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Social Assessment of the Water Supply and Sanitation Program-II

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Social Assessment of the Water Supply and Sanitation Program-II IPP679 Social Assessment of the Public Disclosure Authorized Water Supply and Sanitation Program-II WaSH–II Public Disclosure Authorized October 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 2 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Objectives of the Social Assessment ..................................................................................... 12 1.2 Social Assessment Methodology .......................................................................................... 12 1.3 Outline of the Report ............................................................................................................ 15 2. The Institutional and Social Background to OWN-P (WASH-II) ................................................................ 15 2.1 Characteristics of Vulnerability and Exclusion from WaSH Services ..................................... 16 2.2 Underserved and Vulnerable Groups .................................................................................... 19 2.3 Socioeconomic and cultural profile of some underserved communities……………….…………21 2.4 Vulnerability, Exclusion and Underserved Populations: Implications for Universal Coverage 39 2.5 The Legal and Policy Context for WaSH ................................................................................ 40 2.6 National Policy Framework for WaSH Provision ................................................................... 42 2.7 The building blocks for Universal Acess ................................................................................ 45 3. OWN-P (WaSH II): Supporting Equitable and Inclusive Access to WaSH ................................................. 47 3.1 Principles and Pillars of OWN-P ............................................................................................ 47 3.2 WaSH-I Progress towards Equitable Access to WaSH Provision: Lessons learnt ................... 48 3.3 Integrating Equity and Inclusion into the Design of OWN-P (WaSH II) ................................. 49 4. Equitable and Inclusive WaSH Services: Key Messages from the Consultations ..................................... 51 4.1 Community Perceptions of Current WaSH Benefits .............................................................. 51 4.2 Community Needs in Relation to WaSH Services ................................................................. 52 4.3 Barriers to Equitable and Inclusive WaSH ............................................................................. 54 4.4 Improvement Suggestions .................................................................................................... 56 5. Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1 Potential Implementation Risks and Challenges ................................................................... 58 5.2 Recommendations for OWN-P Implementation ................................................................... 59 Annex 1: Documents Consulted ....................................................................................................................... 67 Annex 2: Checklist of Themes and Question Prompts for Focus Group Discussions ....................................... 71 Annex 3: Suggested Amendments or Additions to the Key Performance Indicators for OWN-P .................. 74 Annex 4: Example of an Organisational Equity and Access Capacities Assessment Matrix ............................. 77 Annex 5: Summary of Findings of the Stakeholder Consultations prepared by WaterAid ....79 Social Assessment of OWN-P (WaSH-II): October 2013 3 Acknowledgements The Social Assessment of the One Wash National Programme (Water Supply and Sanitation Programme – II) was undertaken on behalf of the NWCO of the MoWE, and its partners, by Mary Ann Brocklesby and WaterAid Ethiopia. The final report was written by Mary Ann Brocklesby. Stakeholder Consultations in Gambela, SNNPR and Somali were coordinated by Girma Aboma of Water Aid Ethiopia. The Field teams who collected and analysed the regional data and prepared the regional reports were as follows: . Gambela – Fromsa Taya (Team Leader), Gari Duguma, Yewbdar Asefa, Muluken Abate . SNNPR – Terekegn Kassa (Team Leader), Aynalem Kassa, Sequarie Behane, Sara Ibssa . Somali – Alemu Yadeta (Team Leader), Demi Gemeda, Eyerusalem Melesse, Jemila Hussen . Afar, Oromia, Benishangul Gumuz—Abinet kebede (literature review) Abiy Girma, the coordinator of NWCO/MoWE, Morag Baird of DFID; Tesfaye Bekalu and Chudi Okafor of the World Bank oversaw the preparation of the report. The Social Assessment was carried out with the support of UK AID Department for International Development. The MoWE, and the Social Assessment Team are extremely grateful to the government, stakeholders, and service providers, both inside and outside of government who were interviewed or took part in focus group discussions. Our greatest thanks are reserved for the WaSHCOs, women of all ages, older people, people with disabilities, homeless people and the poorer people within the communities we visited, who gave their time so freely and shared their opinions so openly with team members. Social Assessment of OWN-P (WaSH-II): October 2013 4 Acronyms AMCOW African Ministers Council of Water CB Capacity Building CLTSH Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene CMP Community Managed Project COWASH Community-Led Accelerated WASH CSO Civil Society Organisation DFID Department for International Development EDHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey FGD Focus Group Discussion GoE Government of Ethiopia GoF Government of Finland GQIP General Education Quality Improvement Programme GRM Grievance and Redress Mechanisms GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HEW Health Extension Worker HSC Health Science College ILO International Labour Organisation KPI Key Performance Indicators M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDG Millennium Development Goal MoE Ministry of Education MoFA Ministry of Federal Affairs MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MoH Ministry of Health MoU Memorandum of Understanding MoWE Ministry of Water and Energy MTR Mid-Term Review NWCO National WASH Coordination Office NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NWI National WaSH Inventory ODF Open Defecation Free O&VC Orphans and Vulnerable Children OWN-P One WaSH National Programme PMU Project Management Unit RWCO Regional WaSH Coordination Office RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SNPPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region SWAp Sector Wide Approach ToR Terms of Reference TWB Town Water Boards UAP Universal Access Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WaSH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WaSHCO WASH Committees WIF WASH Implementation Framework WS Water Supply WSSP Water Supply and Sanitation Project (funded by IDA/DFID) WWT Woreda WASH Team WB World Bank Glossary of Local Terms Kebele: The smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia Woreda: is an administrative division of Ethiopia (managed by a local government), equivalent to a district. Woredas are composed of a number of kebeles Social Assessment of OWN-P (WaSH-II): October 2013 5 Executive Summary The OWN-P (WaSH II) social assessment was commissioned as part of the finalisation of the OWN-P design and Implementation strategy. The primary focus of the social assessment was on the Woreda managed project modality of OWN-P (WaSH II). OWN-P is the GoE’s main instrument for achieving the goals and targets of increased coverage of water supply and sanitation established in the GTP. It is a 7 year programme designed to be implemented in two phases: Phase 1 - 2013 -2015 and Phase 2 – 2015 -2020. Phasing allows for adjustments, after 2015, in line with changed GoE priorities, policies and strategies post the GTP, MDGs and UAP. The purpose of the social assessment was to: a) assess the potential impact of OWN-P’s (WaSH II) proposed project components on the under-served populations in the emerging regions and pastoralist areas as well as vulnerable and disadvantaged social groups in Ethiopia and, b) identify strategies for mitigating risk and adverse impacts. There were two main components to the SA: a) analysis of existing data sources in relation to the key social and institutional issues affecting poor, vulnerable and underserved individuals, households and populations and, b) rapid participatory stakeholder consultations in 3 regions – Gambella, Somali and SNNPR. Social Background There has been substantial progress in extending the provision of WaSH services. From a very low base, in 1990, of 19% for water supply and 3% for sanitation coverage the overall access - rural and urban- to water supply and sanitation facilities, by 2010, had expanded to 52% and 63%, respectively. Notwithstanding these significant improvements, there are considerable disparities in WaSH provision. Ethiopia is off-track in meeting its MDG targets for
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