DOCSLIB.ORG

PERB Decision-1690S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PERB Decision-1690S STATESTATE OFOF CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA DECISIONDECISION OF OF THE THE PUBLICPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS RELATIONS BOARD BOARD KEVINKEVIN J. J. REDDINGTON,REDDINGTON, ChargingCharging Party, Party, CaseCase No. SA-CE-1435-S vv. PERBPERB Decision No. No. 1690-S SeptemberSeptember 17, 17, 2004 2004 STATESTATE OFOF CALIFORNIA ( ( DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF OF FORESTRY & FIREFIRE PROTECTION),PROTECTION), Respondent.Res ondent. Appearance:Appearance: KevinKevin J. J. Reddington, Reddington, on on his his own own behalf. behalf. BeforeBefore Duncan,Duncan, Chairman;Chairman; WhiteheadWhitehead andand Neima,Neima, Members.Members. DECISION DUNCAN,DUNCAN, Chairman: Chairman: This This case case is is before before the the PublicPublic EmploymentEmployment RelationsRelations BoardBoard (PERB(PERB oror Board)Board) onon appealappeal byby KevinKevin J. J. ReddingtonReddington (Reddington)(Reddington) ofof a a BoardBoard agent'sagent's dismissaldismissal ((attached) attached) of hishis unfair practicepractice charge. charge. Reddington hadhad filed anan unfair practicepractice chargecharge againstagainst thethe State ofof California California (Department(Department of ForestryForestry & FireFire Protection)Protection) (State)(State) alleging a violation ofof the the RalphRalph C.C. Dills Dills 1 Act (Dills(Dills Act) Act) section section 3519(a) 3519(a) byby the the State's State's actions actions inin terminating terminating his his employment, employment, takingtaking otherother adverseadverse actions against him,him, and creatingcreating aa hostile hostile workwork environment. The Board has reviewedreviewed the entire record in thisthis case,case, including thethe initialinitial and and amended amended unfairunfair practice practice charge, charge, warningwarning andand dismissaldismissal lettersletters and Reddington's appeal. TheThe Board finds thethe warning and dismissal letters toto bebe withoutwithout prejudicial error error and and adoptsadopts themthem as thethe decisiondecision ofof the the BoardBoard itself,itself, subject subject to to the the discussiondiscussion below. 1 TheThe DillsDills Act Act is is codified codified at at Government Government Code Code section section 3512, 3512, etet seq.seq. UnlessUnless otherwiseotherwise indicated,indicated, allall statutorystatutory referencesreferences hereinherein areare to the Government Code.Code. DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION To demonstrate aa violationviolation of Dills Act Act section section 3519(a), 3519(a), the the chargingcharging party party mustmust showshow that:that: (1)(1) the the employee employee exercisedexercised rightsrights underunder the Dills Act;Act; (2) (2) the the employer employer had had knowledgeknowledge ofof thethe exerciseexercise of those those rights; andand (3)(3) thethe employeremployer imposed imposed or or threatened threatened toto imposeimpose reprisals,reprisals, discriminated oror threatenedthreatened to discriminate, oror otherwise otherwise interferedinterfered with, with, restrained restrained or or coerced coerced thethe employeesemployees because of of the the exercise exercise of of those those rights. rights. (Novato(Novato Unified SchoolSchool DistrictDistrict (1982) (1982) PERBPERB DecisionDecision No.No. 210210 (Novato);(Novato); CarlsbadCarlsbad Unified SchoolSchool DistrictDistrict (1979) (1979) PERBPERB DecisionDecision No.No. 89.)89.) AlthoughAlthough the the timingtiming of of the the employer's employer's adverse adverse actionaction inin close close temporaltemporal proximityproximity to to the the employee'semployee's protectedprotected conduct isis anan important factorfactor (North(North Sacramento Sacramento SchoolSchool DistrictDistrict (1982) (1982) PERBPERB DecisionDecision No. No. 264 264 (North (North Sacramento)), Sacramento)), it it does does not, not, without without more, more, demonstrate demonstrate the the necessarynecessary connection oror "nexus""nexus" betweenbetween the the adverseadverse actionaction andand thethe protectedprotected conduct.conduct. (Moreland(Moreland ElementaryElementary SchoolSchool DistrictDistrict (1982) (1982) PERB PERB Decision Decision No. No. 227.) 227.) Facts Facts establishing establishing one one or more of thethe followingfollowing additional additional factors factors must must also also be be present:present: (1)(1) the the employer's employer's disparate disparate treatmenttreatment of thethe employee (State ofof California (Department(Department ofof Transportation) Transportation) (1984)( 1984) PERBPERB Decision No.No. 459-S); 459-S); (2) (2) the the employer's employer's departure departure from from established established procedures procedures and and standards standards whenwhen dealingdealing withwith thethe employeeemployee (Santa ClaraClara UnifiedUnified School District (1979)(1979) PERBPERB DecisionDecision No.No. 104.);104.); (3)(3) the the employer'semployer's inconsistentinconsistent oror contradictorycontradictory justifications for for its its actions actions (State (State ofof CaliforniaCalifornia (Department (Department of of Parks Parks andand Recreation)Recreation) (1983)(1983) PERBPERB DecisionDecision No.No. 328-S;328-S; (4)(4) thethe employer'semployer's cursorycursory investigationinvestigation ofof the the employee'semployee's misconduct;misconduct; (5)(5) thethe employer'semployer's failure toto offeroffer thethe employeeemployee justification at at the the timetime it it took took action action or or the the offering offering of of exaggerated, exaggerated, vague, vague, oror ambiguousambiguous reasons;reasons; (6) employer animosity towardstowards unionunion activistsactivists (Cupertino(Cupertino Union Union Elementary School District) (1986)(1986) PERBPERB DecisionDecision No.No. 572.);572.); oror (7) (7) anyany otherother factsfacts whichwhich mightmight demonstrate demonstrate thethe employer'semployer's unlawful motive.motive. (Novato;(Novato; North North Sacramento.) Sacramento.) 22 Evidence of adverse actionaction is also requiredrequired toto support a claimclaim of discriminationdiscrimination or or reprisalreprisal under under thethe NovatoNovato standard.standard. (Palo(Palo VerdeVerde UnifiedUnified School School District District (1988) (1988) PERB PERB Decision No.No. 689.)689.) InIn determining determining whether whether such such evidence evidence is is established, established, the the Board Board uses uses anan objective test and willwill notnot relyrely uponupon the subjective reactionsreactions ofof thethe employee.employee. (Ibid.)(Ibid.) InIn a a laterlater decision,decision, thethe Board further explainedexplained that:that: The test which mustmust bebe satisfiedsatisfied isis notnot whetherwhether the the employeeemployee foundfound thethe employer'semployer's action action to to be be adverse, adverse, but but whether whether a a reasonable personperson underunder thethe samesame circumstancescircumstances would would consider the action toto havehave anan adverseadverse impactimpact on on the the employee's employee's employment. [Newark[Newark Unified Unified School School District District (1991) (1991) PERB PERB DecisionDecision No.No. 864;864; emphasisemphasis added;added; fn. omitted.]omitted.] The Board agent advised Reddington thatthat toto meetmeet thisthis testtest underunder thethe NovatoNovato standard standard he he would needneed to includeinclude moremore thanthan justjust a a statementstatement that there was a "premeditated conspiracy"conspiracy" against him. TheThe Board Board agent agent advisedadvised thatthat hehe mustmust showshow protected conduct, that the employer knew ofof the the conduct conduct and and that that there there was was aa nexusnexus between between the the protected protected conduct conduct and and any any adverseadverse actions. AlthoughAlthough Reddington Reddington filed filed an an amended amended claimclaim hehe diddid notnot includeinclude evidenceevidence of protected conductconduct prior to to events events hehe believedbelieved werewere adverseadverse actionsactions nornor diddid his his chargescharges containcontain evidence that the employer knew of any any protectedprotected activity or or evidence evidence of of a a nexus nexus betweenbetween adverse actions and protected conduct. We believebelieve thatthat ReddingtonReddington has has failedfailed to to state state a a prima prima facie facie case case and and the the case case mustmust bebe dismissed.dismissed. ORDER TheThe unfairunfair practicepractice chargecharge in CaseCase No. SA-CE-1435-S is hereby DISMISSED WITHOUT LEAVELEAVE TOTO AMEND.AMEND. Members Whitehead and NeimaNeima joinedjoined in thisthis Decision.Decision. 33 (~_ STATE=S=T=A=T=E=O=F=C=A=L=IF=O=RN=I=A=====·================--r OF CALIFORNIA ·:oLDOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, GovernorGovernor PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS RELATIONS BOARD BQARD SacramentoSacramento Regional Regional Office Office 103118thStreet1031 18th Street Sacramento, CACA 95814-417495814-4174 Telephone: (916) 327-8383327-8383 PER.B Fax: (916)(916) 327-6377327-6377 AugustAugust 2, 2, 20042004 Kevin J.J. Reddington 5649 Monte Corita Circle Citrus Heights, CA 95621 Re: KevinKevin J. J. Reddington Reddington v. v. State State ofof California California (Department (Department ofof Forestry Forestry && FireFire Protection) Protection) Unfair Practice Practice ChargeCharge No.No. SA-CE-1435-SSA-CE-1435-S DISMISSAL LETTER LETTER DearDear Mr. Reddington:Reddington: TheThe above-referencedabove-referenced unfairunfair practice charge waswas filedfiled with thethe Public EmploymentEmployment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Female Wits” Controversy: Gender, Genre, and Printed Plays, 1670–16991
    Plotting the “Female Wits” Controversy: Gender, Genre, and Printed Plays, 1670–16991 Mattie Burkert Utah State University [email protected] At the end of the 1694–95 theatrical season, a group of actors defected from the United Company, housed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, to begin their own cooperative. The split of London’s theatrical monopoly into two rival playhouses—Christopher Rich’s “Patent Company” at Drury Lane and Thomas Betterton’s “Actors’ Company” at Lincoln’s Inn Fields—generated demand for new plays that might help either house gain the advantage. This situation cre- ated opportunities for novice writers, including an unprecedented number of women. Paula Backscheider has calculated that more than one-third of the new plays in the 1695–96 season were written by, or adapted from work by, women, including Delarivier Manley, Catherine Trotter, and Mary Pix (1993, 71). This group quickly became the target of a satirical backstage drama, The Female Wits: or, the Triumvirate of Poets at Rehearsal, modeled after George Vil- liers’s 1671 sendup of John Dryden, The Rehearsal. The satire, which was likely performed at Drury Lane in fall 1696, was partially the Patent Company’s re- venge on Manley for withdrawing her play The Royal Mischief during rehearsals the previous spring and taking it to Betterton. However, The Female Wits was also a broader attack on the pretensions of women writers, whom it portrayed as frivolous, self-important upstarts reviving the overblown heroic tragedy of the 1660s and 1670s with an additional layer of feminine sentimentality.2 1 This research was made possible by a grant from the Andrew W.
    [Show full text]
  • Racializing American “Egyptians”: Shifting Legal Discourse, 1690S–1860S
    Racializing American “Egyptians”: Shifting Legal Discourse, 1690s–1860s Ann Ostendorf [email protected] Professor of History, Gonzaga University ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-9385 Ann Ostendorf is an historian of colonial North America and the early United States and the author of Sounds American: National Identity and the Music Cultures of the Lower Mississippi River Valley, 1800–1860. Her recent work has been to investigate the lives of diverse Romani people who lived on the North American continent from the late seventeenth through early nineteenth centuries. She is especially interested in their experiences related to racial formation and the imperial and national state. Vol. 2. No. 2. 2019, 42-59 • DOI: 10.29098/crs.v2i2.50 Abstract Keywords This article situates the historical “Egyptian,” more commonly referred to as “Gypsy,” into the increasingly racist legal structures • Race formed in the British North American colonies and the early • Law United States, between the 1690s and 1860s. It simultaneously • Gypsy considers how those who considered themselves, or were • Egyptian considered by others, as “Egyptians” or “Gypsies” navigated life • United States history in the new realities created by such laws. Despite the limitations of state-produced sources from each era under study, inferences about these people’s experiences remain significant to building a more accurate and inclusive history of the United States. The following history narrates the lives of Joan Scott, her descendants, and other nineteenth-century Americans influenced by legal racial categories related to “Egyptians” and “Gypsies.” This is interwoven with the relevant historical contexts from American legal discourses that confirm the racialization of such categories over the centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Women of New France
    Women of New France Introducing New France Today it may be hard to imagine that vast regions of the North American continent were once claimed, and effectively controlled, by France. By 1763 some 70,000 French speakers based primarily in what is now the province of Quebec, managed to keep well over 1,000,000 British subjects confined to the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to Florida. France claimed land that included 15 current states, including all of Michigan. The early history of North America is a story of struggle for control of land and resources by Women in New France French settlers in Nouvelle France (New France in English), English settlers We know very little about the everyday lives of people in what in the Thirteen Colonies, and Native peoples who already lived in the areas was New France, particularly the women. Native women, from a that became the US and Canada. wide range of nations along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes river system, had lived in North America for thousands of years before the arrival of French explorers. While there was a good deal of variety among Indian societies, most Native women lived more independent lives than did their European counterparts. In some societies, in addition to the usual child-rearing and household economy practices, Native women had real political power and could elect village and tribal leaders. New France 1719 European Women’s Roles European women’s lives, like those of their Native American counterparts, were shaped by the legal, cultural, and religious values of their society.
    [Show full text]
  • Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; and You Shall Have Corn to Sell and to Keep: an Analysis of Plow Ownership in Eighteenth Century York County Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2013 Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; and You Shall have Corn to Sell and to Keep: An Analysis of Plow Ownership in Eighteenth Century York County Virginia Zachary John Waske College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Waske, Zachary John, "Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; and You Shall have Corn to Sell and to Keep: An Analysis of Plow Ownership in Eighteenth Century York County Virginia" (2013). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626717. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-qjjz-1m71 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; And You Shall Have Corn To Sell And To Keep: An Analysis Of Plow Ownership In Eighteenth Century York County Virginia Zachary John Waske Wyandotte, Michigan Bachelor of Arts, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 2007 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary August 2013 APPROVAL PAGE This Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Zgcnary John Waske Approved by the CommitteerAugust 2013 Corahrrlnee Chair Research ProfessonDr.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1693 Census of the Swedes on the Delaware
    THE 1693 CENSUS OF THE SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE Family Histories of the Swedish Lutheran Church Members Residing in Pennsylvania, Delaware, West New Jersey & Cecil County, Md. 1638-1693 PETER STEBBINS CRAIG, J.D. Fellow, American Society of Genealogists Cartography by Sheila Waters Foreword by C. A. Weslager Studies in Swedish American Genealogy 3 SAG Publications Winter Park, Florida 1993 Copyright 0 1993 by Peter Stebbins Craig, 3406 Macomb Steet, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 Published by SAG Publications, P.O. Box 2186, Winter Park, Florida 32790 Produced with the support of the Swedish Colonial Society, Philadelphia, Pa., and the Delaware Swedish Colonial Society, Wilmington, Del. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-82858 ISBN Number: 0-9616105-1-4 CONTENTS Foreword by Dr. C. A. Weslager vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The 1693 Census 15 Chapter 2: The Wicaco Congregation 25 Chapter 3: The Wicaco Congregation - Continued 45 Chapter 4: The Wicaco Congregation - Concluded 65 Chapter 5: The Crane Hook Congregation 89 Chapter 6: The Crane Hook Congregation - Continued 109 Chapter 7: The Crane Hook Congregation - Concluded 135 Appendix: Letters to Sweden, 1693 159 Abbreviations for Commonly Used References 165 Bibliography 167 Index of Place Names 175 Index of Personal Names 18 1 MAPS 1693 Service Area of the Swedish Log Church at Wicaco 1693 Service Area of the Swedish Log Church at Crane Hook Foreword Peter Craig did not make his living, or support his four children, during a career of teaching, preparing classroom lectures, or burning the midnight oil to grade examination papers.
    [Show full text]
  • Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: the Reverend André Le Mercier and the “Sociable Spirit”
    122 Historical Journal of Massachusetts • Summer 2012 Huguenots Fleeing France, 1696 At least 200,000 Huguenots are believed to have fled France in the years surrounding 1685, ending up in places as far afield as North America, the Dutch Republic, England, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, and South Africa. 123 Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: The Reverend André Le Mercier and the “Sociable Spirit” PAULA WHEELER CARLO Abstract: Numerous researchers have noted that many Huguenots conformed to Anglicanism several decades after their arrival in North America. The situation differed in colonial Massachusetts, where Huguenots typically forged connections with Congregationalists or Presbyterians. This article explores the activities and writings of André Le Mercier (1692- 1764), the last pastor of the Boston French Church, which closed in 1748. Le Mercier was an ardent supporter of Protestant unity, yet he also strove to preserve a strong sense of Huguenot identity. Nevertheless, support for Protestant unity facilitated Huguenot integration into the English-speaking majority, which fostered the demise of French Reformed churches in New England and thereby weakened Huguenot identity. Paula Wheeler Carlo is a professor of history at Nassau Community College and the author of Huguenot Refugees in Colonial New York: Becoming American in the Hudson Valley (Sussex Academic Press, 2005). * * * * * Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Vol. 40 (1/2), Summer 2012 © Institute for Massachusetts Studies, Westfield State University 124 Historical Journal of Massachusetts • Summer 2012 The Huguenots were French Protestants who followed the teachings of the religious reformer John Calvin (1509-1564).1 They faced persecution and even death during the French Religious Wars in the second half of the sixteenth century.2 The conclusion of these wars produced the Edict of Nantes (1598), which allowed Protestants to freely practice their religion in specified areas of France.
    [Show full text]
  • (Microsoft Powerpoint
    Capitalisation in Czech Broadside Ballads of the Seventeenth to Eighteenth Century Alena A. Fidlerová Dmitry Timofeyev Capitalisation in Czech: Early Modern Views • Grammar recommendations: – Capital letters have to be used at the beginning of sentences and for proper nouns (e. g. Nudožerský 1603, Drachovský 1660) – Capital letters also have to be used to stress the importance of selected words, such as high political titles or nomina sacra (e. g. Konstanc 1667, Steyer 1668, Jandit 1704, Doležal, 1746) • „As in the Latin books “ (Drachovský 1660) Capitalisation in Czech: Early Modern Views • Grammar critics: – A giſtě neſluſſj/ ano gakſy proti rozumu geſt/ tak dobře blechu / gako Boha welkým B ctjti: tak weſs gako Welebnau Swátoſt welkým W ſlawiti: rowně leyno a čerwjčka / gako Leopolda Cýſaře hrubým L y C pſáti: a toho tuto přjčinu dáwati/ že rowně blecha/ weſs/ leyno/ čerwjk gſau Subſtantiva nomina, gako Bůh/ Welebná Swátoſt a Leopold Cýſář .“ (Konstanc 1667) – „werden die Appelativa nicht wie im Deutſchen mit großen, ſondern wie im Lateiniſchen mit kleinen Buchſtaben geſchrieben .“ (Pelcl 1798) – „Not as in German “(Pelcl 1798) The Method • BERGMANN, Rolf; EWALD, Petra; FÖRTSCH, Jutta; GÖTZ, Ursula; NERIUS, Dieter; RUF, Birgit; TIPPE, Reinhold. Die Entwicklung der Großschreibung im Deutschen von 1500 bis 1700. Heidelberg, 1998. • Analysed 145 printed text samples from 1500 to 1710 from all the regions of Germany – Text length at least 4000 words – Religion, popular science, fiction – Capitalisation on the textual, syntactic and lexical level Percentage of capitalisation of nouns in German printed books 1500-1710 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1500 1530 1560 1590 1620 1650 1680 1710 All nouns (S) Proper names (SV) Apellatives (SA) Application to Czech • FIDLEROVÁ, Alena A.; DITTMANN, Robert; VLADIMÍROVÁ, Veronika S.: Užívání velkých písmen v českých tištěných Biblích raného novověku.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Coffee Market in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, from Colonial to National Regimes
    Working Paper No. 04/04 The World Coffee Market in the Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries, from Colonial To National Regimes Steven Topik © Steven Topik Department of History University of California, Irvine May 2004 This paper was presented at the first GEHN Conference, Bankside, London (17-20th September 2003) funded by a Leverhulme Trust Grant: “A Millennium of Material Progress” For more information about the participants and activities of GEHN, go to http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economichistory/gehn.html Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 The World Coffee Market in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, from Colonial to National Regimes Steven Topik Introduction This paper is an exploration of the world coffee market in the nineteenth century when world trade expanded some 20 fold. Coffee is often dismissed as a "dessert crop," and an unnecessary luxury. True, it provided no nutrition, but its role in stimulating sociability, labor and diminishing hunger made it vital. Its trade intensified relations between the cultivators in the South and the consumers in the North. In economic terms it was the third most valuable internationally-trade commodity in the world at the end of the nineteenth century. Dominated by European consumption and the production of European colonies at the century's onset, by 1900 the Americas played a central role in both consumption and production. In an era that Eric Hobsbawm has termed "the Age of Empire," in which colonies and international trade were expanding in Asia, Africa, and Oceania, national production came to dominate in the Americas .
    [Show full text]
  • Party Representation in English and Welsh Constituencies, 1690-1740
    Party Representation in English and Welsh Constituencies, 1690-1740 Dan Bogart Department of Economics, UC Irvine, [email protected] And Robert Oandasan Compass Lexecon, [email protected] This Draft June 2013 Abstract The Whig and Tory parties played an important role in British politics in the decades following the Glorious Revolution. Scholars have used The History of Parliament series as a key source for data on political parties, yet most editions omit tabular data on the party affiliation of individual MPs. In this paper, we introduce newly created data on the political affiliation of all MPs serving in England and Wales between 1690 and 1740. We then measure the strength of Whig Party representation across English and Welsh constituencies and for the first time present maps of party representation. The Whigs are shown to be more strongly represented in municipal boroughs compared to counties and they were stronger in small and oligarchical boroughs compared to large and more democratic boroughs. We also find that the Whigs were stronger in southeastern boroughs and counties. The patterns are broadly similar during the Rage of Party (1690 to 1721) and the Walpole Era (1722 to 1740). The main difference is that the Whigs lost strength in the North during the Walpole Era and they were weaker in constituencies with contested elections under Walpole. JEL Code: N43, P16, D72 Keywords: Political Parties, Whigs, Tories, Rage of Party, Walpole, Glorious Revolution 1 We would like to thank the many research assistants who helped on this project, specifically Dorothy Cheng, Amanda Compton, Alina Shiotsu, Tom Wheeler, and Larry Bush.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing 800 Years of Summer Temperatures in Scotland from Tree Rings
    Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-016-3478-8 Reconstructing 800 years of summer temperatures in Scotland from tree rings Miloš Rydval1,2 · Neil J. Loader3 · Björn E. Gunnarson4 · Daniel L. Druckenbrod5 · Hans W. Linderholm6 · Steven G. Moreton7 · Cheryl V. Wood1 · Rob Wilson1,8 Received: 28 April 2016 / Accepted: 29 November 2016 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract This study presents a summer temperature and disturbance correction procedures. Calibration against reconstruction using Scots pine tree-ring chronologies July–August mean temperature explains 56.4% of the for Scotland allowing the placement of current regional instrumental data variance over 1866–2009 and is well ver- temperature changes in a longer-term context. ‘Living- ified. Spatial correlations reveal strong coherence with tem- tree’ chronologies were extended using ‘subfossil’ sam- peratures over the British Isles, parts of western Europe, ples extracted from nearshore lake sediments resulting in southern Scandinavia and northern parts of the Iberian a composite chronology >800 years in length. The North Peninsula. NCAIRN suggests that the recent summer-time Cairngorms (NCAIRN) reconstruction was developed from warming in Scotland is likely not unique when compared to a set of composite blue intensity high-pass and ring-width multi-decadal warm periods observed in the 1300s, 1500s, low-pass filtered chronologies with a range of detrending and 1730s, although trends before the mid-sixteenth cen- tury should be interpreted with some caution due to greater uncertainty. Prominent cold periods were identified from Electronic supplementary material The online version of this the sixteenth century until the early 1800s—agreeing with article (doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3478-8) contains supplementary the so-called Little Ice Age observed in other tree-ring material, which is available to authorized users.
    [Show full text]
  • Texts Checklist
    National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox ALL TEXTS EN: English FR: French SP: Spanish DU: Dutch RU: Russian NO: Norse GR: German PR: Portuguese NA: Native American I. CONTACT pages* ____ 1 First Impressions 10 SP: Letter on Columbus’s first voyage, 1493 PR: Letter on the voyage of Gaspar Corte Real, 1501 EN: Letters on the voyage of John Cabot, 1497 Online zoomable maps (3) ____ 2 Europe’s Literary Response 17 EN: Barclay, The Ship of Fools, poem, 1509 GR: Dürer, journal entry, 1521 EN: More, Utopia, fictional narrative, 1516 FR: Ronsard, “The Fortunate Islands,” poem, ca. 1560 EN: Rastell, Four Elements, drama, 1519 ____ 3 Illustrating the New World (Pt. I) 27 EN: John White, Paintings of the Algonquian Indians (North Carolina), 1585 FR/EN: Artist(s) unknown, Watercolors of Indians, plants, and animals of the Caribbean, 1580s FR: Louis Nicolas, Drawings of Indians, plants, and animals of New France (Canada), 1670s ____ 4 Atlantic Coast 12 NO: Norse account of meeting the Beothuk of “Vinland,” ca. 1005 FR: Verrazzano, Report to King Francis I on his voyage along the coast, 1524 ____ 5 Pacific Coast 10 EN: Drake, Account of Drake’s encounter with the Miwok, California, 1579 Online zoomable maps (2) RU: Steller, Account of Bering’s men’s encounter with the Alutiiq, Alaska, 1741 ____ 6 Indians’ Accounts 16 NA: Accounts of the Spanish arrival in Mexico NA: Account of the French arrival near Lake Michigan NA: Account of the Spanish arrival in the Yucatan NA: Statement to a French missionary in Canada ____ 7 Spanish Conquest 28 SP: Council of Castile, Requirement, 1510 SP: Cortés, Letter to King Charles I, 1520 NA: Indian accounts of the Spanish conquest SP: Spanish illustrations of the Indians, 1500s SP: Las Casas, Destruction of the Indies, 1542 CONTACT: Total Pages 120 II.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619-1803
    A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619-1803 by Martha W. McCartney with contributions by Lorena S. Walsh data collection provided by Ywone Edwards-Ingram Andrew J. Butts Beresford Callum National Park Service | Colonial Williamsburg Foundation A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619-1803 by Martha W. McCartney with contributions by Lorena S. Walsh data collection provided by Ywone Edwards-Ingram Andrew J. Butts Beresford Callum Prepared for: Colonial National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement CA-4000-2-1017 Prepared by: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Marley R. Brown III Principal Investigator Williamsburg, Virginia 2003 Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................iii Notes on Geographical and Architectural Conventions ..................................................................... v Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Research Design ............................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 3. Assessment of Contemporary Literature, BY LORENA S. WALSH .................................................... 5 Chapter 4. Evolution and Change: A Chronological Discussion ......................................................
    [Show full text]