy Monogloss - prop Chris Brown Metaphor Williams Show Heterogloss Clause: that he's 11. -ver Chris Brown Mental misunderstood (Chris Brown) process that I'm sorry Heterogloss - unhap: Chris Brown‘s Clause: 13a. probably have been - prop Relational (Chris Brown) misery misunderstood perceived wrong Process Word: Heterogloss Modal I'm sorry probably Adjunct: 13b. have been perceived (Chris -ver Chris Brown Mod. of wrong Brown) probability: proposition … probably have Heterogloss Clause: 13c. been perceived - prop Chris Brown mental (people) wrong process Heterogloss - unhap: Chris Brown‘s Clause: I’m definitely 14. (Chris relational remorseful misery remorseful Brown) process Heterogloss Chris Brown‘s Word: 16. that I take lightly - prop gramma- (Chris Brown) thought tical item Clause: Then why do you Mod. of always have that 18a. Monogloss - norm Chris Brown usuality: smug grin on your proposi- face … tion
… that smug grin on -reac; Chris Brown‘s Nominal your face like you 18b. Monogloss group: got away with impact smile Epithet something horrible!
… that smug grin on - reac; 18c. your face like you Monogloss Something Word: got away with impact Att. Lexis
something horrible! Minor 19. Douche! Monogloss - cap Chris Brown Clause Numbers 3 13 4
Percentages 15% 65% 20%
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There are 19 clauses in the second text about Chris Brown, and there
are 20 attitudes within it. They are 3 affects, 13 judgments, and 4
appreciations which all of them are negative, except one (clause number 8b).
Types of affect are dissatisfaction and unhappiness; types of judgment
are propriety, capacity, veracity, and normality; and types of appreciation are
reaction: impact and reaction: quality.
This text exposes an evaluation of bad behavior of Chris Brown.
Consequently, there will be many negative attitudes employed, even; there is
only one positive attitude and it does not come from the writer. Through this
text, the writer tends to judge the artist (Chris Brown) in this text, proven by
the 65% of the attitudes which are judgment. However, he also expresses bad
appreciation and bad affect in the amount of 20% and 15%.
The forms of the attitudes are 2 metaphor words, 1 grammatical item,
1 attitudinal lexis, 1 modal adjunct, 1 metaphor group, 5 epithet group, 3
mental process clauses, 3 relational process clauses, 1 modality clause, and 2
minor clauses.
Meanwhile, the resources of the attitudes are 9 items monogloss and 11
items heterogloss.
b. Graduation Analysis
Table 4.8.2 Graduation Analysis – ―Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public‖
Graduation
Clause Appraising items Force Form / Meaning no. Focus Intens. Quant.
3. … when a woman verbally Qualitycommit to user- - Iso – up-scaled – swearing
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tore him a new asshole
4. shouting, "Fucking beater!" Quality Iso – up-scaled – swearing - -
"I hope someone beats the Iso – down-scaled – 5a. Process - - fucking shit out of you!" intensifier
… someone beats the 5b. Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – swearing fucking shit out of you!"
Beat-Her-Down paid her no 6. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor attention
There are even some MAYJAH douches praising 8a. Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – metaphor Brown calling him ―the man.‖
… some MAYJAH douches
8b. praising Brown calling him Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor ―the man.”
9. Disgusting. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – Att. Lexis Beat-Her-Down says on the 10. Quality - - Inf – up-scaled – metaphor Wendy Williams Show
Iso – down-scaled – 11. that he's misunderstood Process - - intensifier
that I'm sorry probably have Iso – down-scaled – 13a. Process - - been perceived wrong intensifier
I'm sorry probably have Iso – up-scaled –
13b. Quality - - been perceived wrong intensifier
… probably have been Iso – down-scaled – 13c. Process - - perceived wrong intensifier
14. I’m definitely remorseful - - sharpen Up-scaled
Iso – up-scaled – 16. that I take lightly Quality - - intensifier
Then why do you always Iso – up-scaled – 18a. have that smug grin on your Process - - intensifier face … commit to user
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… that smug grin on your
18b. face like you got away with Quality - - Iso – up-scaled – metaphor
something horrible!
… that smug grin on your Iso – up-scaled – 18c. face like you got away with Quality - - intensifier something horrible!
19. Douche! Quality - Inf – up-scaled – swearing -
Most of graduations are force, there is only one sharpen focus. The
force is only intensification including quality, process, and modality. The
forms of the graduation (force) are infusion (5 items) and isolating (13 items).
The options of the graduation are metaphor (5 items), intensifier (8 items),
attitudinal lexis (1 item), and swearing (4 items). Both up and sometimes
down become the scaling of the attitude in this text.
The writer applies metaphor here. He uses some idioms and creates his
own expression like ―Beat-Her-Down‖, meaning ―Chris Brown who beats
Rihanna‖. He also uses some idioms and swearing such as ―new asshole‖
(clause number 3), ―fucking beater‖ (clause number 4), ―fucking shit‖ (clause
number 5b), ―MAYJAH douches‖ (clause number 8a.), ―smug grin‖ (clause
number 18b.), and ―Douche!‖ (clause number 19).
c. Genre Analysis
Table 4.8.3 Genre Analysis – ―Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public‖
Generic Structure Clauses Title - Thesis Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public
Chris Brown was at a Footaction store in NYC on Wednesday Argument when a woman verbally tore him a new asshole commit to user
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shouting, "Fucking beater!"
and "I hope someone beats the fucking shit out of you!"
Beat-Her-Down paid her no attention
and even took pictures with fans.
There are even some MAYJAH douches praising Brown calling him
"the man."
Disgusting.
Beat-Her-Down says on the Wendy Williams Show
that he's misunderstood:
"The steps that I've taken to show
that I'm sorry probably have been perceived wrong…
I'm definitely remorseful,
and it's not something
that I take lightly
Or think that it's, like, under the rug."
Then why do you always have that smug grin on your face like you Reiteration got away with something horrible! DOUCHE!
The genre of the second text of Chris Brown is Analytical Exposition.
It is because:
1.) Social Function
The social function of the text is that the writer wants to show to the
reader that Chris Brown has done a mistake and he shows his disrespectful
attitudes to Chris Brown because of it.
2.) Generic Structure
The text consists of Thesis, Argument, and Reiteration.
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Thesis: a woman expresses her abhorrence to Chris Brown but Chris
Brown ignores it.
Argument: Chris Brown says sorry for his mistake.
Reiteration: the writer expresses that he challenges Chris Brown as Brown
ignores the woman.
Thus, analytical exposition is the most suitable genre to be called for this
text.
d. Prosody Analysis
Table 4.8.4 Prosody Analysis – ―Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public‖ Clause Generic Kinds of Clauses Engagement no. Structure Att. Title – 1. Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public. Thesis
Chris Brown was at a Footaction store in NYC on 2. Wednesday
3. when a woman verbally tore him a new asshole - appr. Monogloss
Heterogloss 4. shouting, "Fucking beater!" - judg. (a woman)
Heterogloss - judg. and "I hope someone beats the fucking shit out (a woman) 5. of you!" Heterogloss Argument - appr. (a woman)
6. Beat-Her Down paid her no attention - judg. Monogloss
7. and even took pictures with fans.
- judg. Monogloss There are even some MAYJAH douches praising 8. Heterogloss Brown calling him ”the man” + judg (Brown‘s fans)
Disgusting. - affect Monogloss
10. Beat-Her-Down says on the Wendy Williams - judg. Monogloss commit to user
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Show
Heterogloss 11. that he's misunderstood: - judg. (Chris Brown)
12. "The steps that I've taken to show
- affect Heterogloss
- judg. (Chris Brown)
13. that I'm sorry probably have been perceived Heterogloss - judg. wrong… (Chris Brown)
Heterogloss - judg. (people)
Heterogloss 14. I'm definitely remorseful, - affect (Chris Brown)
15. and it's not something
Heterogloss 16. that I take lightly - judg. (Chris Brown)
17. or think that it's, like, under the rug."
Then why do you always have that smug grin on - judg. Monogloss 18. your face like you got away with something - appr. Monogloss Reiteration horrible! - appr. Monogloss
19. DOUCHE! - judg Monogloss
Similar to other texts in this research, this text is more subjective as
well. It is because the writer gives many evaluations in the text, as there are 20
attitudes within 19 clauses. This means the writer does not only want to give
fact about Chris Brown, but he also wants to show his comment about Chris
Brown through this text.
Besides, from the beginning part of the text until the end, the attitudes
exist. As can be seen above, on the argument and reiteration, the attitudes
emerge. Additionally, about 50%commit of the to userattitudes are monogloss. It means that
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besides finding other sources, he also puts his own opinion in the text. All
attitudes are negative; there is only 1 positive attitude, yet it is not expressed
by the writer. It means the writer is really subjective to contradict Chris
Brown.
e. Ideology Analysis
Table 4.8.5 Ideology Analysis – ―Chris Brown Heckled By Woman In Public‖ Clause Kinds of Generic Engagement Appraising items Appraised No. Attitudes Structure … when a woman verbally tore Woman shouting 3. Monogloss - appr. him a new asshole to Chris Brown
Heterogloss 4. - judg. shouting, "Fucking beater!" Chris Brown (a woman)
Heterogloss "I hope someone beats the 5a. - judg. Chris Brown (a woman) fucking shit out of you!"
Heterogloss … someone beats the fucking shit Chris Brown‘s 5b. - appr. (a woman) out of you!" behavior
Beat-Her-Down paid her no 6. Monogloss - judg. Chris Brown attention
There are even some MAYJAH Chris Brown‘s Argument 8a. Monogloss - judg. douches praising Brown calling fans him ―the man.‖
Heterogloss … some MAYJAH douches
8b. (Brown‘s + judg praising Brown calling him ―the Chris Brown
fans) man.”
The writer‘s feeling 9. Monogloss - affect Disgusting. to Chris Brown
Beat-Her-Down says on the 10. Monogloss - judg. Chris Brown Wendy Williams Show
Heterogloss 11. - judg. that he's misunderstood Chris Brown (Chris Brown) commit to user
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Heterogloss - affect that I'm sorry probably have been Chris Brown‘s 13a. (Chris Brown) - judg. perceived wrong misunderstood
Heterogloss I'm sorry probably have been Chris Brown may 13b. - judg. (Chris Brown) perceived wrong be wrong
Heterogloss … probably have been perceived 13c. - judg. Chris Brown (people) wrong
Heterogloss Chris Brown‘s 14. - affect I’m definitely remorseful (Chris Brown) remorseful
Heterogloss Chris Brown‘s 16. - judg. that I take lightly (Chris Brown) thought
Then why do you always have 18a. Monogloss - judg. Chris Brown that smug grin on your face …
… that smug grin on your face Chris Brown‘s 18b. Monogloss - appr. like you got away with something smile horrible! Reiteration … that smug grin on your face like 18c. Monogloss - appr. you got away with something Something horrible!
19. Monogloss - judg Douche! Chris Brown
It is an antagonist text because in exposing the artist, the writer only
sees the bad side of the artist, Chris Brown. That is, Chris Brown has done a
mistake, and then the writer gives many negative evaluations about Chris
Brown in the text without considering the positiveness of Chris Brown. Even
tough in the text is put ‗excuse‘ from Chris Brown (clauses number 13a and
14); the writer just puts negative comment after it (clauses number 18a, 18b,
18c, and 19).
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It is also a left ideological text because the writer puts many negative
evaluations in it. He also takes another resources (from a woman) who also
similar with him in case of evaluating Chris Brown. Even, there is only one
positive attitude in this text. Overall, this text is to show that the writer does
not like Chris Brown. Therefore, the ideology of the writer towards this text is
left antagonist.
C. Discussion
This part discusses about the answers of the research questions on the
problem statement and the relation between them as well. The significance is that
the theory, the secondary data and related researches are applied here.
1. Result
Based on the data description which contains findings, here is the result of
the analysis. This result answers the three questions on problem statement.
a. The appraising items in the texts
Numbers of attitudes found in the texts are put in the table below:
Table 4.9.1 Attitudes in the texts
Affect Judgment Appreciation Number Text positive negative positive negative positive negative positive negative
5 - 5 3 2 2 12 5 Text 1 (Katy Perry 1) (29.4%) (47.1%) (23.5%) 70.6% 19.4%
1 - 2 - 3 - 6 - Text 2 (Katy Perry 2) (16.7%) (33.3%) (50%) 100% 0%
Text 3 2 1 5 2 6 1 13 4 (Leona Lewis 1) (17.6%) (41.2%) (41.2%) 76.5% 23.5%
Text 4 1 1 8 3 2 4 11 8
(Leona Lewis 2) (10.5%) (57.9%) (31.6%) 57.89% 42.11% commit to user
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3 3 2 2 2 4 7 9 Text 5 (Miley Cyrus 1) (37.5%) (25%) (37.5%) 43.75% 56.25%
2 4 1 3 1 1 4 8 Text 6 (Miley Cyrus 2) (50%) (33.33%) (16.67%) 33.33% 66.67%
Text 7 3 4 6 6 5 3 14 13
(Chris Brown 1) (25.93%) (44.44%) (29.63%) 51.85% 48.15%
Text 8 - 3 1 12 - 4 1 19 (Chris Brown 2) (15%) (65%) (20%) 5% 95% Number 33 (25%) 61 (46.21%) 38 (28.79%)
The table above indicates the number of attitudes or the analyzed data of
the whole texts. For instance, it is written in the table: 5 positive affects; 5 positive
and 3 negative judgments; and 2 positive and 2 negative appreciations in the first
text of Katy Perry, afterward, 1 positive affect; 2 positive judgments; 3 positive
appreciations in the second text of Katy Perry, and so on.
Based on the whole analysis about numbers of the attitudes above, it can
be concluded that the writer tends to emphasize evaluations towards person
(shown by 46.21% judgment), and everything relating to the artists who are being
talked about (shown by 28.79% appreciation), instead of expressing his own
feeling about everything being talked. However, in some texts, the number of
affect is more than others. It can be seen from the Text 6 about Miley Cyrus.
Most evaluations in the texts exposing Katy Perry and Leona Lewis are
positive. Meanwhile, in the texts exposing Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown are
mostly put negative evaluations. It is proved by the percentage of the positive-
negative analysis of each text.
70.6% and 100% positive attitudes; and 19.4% and 0% negative attitudes of
Katy Perry‘s text 1 and 2. commit to user
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76.5% and 57.89% positive attitudes; and 23.5% and 42.11% negative
attitudes of Leona Lewis‘ text 3 and 4.
43.75% and 33.33% positive attitudes; and 56.25% and 66.67% negative
attitudes of Miley Cyrus‘ text 5 and 6.
51.85% and 5% positive attitudes; and 48.15% and 95% negative attitudes of
Chris Brown‘s text 7 and 8.
The possibility types of the appraising items are in the forms of word,
nominal group, and clause. The table below, based on the analysis in the data
description, is to explain.
Table 4.9.2 Types of the appraising item Text Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Text 6 Text 7 Text 8 Numbers Type 10 Minor Clause 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 2 (7.5%) 9 Grammatical 3 - 1 1 - 1 2 1 item (6.7%) 20 Lexical item 4 1 4 8 1 1 - 1 (attitudinal) (15%) Word 3 Modal - - - 1 - - 1 1 Adjunct (2.2%) 8
Metaphor - - - 1 - 1 4 2 (6%)
31 Epithet 4 3 6 3 5 1 4 5 Nominal (23.1%)
Group 5 Metaphor - - 2 - 1 - 1 1 (3.7%)
18 Mental 2 - 1 1 3 4 4 3 Clause Process (13.4%)
Mental - - - - - 1 1 - 2 Behavior commit to user
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Process (1.5%)
13 Relational 1 1 1 1 - 1 5 3 Process (9.7%)
15 Modality 2 - 2 2 5 1 2 1 Clause (11.2%)
Based on the table above, the types of the appraising items are 7.5% minor
clauses, 6.7% grammatical items, 15% lexical items, 2.2% modal adjuncts, 6%
metaphor words, 23.1% epithet groups, 3.7% metaphor groups, 13.4% mental
process clauses, 1.5% mental behavior process clauses, 9.7% relational process
clauses, and 11.2% modality clauses.
The expressions of the attitudes in the texts on perezhilton.com are in
forms of word: grammatical items, lexical items, modal adjuncts, and metaphor
words; nominal groups: epithet and metaphor groups; clause: mental process,
mental behavior process, relational process and modality clause; and minor
clause. The writer often expresses his evaluations without considering what kind
of language style that he used. Instead, the writer just delivers the messages or
ideologies clearly.
However, mostly, Perez Hilton‘s texts contain attitudes in types of epithet,
attitudinal lexis and mental process. The writer tends to use words to describe
psychological condition of things, people or feeling that he talked about, proven
by the application of the epithet. He also uses words that contains attitude.
Besides, he applies clauses with mental process in the texts such as ―love‖, ―don‘t
like‖, etc.
Another analysis of appraising items is engagement analysis. Here, this
part of analysis is just to find fromcommit whom to user the attitude comes from. Therefore,
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there are only two types of engagement analyzed here; monogloss or heterogloss.
The table below is formed to encompass the whole engagement in the texts.
Table 4.9.3 Engagement in the texts
Engagement Text Monogloss Heterogloss
Text 1 (Katy Perry 1) 6 11 Text 2 (Katy Perry 2) 6 - Text 3 (Leona Lewis 1) 12 5 Text 4 (Leona Lewis 2) 10 9 Text 5 (Miley Cyrus 1) 15 1 Text 6 (Miley Cyrus 2) 8 4 Text 7 (Chris Brown 1) 16 11 Text 8 (Chris Brown 2) 9 11 Number 82 (61.19%) 52 (38.81%)
The sources of the attitudes are 61.19% from the writer himself, and
38.81% from others sources. Because these texts are information news text, so
these must have source to make them more objective. However, because these
texts are also entertainment news texts (gossip news), so it is possible to be
applied some attitudes or opinions by the writer.
Gossip news texts in perezhilton.com which are represented by eight texts
in this research, often employs the writer‘s own opinion. It can be seen from the
table above that most of the opinions (attitudes) are monogloss. This means the
writer often expresses his own evaluations more than the evaluations given by
others sources.
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In summary, perezhilton.com is a gossip column in the internet which
exposes about Hollywood celebrities and famous public figure around the world.
The news is presented following the style of the writer, but it is composed mildly.
The text will be positive if the writer likes the artists, on the contrary, it will be
negative if the writer detests the artists. The writer also takes some citations to
support the facts.
b. How the appraising items applied in the texts
The attitudes are applied strongly in the analytical exposition text. In
addition, those attitudes make the texts more subjective. The analysis of
graduation of the attitude is completed to find out how strong the attitude is.
Graduation which does not embrace attitude is not analyzed in this research. The
table below illustrates the result of the whole graduation analysis:
Table 4.9.4 Graduation in the texts
Graduation Scaling Form Option Text Meta- Inten - Att. Swear- Force Focus up down inf iso phor sifier Lexis ing
Text 1 17 - 14 3 8 9 4 7 6 -
Text 2 6 - 5 1 2 4 - 4 2 -
Text 3 15 2 12 5 6 9 2 6 7 -
Text 4 18 1 16 3 9 9 2 6 10 -
Text 5 16 - 9 7 4 12 1 9 6 -
Text 6 11 1 12 - 7 4 1 2 8 -
Text 7 24 3 20 7 9 15 5 10 7 2
Text 8 19 1 15 5 5 14 5 9 1 4
Number 126 8 103 commit31 to50 user 76 20 53 47 6
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Percentage 94.03% 5.97% 76.87% 23.3% 39.69% 60.31% 15.87% 42.06% 37.31% 4.76%
To sum up, based on the table above, the graduation of the text are about
91.03% is force and 5.97% is focus. The up-scaled attitudes are 76.87% and the
down-scaled is 23.3%. The form of the attitudes applied is 39.69% infusion and
60.31% isolating. The options of graduation are 15.87% metaphor, 42.06%
intensifier, 37.31% attitudinal lexis, and 4.76% swearing.
The result of the graduation analysis explains that the writer prefers to
apply amplifying force to soften or sharpen focus. He mostly applies intensifier
and attitudinal lexis. There are 53 items of intensifier attitude and 47 items
attitudinal lexis. He even also employs swearing which is seldom used in news
text. The swearing which means negative here is mostly applied in the text of
Chris Brown that previously has been stated that the artists is detested by the
writer, Perez Hilton. Besides, he employs metaphor and some of them are
modality as well.
76.87% up-scaled attitude shows that the writer applies vehement
expressions, to praise the artists or to mock them by criticizing scathingly.
The attitudes are applied in gossip news texts. The term ―gossip news‖ is
used here because on the website perezhilton.com the entire texts are called as
gossip and the texts talk about celebrities and famous people, although the texts
contain fact as well. However, by reading and comprehending throughout the
texts, then it is found that the genre of all of those texts is Exposition: Analytical.
It is because the texts have the characteristics of analytical exposition.
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According to Linda Gerot and Peter Wignell (1994), the social function of
exposition (analytical) is to persuade the reader or listener that something is the
case. The generic structure are; thesis (announcement of issue concern),
arguments (reason for concern, leading to reiteration), and reiteration (restate
writer‘s position).
All texts that have been analyzed here, as has written in the previous sub-
chapter, contain persuasions that some certain celebrities are good but some others
are bad. The writer invites the reader to be in compliance with him to support or to
challenge some public figures who is exposed in his gossip news texts. In
addition, the texts consist of thesis, argument(s), and reiteration as well.
After finding the genre, the researcher intends to analyze the prosody of
the text to discover the voice of the writer inside the texts. This is to find how the
attitudes applied as well.
The prosody in Perez Hilton‘s texts is more subjective. It is because there
are so many evaluations in his texts, not only at the end part of the text, but
elsewhere in the texts. This means the writer gives his own emotional feelings on
his texts, even, there are some clauses containing more than one attitude.
Moreover, the engagement becomes another proof of the prosody. Most of
the engagements of the texts are monogloss. This means most of the source of the
attitudes comes from the writer. The writer does not only deliver news or fact
about a celebrity, but he also gives comment and opinion towards the fact. In
addition, the attitudes in the texts exposing Katy Perry and Leona Lewis are
mostly positive, but in the texts exposing Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown are truly
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negative. This means, the negativity or positivity of the applied attitudes depend
on the subjectivity of the writer.
Therefore, the researcher summarizes that the writer tends to be subjective.
The texts are applied positively for Katy Perry and Leona Lewis, and negatively
for Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown.
In summary, the appraising items are applied strongly. The choices of
words used in the texts are sometimes praiseful or scathing. Accordingly, the
appraising items are applied subjectively based on the writer‘s own idea. It means
that the voice of the texts becomes more subjective.
Those appraising items are applied in Analytical Exposition genre. This
kind of genre is mostly applied in perezhilton.com because it is appropriate with
Perez Hilton‘s uniqueness in writing that always appraises issues from only one
point of view, his own point of view.
c. The reason of applying the appraising items in the texts including the
ideologies
The motive of using some certain attitudes within the writer‘s texts is
because the writer wants to deliver the ideology that he has. However, it then must
be analyzed what kind of ideology that influences the readers and the celebrities.
Most of the texts, in perezhilton.com, especially in the texts that have been
analyzed in this thesis, show that the ideologies of the writer are right antagonist
and left antagonist.
Right antagonist ideology means that the writer remarks the support of a
certain issue with only one point of view, which is from his/herself. Right commit to user
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antagonist is found in the texts which tell about celebrities that he likes or adores.
In this thesis, right antagonist is exploited in the texts exposing Katy Perry and
Leona Lewis.
Meanwhile, the left antagonist means that the writer challenges a certain
issue with only applying one point of view, that is, from the writer‘s own point of
view. Left antagonist is laid in the texts which tell about celebrities whom he
detests or strongly dislikes. In this thesis, it is employed in the texts that expose
about Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. The analysis of the text proves whom the
writer loves or detests.
The reason of the statement above is that there are many and truly positive
attitudes in those texts about Katy Perry and Leona Lewis (right); and many
negative attitudes and they are truly negative in the texts about Miley Cyrus and
Chris Brown (left). There are more monogloss engagements than the heterogloss.
This means that it is the writer himself who gives those ―many evaluations‖. This
shows that the writer makes the attitudes of a certain text become truly positive or
truly negative. Hence, this can be called as ―Left‖ or ―Right‖.
Moreover, the writer exposes the artists from only one point of view.
Accordingly, the writer only sees one side of the artist without considering
another (antagonist). For example, as stated on the data description, Perez Hilton
only looks at one side of the artist, whether it is positive or negative. Or in other
words, Hilton does not compare between the positive/good side and negative/bad
side of the artist. Hence, this is called as ―Antagonist‖. These kinds of analysis
have been completed in all data in the texts of Katy Perry, and Leona Lewis, and
other texts of Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. commit to user
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Generally, the analysis above and in the previous sub-chapter have proved
the subjectivity and ideology of the writer. The table below simplifies the result.
Table 4.9.5 Result of the Evaluation and Ideology Analysis
Artist Katy Perry Leona Lewis Miley Cyrus Chris Brown
Text Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Text 6 Text 7 Text 8 Evaluation Positive Negative Ideology Right antagonist Left antagonist
These kinds of evaluation exist in almost all of the texts written by Perez
Hilton on perezhilton.com. Eight of hundred texts have proved the way Perez
Hilton writings his gossip news texts.
The content of the texts on perezhilton.com is interesting to read.
However, it is better to Perez Hilton, as a journalist, to be an objective writer. It is
because; the texts that he writes expose, indeed, the fact of celebrities, although
there are gossip and opinion within those texts as well. It is legal to give his
opinion about what he has written on his own blog, but he also has to put another
point of view or another side of the celebrities to make the texts or the news
proportional.
2. Related Researches
As the secondary data, the researcher takes information of Perez Hilton
and perezhilton.com from some sources to verify the result in the previous sub-
chapter. Firstly, based on Wikipedia.org, Perez Hilton‘s points of view on
celebrity gossip never express remorsecommit after to user enterin g and being apart of celebrity
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culture. Some people propose that his closeness to some celebrities about whom
he writes has made a deviated reportage on his blog. For example, he rarely
reports on stories or rumors exposing Paris Hilton, which is his close friend, with
negative evaluation, and he often acknowledges and praises her positive
achievements. In early 2007, he was criticized by the blog The Hollywood Gossip
for ignoring racist and homophobic remarks made by Paris Hilton. However,
Hilton has been known to speak out publicly against the discriminatory behavior
of celebrities and other public figures. For instance, he called for firing Isaiah
Washington from ABC television series Grey’s Anatomy for making homophobic
statement and called for his readers to do the same.
Additionally, Hilton often promotes his favorite up-and-coming musicians
by posting streams of their songs under the ―Listen To This‖ category of his blog.
Mika, a singer from London, in 2007 rises to popular success in North America. It
has been partially attributed to Hilton‘s frequent support.
Another source, Wired.com states that Perez Hilton often uses himself-
styled dictions. These are samples from Hilton's work: ―OMG! ... Justin
Timberlake is box office POISON ... Jesse Jackson is in Deep Shiz ... Amy
Winehouse! Her performance was a hot mess!‖.
Besides writing-up, Perez Hilton also puts some childlike graffiti on
pictures of the artist. For examples, ―L. Ron wuz here,‖ scribbled over a shot of
Tom Cruise, and the word ―Fake‖ branded on the breasts of actress and reality
show regular Brigitte Nielsen. Or, he often puts some symbols on the pictures,
(David Brown, wired.com). These additional texts on photos strengthen the
ideology that he has, whether he likes or dislikes. commit to user
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According to those secondary data, it is realized that Perez Hilton tends to
be subjective and tends to be ―antagonist‖ in writing his texts. However, the
―antagonist‖ of the ideology depends on the artist being talked about. He will
evaluate good if he likes or befriends with some celebrities. On the contrary, he
will evaluate badly the celebrities whom he does not like.
Other researches that also discuss about appraisal in English are researches
by Valentina Widya (2008), Warsono (2009), Intan Widya Pradita (2010), and
Fajar Rizky Arjuno (2011). It is important to discuss theirs here, to find out the
similarities and differences to draw a relation among them and this thesis as well,
in order to achieve the development of Appraisal System.
First of all, Valentina Widya, who has been accomplished a dissertation
entitled ―Analisis Sistem Appraisal dan Ideologi dalam Kolom Punk-Zine‖
(2008). What have been analyzed in this research are six columns taken from
United States Punk-zine published in 1980-1990. This research reveals the
writer‘s attitude identified through appraisal devices in punk-zine columns. The
attitude that the writer wants to tell to the reader are negative attitude given by the
writer to the government, positive attitude to punk music and punk life. The
ideology that the writer wants to present is opposed to government and is
supporting the free thought and free speaking.
The second one is researched by Warsono. He discusses about appraisal
entitled ―Appraisal Devices as a Means to Disclose Ideological Stance‖ (2009).
This research exposes the analyzed text which the title is ―Al-Qaeda in the Asia
Pacific: Origin, Capability, and Threat‖ written by Rohan Gunaratna from the book commit to user
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―Inside Al-Qaeda: Global Network of Terror‖ (2002). The result of this research
shows that the writer has a negative feeling toward the text he writes. Thus, the
writer gives deeply negative evaluations to that organization. The writer evaluation
towards the material of the text is truly negative, that is, Al-Qaeda is a harmful
organization.
Based on this research, it can be concluded that the writer‘s attitudes
towards the subject he is writing (Al-Qaeda) is strongly negative. Ideological belief
is implied that Al-Qaeda is an evil or dangerous organization. This can be seen
from the strong negative affect, judgment, and appreciation.
Another one is ―A Comparative Analysis of Appraisal between Editorial
Column and Opinion Column Exposing the Banning of Smoking Published on the
Jakarta Post Newspaper‖ which has been researched by Intan Widya Pradita
(2010). This research trashes out a problem about banning of smoking. There are
two texts which are analyzed here; both of them are analyzed using Appraisal
Theory. The first text is entitled ―The Smoking Gun‖, while the second text is
―Smoking Is a Matter of Choice‖. These are taken from The Jakarta Post.
The first text is applied in analytical exposition genre, and the second text
is in discussion. Both of the texts have the same voice, that is, more subjective.
The ideology is left antagonist for the text 1 and left protagonist for the second
text. This means they are all contrasting the issue. To sum up, both texts oppose
the issue.
Another research is done by Fajar Rizky Arjuno (2011). The title of the
research is ―A Comparative Analysis of Appraisals of Two Texts on Opinion
Column in the Jakarta Post Exposing the Bailout of Bank Century‖. This research commit to user
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discusses about two texts on opinion column taken from the same media (The
Jakarta Post). The issue of the texts is about the bailout of Century Bank. The two
texts have a contradiction. The first text entitled ―The Fallout of the Century‖
disagree with the decision made by Sri Mulyani (the Minister of Finance), and
Boediono. Meanwhile, the second text entitled ―Why the Bank Century Bailout
was a Correct Decision?‖ shows that bailout Century was a correct decision.
Both text 1 and 2 are applied in the different genre. The genre of the first
text is analytical exposition, and the second text is discussion. The prosody of the
first text is more subjective and the second text is more objective. The ideologies
of the texts are also different. The first text is left antagonist and the second text is
right protagonist. The conclusion of this research is that this research analyzed
two texts which have the same issue. Both are taken from the same media, but the
writers are different. One supports the issue and another does not.
Some researches above are then compared to this research to find the
correlation between them and this thesis. The first is the information of Perez
Hilton and perezhilton.com related to the gossip news. It is stated that Perez
Hilton indeed has his own style in writing gossip news. He is too ‗subjective‘ and
‗antagonist‘ when evaluating the celebrities. Therefore, this secondary data has
proved and has straightened the result of this thesis that there is a similarity
between what has been analyzed here and his habit in writing gossip news texts.
In addition, there have been some researches that exploit appraisal theory.
Some of them are Valentina Widya‘s (2008), Warsono‘s (2009), Intan Widya
Pradita‘s (2010), and Fajar Rizky Arjuno‘s (2011) researches. Similar to this
thesis, theirs also compare some texts to be analyzed, except the research by commit to user
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Warsono which only examines one. Additionally, all of these researches,
including this thesis, do not only discover the appraising items in the texts but also
the genre, the prosody and the ideologies at the end of the researches. However,
what makes this research different from others are that other researches try to find
the ideologies of their texts which have one same issue. However, this research
does not compare the texts based on the same issue but it is compared based on
the same writer. This research is accomplished to find out the writer‘s ideologies
towards the texts. Moreover, other researches analyze texts that are taken from
opinion column, editorial column and book. On the other hand, this research
analyzes texts that are taken from gossip news column which is remarked mildly.
Because the analyzed texts here are taken from gossip news column,
accordingly, the result will have differences from the result of the previous
researches. Most attitudes that are found in the previous researches are
appreciation, but in this research, the mostly appeared attitude is judgment. It is
because the previous researches talk about ‗a problem‘ which the result will be
mostly evaluating things, events, or conditions. Conversely, these texts talk about
‗a person‘ or celebrities. Consequently, there must be more judgment than other
types.
To sum up, Media is one of some ways to deliver message and to convey
ideology. Meanwhile, Appraisal analysis is a part of ―Interpersonal Meaning‖
which intends to find ideology of the writer towards his/her text especially in the
media. The previous researches compare texts which have the same issue, but
with different writer. The writers are no longer important because the texts are
published in public mass media (for example newspaper) which have their own commit to user
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ideology. Therefore, the ideologies of the writers towards their texts are also
influenced by the ideology of the media (the newspaper).
On the other hand, the writer of the texts in this research (Perez Hilton) is
very important because he writes all texts by himself, and he puts all texts on his
own website. His ideologies which is similar with the ideology of his website,
does influence the content of the texts.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
Based on the result of the analysis of gossip news texts by Perez Hilton
about Katy Perry, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, and Chris Brown, as explained in
Chapter IV, accordingly, the conclusion can be drawn as follow:
1. The appraising items applied in the texts.
All kinds of attitudes; affect, judgment, and appreciation are applied in the
texts that have been analyzed, except the second text of Katy Perry; there are only
judgment and appreciation. Based on the number of the results, there are 25%
affect, 46.21 % judgment, and 28.79% appreciation. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the writer tends to evaluate the artists, rather than showing his own
feelings and evaluating everything related to the artists, although there are more
affect than others in some texts. The positive attitudes are mostly put into the texts
of Katy Perry and Leona Lewis, but negative attitudes are mostly put into the texts
Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. This means that the writer tends to be interested to
Katy Perry and Leona Lewis, but he detests Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown.
The types of the appraising items are in the forms of word, nominal group
and clause. There are minor clause (7.5%), grammatical items (6.7%), attitudinal
lexis (15%), modal adjuncts (2.2%), metaphor words (6%), epithet groups
(23.1%), metaphor groups (3.7%), mental process clauses (13.4%), mental
behavior process clauses (1.5%), commitrelational to userprocess clauses (9.7%), and modality
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clauses (11.2%) in the texts that have been analyzed. The writer tends to express
attitudes through epithet to clarify the lexis, and through attitudinal lexis and
mental process.
The resource or engagement of the attitudes are 61.19% from the writer
himself (monogloss), and 38.81% from others resources (heterogloss). This means
the writer often expresses his own evaluations more than the attitudes that are
given by other sources.
2. The way of applying the appraising items in the texts
The attitudes are applied strongly in the more objective exposition
analytical text. It is proved by the analysis of graduation, prosody and genre.
The graduations of the attitudes are 94.03% force and 5.97% focus.
76.87% of them are up-scaled and the rest is down-scaled. The forms of the
attitudes are 39.69% infusion and 60.31% isolating. Meanwhile, the options of
graduations are 15.87% metaphor, 42.06% intensifier, 37.31% attitudinal lexis,
and 4.76% swearing.
This means the writer tends to use amplifying force rather than sharpen or
soften focus. The forms of the attitudes are mostly isolating. He sometimes uses
intensifier words and attitudinal lexis. He also creates his own terms and using
idiom (proved by the metaphor), and swearing as well. Overall, because there are
76.87% up-scaled attitudes, it can be concluded that he often applies strong
expressions, to praise the artists or to scathe them.
The attitudes are applied in gossip news genre. However, the genre of the
texts is actually analytical exposition. This kind of genre becomes the place the commit to user
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appraising items applied. It is because the texts do not just inform news or just
give fact to the reader but the texts also contain the opinion of the writer as well.
The texts consist of Thesis, Argument(s) and Reiteration. Moreover, the social
function of the texts is to tell the reader that a certain celebrity is good or bad.
Beside, the appraising items are applied subjectively. It means that the
prosody of the text is more subjective. This is because the writer puts many deeply
evaluations into the texts, in the title, thesis, argument(s) and reiteration of the
texts. Most of them are monogloss which shows the writer expressions. The
positive or negative evaluations rely on the artists. It is positive for Katy Perry and
Leona Lewis. Meanwhile, most negative evaluations lie within the texts exposing
Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown.
3. The reason of applying the appraising items in the texts including the
ideologies
The reason of applying attitudes in the text is to show to the reader about
the ideology that the writer has. This ideology later on can influence the reader
and the artist as well. The ideologies that give impact to the reader and the artist
through this website are right antagonist and left antagonist. It is antagonist
because the writer only exposes one side whether it is a good side or bad side of
the artists. Or in other words, the texts are seen from one point of view only.
The ‘antagonist’ of these texts is not only right but also left antagonist.
Right antagonist can be found in the texts exposing Katy Perry and Leona Lewis.
It is because Perez Hilton tends to give many positive evaluations or support to
the artists which are remarked from one point of view. Meanwhile left antagonist commit to user
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is found in the texts exposing Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. It is because Perez
Hilton wants to tell the reader about his detestation, from his own point of view,
by giving many negative evaluations and harshly criticism.
To prove them, the secondary data are collected from some sources. They
also state that Perez Hilton tends to be subjective and antagonist in appraising the
artists on his blog.
Then, it is now clear how Perez Hilton writes his texts. He dares to give
vehement appraising items to show his evaluations. He evaluates good when he
likes the artist or befriends with them. In contrary, he evaluates badly when he
detests the artists.
This is what makes this thesis different from other appraisal analysis, that
this thesis is concerned with the writer so much, not only with the texts. Besides,
this thesis analyses the texts exposing ‘person’ rather than ‘event’ or ‘condition’
as what has been discussed in the previous researches.
B. Recommendation
Some suggestions related to this thesis are recommended to be delivered,
explicitly:
1. It is recommended to Perez Hilton, infotainment news journalist, and other
bloggers who write news text to be more objective in writing news text.
They should not take side with one issue, in order to make the text
proportional or balance.
2. The gossip news’ readers are supposed to read more than one source of
information, because infotainment news is vulnerable to subjectiveness of commit to user
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the writer. Therefore, the readers cannot be influenced by a certain media, or
the readers can select what influence that is good for them.
3. It is proposed to other researchers to make more analysis about appraisal and
to develop appraisal analysis not only in English but also in Bahasa
Indonesia or other languages and in other kinds of genre.
4. It is suggested to other researchers to use this thesis as a reference. In
addition, it is better to search other references or books about Appraisal
Theory to broaden information.
5. It is expected to the executives of English Department to add the number of
Appraisal theory books copies in the library.
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