High-Speed Railways in Spain

New Technologies in Spain High-Speed Railways To meet the world’s growing demand for high-speed rail networks, Spanish companies are innovating numerous new products and services. Innovation in Motion Spain is now the world’s eighth-largest economy and the fastest growing in the European Union. It represents more than 2.5% of the world’s total GDP and a third of all new jobs created in the Eurozone last year. Spain is fast becoming a leader in innovation and generating advanced solutions in the industries of aerospace, renewable energies, water treatment, rail, biotechnol- ogy, industrial machinery and civil engineering. Spanish firms are innovators in the field of public-works finance and management, where six of the world’s top ten companies are from Spain. Where innovation thrives, so will the successful global enterprises of the 21st century. To find out more about technology opportunities in Spain, visit: www.spainbusiness.com To find out more about New Technologies in Spain, visit: www.technologyreview.com/spain/train High-Speed Railways in Spain Spain is rapidly expanding its high-speed rail service, becoming one of most connected countries in the world. As the high- speed rail network grows, Spanish companies continue to innovate and provide new services and products at lower prices to meet the world’s growing demand. This is the fourth in an eight-part series highlighting new technologies in Spain and is produced by Technology Review, Inc.’s custom-publishing division in partnership with the Trade Commission of Spain. The sensation of riding on Spain’s high-speed rail from Madrid the population within only a few dozen kilometers of a high- to Seville is more than anything one of smoothness, without speed rail line and shooting Spain to the world’s top ranks in the bumps and jostles common on conventional rail. The jour- terms of total high-speed rail on the ground. ney passes so comfortably, in fact, that it’s easy for a rider to In the process, Spanish industry has taken advantage of forget the speeds at which the train is traveling—unless, of the country’s new focus on high-speed rail to develop new course, the rider happens to stand in the conductor’s cabin. products to meet the demand of Spanish market, and From the conductor’s vantage point, scenery zips alongside to innovate and compete on the world market for parts as tunnels loom ahead, then the train quickly plunges into and services. darkness before darting out once again into the light. The speed, the most important trait of high-speed rail, turns from What Is High-Speed Rail? simply a number on paper into something visceral. The history of rail is long and varied around the world, and Spain has embarked on an ambitious project to develop definitions of “high speeds” have changed dramatically high-speed rail connections in every major city, spanning out over the years. Railways had a monopoly on passenger in a web all around the country and connecting the urban dots travel throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s at speeds along the coast. By 2020, the country plans to have 10,000 kilo- that were considered rapid at the time—about 100 kilome- meters of high-speed rail completed, placing 90 percent of ters per hour. www.technologyreview.com/spain/train 1 A high-speed train whizzes tional relations for ADIF (the Spanish across a bridge in the Spanish acronym for the Railway Infrastructure countryside. Administrator). Says Jiménez, “This line was the one where, with the least investment, we could dramatically cut the distance for the largest number of passengers by building a new line entirely, not running parallel to existing train lines.” In addition, the World Expo planned for Seville in 1992 gave the government a time and goal to work toward. There were practical economic reasons to choose Seville for the first des- tination. That same year, 1986, Spain entered the European Union. With the entrance, the Spanish government had access to EU funds for infrastructure development, and the government decided to invest in the development of After World War II, the United train that reached 250 kilometers per the relatively impoverished region of States came to rely on improvements hour in testing, though its trains pur- Andalusia. in cars, highways, and air travel, while chased for systems around the world The construction of the line was Europe and Japan focused on rebuild- remain electric. hampered by the need to cross the Sierra ing and improving the railway system. Morena mountains. “Spain is the sec- Higher-speed trains were originally History ond most mountainous country in imagined in order to win back large The history of high-speed rail in Spain Europe, after Switzerland,” says Juan numbers of passengers who had been began two decades ago, in 1986, when Matías Archilla, director of interna- diverted to road and air traffic the government decided to further the tional relations for Renfe, the Spanish (reasons similar to those motivating country’s investment in rail. At the time, rail operator. Today, improvements in Spain today). involved officials in Ministries of Econ- tunnel engineering assist in the devel- Today, “high speed” trains are gen- omy and Transportation and the office opment of shorter rail lines; Spain is erally understood to be those that travel of the President debated whether to currently building one of the longest at and above 200 kilometers per hour, develop improved and additional con- rail tunnels in the world north of or 124 miles per hour. That speed was ventional rail lines or take the plunge Madrid, crossing the Sierra de Guadar- first reached by a Japanese train, which with high-speed. Spain has a particu- rama along the new high-speed route was officially launched in 1964. France’s larly high density of air travel, with between Madrid and Valladolid and TGV followed in 1981. Actually, 200 each regional capital having its own air- serving the entire northwest of Spain. kilometers per hour is now considered port, and the government determined It took only six years for the 471- relatively slow in the high-speed world: that high-speed rail presented the best kilometer line to be completed, an most high-speed trains today travel at economic and environmental alterna- unusually short time for a line of this 250 to 300 kilometers per hour (150 to tive to attract people away from planes distance. It cost about a third less than 185 miles per hour). Trains are in devel- and cars. similar lines—in part because of the opment that run at 350 kilometers As to where that first line would run, dogged commitment of the local and per hour, and on test tracks, trains have the government chose the Madrid- national government to achieving the reached more than 500 kilometers Seville route. Though it might seem less goal in time for the World Expo. per hour. logical than linking the two major eco- After the trains finally reached opti- The term “high-speed rail” does not nomic centers, Madrid and Barcelona, mal speed, it took just two hours and refer to a particular type of train but, a number of factors made this track a twenty minutes to reach Seville. Before, rather, simply to the speeds it can attain. clear first choice. Before 1986, traveling any rail traveler would spend nearly Today most high-speed trains are elec- to Seville from Madrid meant a long, triple that, about six hours. Riders soon tric, though diesel trains, incorporating indirect route over a single-track rail. arrived in droves, and the line proved to newer technology, have been able to “This was technically the most impor- be a crucial link in the economic devel- reach similar speeds. For instance, the tant bottleneck in the network,” says opment of the region. Spanish company Talgo has a diesel Joaquín Jiménez, director of interna- After the success of the Madrid- 2 www.technologyreview.com/spain/train Seville line, the economic crisis of 1993 tion of Málaga by 2007. Construction with the rail service, and they turned hit Spain, along with much of the rest is already in advanced stages for lines increasingly to roads and planes.” of the world. It wasn’t until 1997 that reaching the Mediterranean coast and The decision to invest in high-speed the country found itself on strong the French border. rail also came about in part because of enough economic legs to return to the a need to reduce greenhouse gases under theme of high-speed rail. The view Why Rail? Spain’s participation in the Kyoto Pro- automatically turned to developing the As Spain strengthened its economy in tocol. Rail, which runs on electricity route between Madrid and Barcelona, the 1980s following its emergence from (and electricity in Spain is partly gener- with the idea of cutting travel time from economic isolation, the decision about ated by renewable sources such as wind), six and a half hours down to about two how best to invest in infrastructure is significantly cleaner than either planes and a half. development became paramount. Rail or cars. The data for the Madrid-Seville In 2003, the next line of Spanish offered a wide variety of benefits. line support the investment in high- high-speed rail (known by the Spanish Development of rail, it was determined, speed rail: before the advent of the new acronym AVE) opened in Spain: from provided the best means for increasing line, 11 percent of passengers traveled Madrid northeast to Lleida, which is the economic development in the outlying to Seville by plane and 60 percent by car.

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