DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Pollen and Resources on Seed Number and Other Fitness Components in Amelanchier Arborea (Rosaceae: Maloideae) 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Pollen and Resources on Seed Number and Other Fitness Components in Amelanchier Arborea (Rosaceae: Maloideae) 1 Amer. J. Bot. 75(9): 1275-1285. 1988. EFFECTS OF POLLEN AND RESOURCES ON SEED NUMBER AND OTHER FITNESS COMPONENTS IN AMELANCHIER ARBOREA (ROSACEAE: MALOIDEAE) 1 DAVID L. GORCHOV2 Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ABSTRACT Most Amelanchier arborea flowers have 10 ovules, but the number of filled (embryo-con­ taining) seeds per fruit is usually less than 10 and is highly variable within each individual plant. Because fruit developmental time correlates with seed number, this variation in seed number results in asynchronous fruit ripening. Field experiments tested whether seed number was pollen- or resource-limited. Manipulation of resources in the shoot at the time of fruit initiation by defoliation, girdling, fruit thinning, or foliar feeding had no significant effect on seed number per fruit, although fruit set and seed weight were affected. Supplemental cross­ pollination also had no demonstrable effect on seed number. Most ovules that do not become filled seeds are visible as small "undeveloped seeds"; these are not necessarily aborted seeds as this was also the fate of ovules in unpollinated carpels. Alternative hypotheses for the deter­ mination of seed number are proposed and discussed. THE NUMBER OF SEEDS that mature per fruit is few developing seeds are more likely to abort variable in many plant species and has several than those with many seeds (see reviews by important ecological, evolutionary, and hor­ Stephenson, 1981; Stephenson and Bertin, ticultural implications. Seed number has been 1983). By aborting fruits with low seed num­ studied as a component ofyield (or fitness) for bers, plants may improve the average quality its importance to both the adjustment of re­ of their offspring, either by eliminating fruits productive output under varying environmen­ resulting from self-fertilization (Darwin, 1876, tal conditions (Wilbur, 1977; Primack, 1978; pp. 398-400) or in which there has been little Wyatt, 1981; Schemske and Pautler, 1984; Ste­ pollen competition for ovules (Lee, 1984). phenson, 1984; Garwood and Horvitz, 1985; Seed number can affect seed dispersal in sev­ Marshall, Levin, and Fowler, 1985, 1986; Ga­ eral ways. Seed number is correlated with ma­ len and Weger, 1986) and the improvement of ture fruit size in many wild (Willson and agricultural crop yield (Olsson, 1960; Adams, Schemske, 1980; Bookman, 1983; Garwood 1967; Harper, 1977). In addition to its direct and Horvitz, 1985; Gorchov, 1985; Bronstein, contribution to total plant reproductive out­ 1986) as well as cultivated (Crane, 1964, p. put, seed number per fruit often influences the 303; Wareing and Phillips, 1978, p. 123) proportion of flowers that develop into fruits species; dispersers sometimes discriminate (fruit set). For several plant species, fruits with among fruits on the basis ofsize (Wheelwright, 1985). I Received for publication 22 June 1987; revision ac­ The ratio ofpulp weight to seed weight usu­ cepted 8 December 1987. I am grateful to K. Childs, J. Larsen, L. Whittingham, ally decreases with increasing seed number(e.g., B. Crespi, and K. Olsson for helping with field work, W. Willson and Schemske, 1980; Janzen, 1982). Frasch and J. Palmer for use of equipment, and D. Bay Because pulp is reward and seed is ballast to for photography. C. Campbell examined ovules for signs fruit-eating animals that disperse seeds, pulp: of apomictic seed development. M. Cruzan, L. Nooden, seed ratio should influence dispersers' prefer­ J. Hancock, and E. Hanson advised me on experimental methods. J. Bronstein, G. Estabrook, B. Rathcke, D. Gold­ ences (Howe and Vande Kerckhove, 1980; berg, B. Barnes, W. A. Robinson, and an anonymous re­ Herrera, 1981a, b). Similarly, seed number in­ viewer provided useful comments on earlier drafts ofthis fluences dispersal distance of some wind-dis­ manuscript. R. Kushler, G. Estabrook, and R. Bush aided persed species via its effects on mass/volume in data analysis. The Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, provided access to the E. S. George Reserve ratio (Casperand Wiens, 1981; Augspurgerand and two ESGR scholarships. Additional support was pro­ Hogan, 1983; Augspurger, 1986). vided by Rackham Block grants from the University of Seed number may also affect the number of Michigan. This work represents part ofa dissertation sub­ seedlings germinating in one place, and there­ mitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan. fore sibling competition (Casper and Wiens, , Current address: Dept. of Biology, Princeton Univer­ 1981). Predispersal seed predators may prefer sity, Princeton, NJ 08544. fruits with more seeds (Herrera, 1984); where 1275 1276 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY [Vol. 75 they don't have such a preference, spreading Cantrall (1943), and Cooper (1958). All Ame­ seeds few to a fruit reduces seed loss (Delph, lanchier arborea trees chosen for this study 1986). were from a dense population in oak-hickory Seed numbercan also affect dispersal through forest within 15 m ofa 270 m stretch ofa dirt its effects on ripening phenology. Within in­ road that runs along the top ofan esker (ridge). dividual plants ofsome species, the number of seeds is strongly negatively correlated with the duration of fruit development and with rip­ Study species-i-Amelanchier arborea (Michx. ening date (Aalders and Hall, 1961; Dempsey f.) Fern. (Rosaceae: Maloideae), Downy Ser­ and Boynton, 1965; Brewerand Dobson, 1969; viceberry, is a large shrub to small tree com­ Varga and Bruinsma, 1976; Lee and Bazzaz, mon in dry and mesic sites in eastern North 1982; Gorchov, 1985). For these plants, vari­ America (Fernald, 1950; Barnes and Wagner, ance in seed number results in ripening that is 1981). Species identifications were made using much more asynchronous than flowering (Gor­ Voss (1985); voucher specimens were depos­ chov, 1985). Thompson and Willson (1979) ited at the University ofMichigan Herbarium. proposed that the asynchronous ripening of Amelanchierarborea is one ofthe first shrubs temperate, summer-fruiting, bird-dispersed to bloom in the spring (late April--early May) plants is an adaptation to avoid satiation of at the study site; the white flowers open syn­ seed dispersal agents. chronously (90% offlowers on each plant open In the course oftesting Thompson and Will­ in two to five days, Gorchov, 1987) and are son's (1979) hypothesis, I became interested visited primarily by small bees (mostly An­ in the proximate (mechanistic) causes ofasyn­ drenidae and Halictidae) but also by other Hy­ chronous ripening. In the case ofAmelanchier menoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. arborea, a summer-ripening small tree with Flower morphology is similar to that de­ bird-dispersed seeds, flower-fruit interval is scribed for A. laevis (Campbell et al., 1985) and highly negatively correlated with the number A. alnifolia (Olson and Steeves, 1982): the gy­ offilled seeds (Gorchov, 1985). Hence, a prox­ noecium consists of five carpels each contain­ imate explanation for asynchronous ripening ing two ovules (hence a potential of 10 seeds in this species requires an understanding of per fruit), as in other Maloideae. The five styles why seed number varies among fruits. The im­ appear fused but are distinct ("pseudo-syn­ portance of resources, pollination, and seed carpous" cf. Carr and Carr, 1961) and diverge predation in the determination ofseed number at the stigmas, enabling separate pollination of raises the larger question of which of these individual carpels (Fig. 1). The inflorescence factors usually limits total plant reproductive is an elongate panicle and the terminal flower output (Bierzychudek, 1981; Stephenson, 1981; usually opens first. Inflorescences contain four Rathcke, 1983; Bawa and Webb, 1984). Snow to eleven flowers, with variability in flower (1986) showed that seed number is related to number relatively low within individual plants pollination intensity primarily in species with (SO = 0.7-2.2). very many seeds per fruit. Other studies have The fruits (pomes) are juicy, purple, and demonstrated a relationship between seed about 1 em in diameter when fully ripe. The number and resources (reviewed in Marshall number offully developed seeds per fruit ranges et al., 1986). from oneto 10, and the balance ofthe 10 ovules One objective ofthis study was to determine develop into small or empty "seeds" that have whether manipulation of resources in a shoot seed coats but no embryo. Amelanchier ar­ at the time offruit initiation affected fruit set, borea is the first species to ripen fleshy fruits seed number, or seed weight in A. arborea. I each summer in southeastern Michigan; fruits also tested whether addition of xenogamous ripen throughout June and early July. Fruit pollen to unbagged flowers increased fruit set ripening is relatively asynchronous within trees; or seed number compared to open-pollinated 90% of fruits ripen within 15-27 days (Gor­ controls. In addition I attempted to determine chov, 1987). Fruits are eaten by a variety of whether "undeveloped seeds" were aborted or birds and mammals; at the study site the prin­ unfertilized ovules. cipal seed disperser is the Cedar Waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum. Chipmunks and other MATERIALSANDMETHODS-Studysite-Field rodents are seed predators (Robinson, 1986), work was done at the E. S. George Wildlife as are larvae oftortricid and geometrid moths. Reserve, Livingston County, Michigan, a re­ search area maintained by the University of Shoot-resource manipulations-Ten plants Michigan. Climate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amelanchierspp. Family: Rosaceae Serviceberry
    Amelanchier spp. Family: Rosaceae Serviceberry The genus Amelanchier contains about 16 species native to North America [5], Mexico [2], and Eurasia to northern Africa [4]. The word amelanchier is derived from the French common name amelanche of the European serviceberry, Amelanchier ovalis. Amelanchier alnifolia-juneberry, Pacific serviceberry, pigeonberry, rocky mountain servicetree, sarvice, sarviceberry, saskatoon, saskatoon serviceberry, western service, western serviceberry , western shadbush Amelanchier arborea-Allegheny serviceberry, apple shadbush, downy serviceberry , northern smooth shadbush, shadblow, shadblown serviceberry, shadbush, shadbush serviceberry Amelanchier bartramiana-Bartram serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis-American lancewood, currant-tree, downy serviceberry, Indian cherry, Indian pear, Indian wild pear, juice plum, juneberry, may cherry, sugar plum, sarvice, servicetree, shadberry, shadblow, shadbush, shadbush serviceberry, shadflower, thicket serviceberry Amelanchier florida-Pacific serviceberry Amelanchier interior-inland serviceberry Amelanchier sanguinea-Huron serviceberry, roundleaf juneberry, roundleaf serviceberry , shore shadbush Amelanchier utahensis-Utah serviceberry Distribution In North America throughout upper elevations and temperate forests. The Tree Serviceberry is a shrub or tree that reaches a height of 40 ft (12 m) and a diameter of 2 ft (0.6 m). It grows in many soil types and occurs from swamps to mountainous hillsides. It flowers in early spring, producing delicate white flowers, making
    [Show full text]
  • Serviceberry Has Come to Signal a Happy Sign of Spring in the Garden
    Notable Natives source of food for wildlife and humans. Over time serviceberry has come to signal a happy sign of spring in the garden. Serviceberry Serviceberry is a tall shrub or small tree reaching from fifteen to twenty-five feet tall. The young elliptical leaves are medium Amelanchier arborea or to dark green in color and are interesting because they have serviceberry is a soft almost woolly “fur” or hairs on their undersides which deciduous shrub in the eventually disappear when the leaves mature. The leaves turn rose family (Rosaceae). a beautiful reddish to pink hue in autumn. The smooth, grey It can play a significant bark can have a reddish cast, and as the plant matures, the role in the Midwest bark grows interesting ridges and shallow furrows. Its slender native garden. There buds and white flowers grow in drooping racemes or bunches are closely related of six to fourteen flowers appearing in spring before mature native species A. Serviceberries in bloom. Photo by Carol Rice. leaves are present. interior and A. laevis, usually from sandier habitats. A tall and narrow woodland The ornamental flowers last only a week or two and are mildly plant, it is one of the first shrubs to flower in spring and is a fragrant. After blooming, the flowers develop into small great plant for residential properties. reddish-purple pomes, small apple-shaped fruits that hang in small clusters. The Serviceberry likes full sun but will tolerate partial sun or light fruit is similar in size to shade. It requires good drainage but should be kept moist blueberries and ripens during summer droughts.
    [Show full text]
  • Brewing Beer with Native Plants (Seasonality)
    BREWING BEER WITH INDIANA NATIVE PLANTS Proper plant identification is important. Many edible native plants have poisonous look-alikes! Availability/When to Harvest Spring. Summer. Fall Winter . Year-round . (note: some plants have more than one part that is edible, and depending on what is being harvested may determine when that harvesting period is) TREES The wood of many native trees (especially oak) can be used to age beer on, whether it be barrels or cuttings. Woods can also be used to smoke the beers/malts as well. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis): Needles and young twigs can be brewed into a tea or added as ingredients in cooking, similar flavoring to spruce. Tamarack (Larix laricina): Bark and twigs can be brewed into a tea with a green, earthy flavor. Pine species (Pinus strobus, Pinus banksiana, Pinus virginiana): all pine species have needles that can be made into tea, all similar flavor. Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana): mature, dark blue berries and young twigs may be made into tea or cooked with, similar in flavor to most other evergreen species. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba): edible fruit, often described as a mango/banana flavor hybrid. Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): root used to make tea, formerly used to make rootbeer. Similarly flavored, but much more earthy and bitter. Leaves have a spicier, lemony taste and young leaves are sometimes used in salads. Leaves are also dried and included in file powder, common in Cajun and Creole cooking. Northern Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis): Ripe, purple-brown fruits are edible and sweet. Red Mulberry (Morus rubra): mature red-purple-black fruit is sweet and juicy.
    [Show full text]
  • Amelanchier Arborea (Serviceberry) Is a Tall Shrub Or Small Tree Bearing Clusters of Fragrant White Owers in April
    Serviceberry Amelanchier arborea (serviceberry) is a tall shrub or small tree bearing clusters of fragrant white owers in April. Flowers give rise to very avorful, red to purple-black, berrylike fruits relished by both songbirds and people. is lovely tree has colorful fall foliage in a blend of orange, gold, red and green. Serviceberry photos by Flickr users Dan Mullen and RJ. Bradford pear photos by Martin LaBar and Amanda Nichols. American Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana (american hornbeam) is a small to medium multi-stemmed tree forming wide spreading rounded tops. A subtle beauty often overlooked. Simple toothed leaves are dark green and have variable yellow, orange, red or reddish purple fall color. Beautiful thin, bluish-gray bark that appears to “ripple” as the tree matures. Hence another common name: “musclewood.” Hornbeam photos by Flickr users Wendy Cutler and Paco Garin. Bradford Pear photos by wplynn and Roger Smith. Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica (black gum) is a beautiful and underused native tree. Tidy shape. Glossy, dark green leaves turn yellow, orange, and scarlet red in fall. Bark is dark gray to almost black, alligator-like patterns when old. Fruit the size of navy beans ripen to a dark blue in fall and feed many birds. Host for the black and white Hebrew moth. Serviceberry photos by Flickr users Dan Mullen and RJ. Bradford pear photos by Martin LaBar and Amanda Nichols. Chokecherry Prunus virginiana (chokecherry) is a small, suckering tree or large shrub with attractive white owers on 3-6” long clusters in spring. Fruit is red, ripening to purple in fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Downy Serviceberry Are Generally Not Large Distribution Enough for Sawtimber but They Have Been Used for Downy Serviceberry Is Widespread in the Eastern US Pulpwood
    Plant Guide in partial shade to full sun, preferring moist but well- DOWNY drained soil but will also grow in dry sites. SERVICEBERRY Status Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Amelanchier arborea (Michx. Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s f.) Fern. current status, such as, state status and wetland Plant Symbol = AMAR3 indicator values. Contributed By: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Description Center & Biota of North America Program Rose Family (Rosaceae). Native shrubs or small trees to 10 meters tall, with a narrow, rounded crown, the twigs often red-brown to purplish, becoming gray; bark smooth, grayish, "striped" with vertical fissures and very ornamental. Leaves: deciduous, alternate, simple, oval to oblong, 5-13 cm long, glabrous above, pubescent and paler beneath, the base rounded or heart-shaped, acute or acuminate at the tip, with finely toothed margins. Flowers: 3-15 in elongate clusters at the branch tips, before the leaves appear; petals 5, white, 10-14 mm long and strap- like. Fruits 6-12 mm wide, on long stalks, red-purple at maturity; seed 5-10 per fruit. The common name: in some regions, the flowers are gathered for church © William S. Justice services, hence serviceberry or sarvis-berry; or Botany Dept., NMNH, Smithsonian Institution @ PLANTS “service” from “sarvis,” in turn a modification of the older name “Sorbus,” a closely related genus. Alternate common names Variation within the species: Three varieties have Sarvis-berry, shadblow, shadbush, juneberry, been recognized: var. alabamensis (Britt.) G.N. sugarplum, Indian cherry Jones; var. arborea; and var. austromontana (Ashe) Ahles.
    [Show full text]
  • High Line Plant List Stay Connected @Highlinenyc
    BROUGHT TO YOU BY HIGH LINE PLANT LIST STAY CONNECTED @HIGHLINENYC Trees & Shrubs Acer triflorum three-flowered maple Indigofera amblyantha pink-flowered indigo Aesculus parviflora bottlebrush buckeye Indigofera heterantha Himalayan indigo Amelanchier arborea common serviceberry Juniperus virginiana ‘Corcorcor’ Emerald Sentinel® eastern red cedar Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry Emerald Sentinel ™ Amorpha canescens leadplant Lespedeza thunbergii ‘Gibraltar’ Gibraltar bushclover Amorpha fruticosa desert false indigo Magnolia macrophylla bigleaf magnolia Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Viking black chokeberry Magnolia tripetala umbrella tree Betula nigra river birch Magnolia virginiana var. australis Green Shadow sweetbay magnolia Betula populifolia grey birch ‘Green Shadow’ Betula populifolia ‘Whitespire’ Whitespire grey birch Mahonia x media ‘Winter Sun’ Winter Sun mahonia Callicarpa dichotoma beautyberry Malus domestica ‘Golden Russet’ Golden Russet apple Calycanthus floridus sweetshrub Malus floribunda crabapple Calycanthus floridus ‘Michael Lindsey’ Michael Lindsey sweetshrub Nyssa sylvatica black gum Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ upright European hornbeam Nyssa sylvatica ‘Wildfire’ Wildfire black gum Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam Philadelphus ‘Natchez’ Natchez sweet mock orange Cercis canadensis eastern redbud Populus tremuloides quaking aspen Cercis canadensis ‘Ace of Hearts’ Ace of Hearts redbud Prunus virginiana chokecherry Cercis canadensis ‘Appalachian Red’ Appalachian Red redbud Ptelea trifoliata hoptree Cercis
    [Show full text]
  • Calvert County Native Plant List
    February 2011 CALVERT COUNTY NATIVE PLANT LIST Canopy Trees (Generally > 35 ft. tall at maturity) Planting Stock: 2-in. caliper in size spaced 20-40 ft. on center Common Name Species Notes Box Elder Acer negundo Red Maple Acer rubrum Silver Maple Acer saccharinum River Birch Betula nigra Bitternut Hickory Carya cordiformis Pignut Hickory Carya glabra Shagbark Hickory Carya ovata Mockernut Hickory Carya tomentosa Common Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Atlantic White Cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides Evergreen Common Persimmon Diospyros virginiana American Beech Fagus grandifolia Black Walnut Juglans nigra Eastern Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana Evergreen Sweet Gum Liquidambar styraciflua Tulip Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Red Mulberry Morus rubra Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica Salt Tolerant Shortleaf Pine Pinus echinata Evergreen Pitch Pine Pinus rigida Evergreen; Salt Tolerant Pond Pine Pinus serotina Evergreen Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda Evergreen Virginia Pine Pinus virgiana Evergreen American Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Black Cherry Prunus serotina Salt Tolerant White Oak Quercus alba Salt Tolerant Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Salt Tolerant Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea Salt Tolerant Southern Red Oak Quercus falcata Blackjack Oak Quercus marilandica Swamp Chestnut Oak Quercus michauxii Chinquapin Oak Quercus muehlenbergii Water Oak Quercus nigra Pin Oak Quercus palustris Salt Tolerant Willow Oak Quercus phellos Chestnut Oak Quercus prinus Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra Salt Tolerant Post Oak Quercus stellata Salt Tolerant Black Oak Quercus velutina Salt Tolerant Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum Salt Tolerant American Basswood Tilia americana American Elm Ulmus americana 1 February 2011 CAL VERT COUNTY NATIVE PLANTS LIST (cont.) Understory Trees (Generally < 35 ft. tall at maturity) Planting Stock: 1 to 2-in.
    [Show full text]
  • I-Tree Eco Valuation of Public Trees in Bicester: a Provisional Analysis
    i-Tree Eco valuation of Public Trees in Bicester: a Provisional Analysis February 2018 The Research Agency of the Forestry Commission An i-Tree Eco analysis of Bicester’s public trees Report prepared by: Madalena Vaz Monteiro, Phillip Handley, Kieron Doick* and Alison Smith * Corresponding author: Dr Kieron J. Doick Head, Urban Forest Research Group Forest Research Alice Holt, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Tel: 0300 067 5641 Twitter: @KieronDoickFR Citation This report should be cited as: Vaz Monteiro, M., Handley, P., Doick, K.J., Smith, A. (2018). i-Tree Eco valuation of public trees in Bicester: a provisional analysis. Forest Research, Farnham. 38pp. Acknowledgements This report is an output of project ‘Tools for Urban Planning and Evaluating Urban Green Infrastructure: Bicester and Beyond’ funded by the Natural Environment Research Council’s (NERC) 2015 Green Infrastructure Innovation Projects Call (Award number: NE/N017730/1). 1 | i-Tree Eco Report - Urban Forest Research Group | February 2018 An i-Tree Eco analysis of Bicester’s public trees Contents Citation ......................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 1 Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Key results for this analysis ................................................................................. 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas Revised & Updated – with More Species and Expanded Control Guidance
    Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas Revised & Updated – with More Species and Expanded Control Guidance National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1 I N C H E S 2 Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4th ed. Authors Jil Swearingen National Park Service National Capital Region Center for Urban Ecology 4598 MacArthur Blvd., N.W. Washington, DC 20007 Britt Slattery, Kathryn Reshetiloff and Susan Zwicker U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Field Office 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr. Annapolis, MD 21401 Citation Swearingen, J., B. Slattery, K. Reshetiloff, and S. Zwicker. 2010. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4th ed. National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC. 168pp. 1st edition, 2002 2nd edition, 2004 3rd edition, 2006 4th edition, 2010 1 Acknowledgements Graphic Design and Layout Olivia Kwong, Plant Conservation Alliance & Center for Plant Conservation, Washington, DC Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD Acknowledgements Funding provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation with matching contributions by: Chesapeake Bay Foundation Chesapeake Bay Trust City of Bowie, Maryland Maryland Department of Natural Resources Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council National Capital Area Garden Clubs Plant Conservation Alliance The Nature Conservancy, Maryland–DC Chapter Worcester County, Maryland, Department of Comprehensive Planning Additional Fact Sheet Contributors Laurie Anne Albrecht (jetbead) Peter Bergstrom (European
    [Show full text]
  • GREEN AREA RATIO PLANT LIST 1 August 2016
    GREEN AREA RATIO PLANT LIST Trees Scientific name Common name Canopy Canopy >40' Sun / Shade Native Bioretention Notes ≤40' Suitability Abies concolor White Fir x Sun / partial Acer buergerianum Trident Maple x Full sun Acer campestre Hedge Maple x Sun / partial Acer griseum Paperbark maple x Full sun Acer rubrum Red Maple x Sun / partial x Acer saccharum Sugar Maple x Sun / partial Acer truncatum Shantung Maple x Sun / partial Acer x freemani Freeman Maple x Sun / partial Aesculus flava Yellow Buckeye x Full sun x Aesculus hippocastanum Horsechestnut x Sun / partial Aesculus x carnea Red Horsechestnut x Sun / partial Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry x Shade / partial x Amelanchier canadensis Shadblow Serviceberry x Sun / partial x x Amelanchier laevis Allegheny Serviceberry x Sun / partial Amelanchier x grandiflora Apple Serviceberry x Sun / partial x Asimina triloba Pawpaw x Sun / partial x x Pollinator Betula nigra River Birch x Sun / partial x x Carpinus betulus European Hornbeam x Sun / partial Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam x Sun / partial x Carya glabra Pignut Hickory x Sun / partial x Carya illinoinensis Pecan DRAFTx Sun / partial Carya mollissima Chinese Chestnut x Sun / partial Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory x Sun / shade x Catalpa spp. Catalpa x Sun /partial Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar x Full sun Cedrus deodara Deodar Cedar x Full sun Celtis laevigata Sugarberry x Sun / partial Celtis occidentalis Hackberry x Sun / partial x x Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsuratree x Sun / partial Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud
    [Show full text]
  • Amelanchier Lamarckii Schröder Taxonomy -Nomenclature Is Confusing: in USA Amelanchier Arborea Is the Accepted Name
    Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Tree factsheet images at pages 3, 4 Amelanchier lamarckii Schröder taxonomy -nomenclature is confusing: in USA Amelanchier arborea is the accepted name. -some botanists consider A. lamarckii to be a natural hybrid between A. canadensis and A. laevis . author, year Schröder … synonym Amelanchier arborea, Amelanchier laevis Family Rosaceae Eng. Name Downy Service berry, Service berry, June berry Dutch name (Amerikaans) Krentenboompje, Drents Krentenboompje subspecies varieties hybrids A. lamarckii is probably a natural hybrid cultivars, frequently used Amelanchier laevis ‘Ballerina’ as a small street tree Amelanchier arborea ‘Robin Hill’ as a small street tree references PFAF database http://www.pfaf.org/index.html morphology crown habit bush or small tree, oval to round max. height (m) 6-9 max. dbh (cm) 40 leaf length (cm) 5-7 leaf petiole (cm) 1,5-2 leaf colour upper surface green leaf colour under surface bluish-green leaves arrangement alternate flowering April flowering plant monoecious flower monosexual flower diameter (cm) 18-28 pollination insects fruit; length berry; 1-1,5 cm fruit petiole (cm) 1 seed; length seed; approx. 0,1 cm seed-wing length (cm) - weight 1000 seeds (g) 3,3 – 3,6 seeds ripen June seed dispersal birds; thrush, blackbird, wood-pigeon habitat natural distribution N.-America in N.W. Europe since 1781 - Germany natural areas The Netherlands - geological landscape types The Netherlands Till plateau, ice-pushed ridges, coversand area (Hoek 1997) forested areas The Netherlands sandy soils area Netherlands not a forest canopy tree % of forest trees in the Netherlands - soil type indifferent pH-KCl indifferent soil fertility indifferent light highly shade tolerant shade tolerance 4.3 (0=no tolerance to 5=max.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Sugar Maple (Acer Floridanum) 2
    Common Trees and Shrubs of the North Carolina Piedmont Modifications provided by the Stevens Nature Center, Town of Cary, N.C. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Found along bluffs at Hemlock Bluffs Nature Preserve, Cary, N.C. in the Piedmont Tree found in mountains or western Piedmont along steams and cool slopes; tree has a broad-based pyramid shape; short needles are round-tipped and ½ -2/3 in. long; Evergreen 31 Post Oak (Quercus stellata) Table of Contents Trees and Shrubs of Floodplains and Shady Situations 1. Southern Sugar Maple (Acer floridanum) 2. Boxelder (Acer negundo) Painted Buckeye (Aesculus sylvatica) 3. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) River Birch (Betula nigra) 4. Ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana) Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) 5. Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) Hazelnut (Corylus americana) Tree of sandy, poor soils and rocky ridges; leaves resemble 6. Green or Red Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) a cross when lower lobes are folded back and often turn Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) brown in winter 7. Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) Umbrella Magnolia (Magnolia tripetala) 8. American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Black Oak Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) (Quercus velutina) 9. Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus michauxii) Black Willow (Salix nigra) 10. Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) American Elm (Ulmus americana) Trees and Shrubs of Both Uplands and Lowlands 11. Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 12. Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 13. American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) White Ash (Fraxinus americana) 14. Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) American Holly (Ilex opaca) 15. Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) Large tree of well-drained soils; leaves are variable in form, 6-10 in. long 30 16.
    [Show full text]