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Series VI: Medical Sciences – SUPPLEMENT – PROCEEDING OF BULLETIN OF THE TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV Vol. 2 (51) – 2009 Series VI Series VI: Medical Sciences – SUPPLEMENT – PROCEEDING OF THE IVTH BALKAN CONGRESS OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE ISSN 2065-2224 TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRAŞOV BULLETIN OF THE TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRAŞOV THE IV-TH BALCAN CONGRESS OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE October 2009 BRAŞOV, ROMANIA VOL. 2 (51) – SERIES VI ISSN 2065-2224 Special Issue No.1, 2009 Volume 1 Published by Transilvania University Press Braşov, Romania 2009 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series VI: Medical Sciences. Vol. 2 (51), 2009. ISSN 2065-2216 printed version; ISSN 2065-2224 CD-ROM version continues Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series VI: Medical Sciences. Vol. 1 (50), 2008. ISSN 2065-2216 printed version; ISSN 2065-2224 CD-ROM version and Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series B3. Vol. 14 (49), 2007. ISSN 1223-964X printed version. EDITORIAL BOARD Editor in Chief Ion VIŞA, Dr.Eng., Prof. Co-editors: Elena HELEREA, Dr.Eng., Prof. Anca DUŢĂ, Dr.Eng., Prof. Liliana ROGOZEA, MD, PhD, Prof. Coordinating Editor Series VI Gheorghe COMAN, PhD, Prof. chem. Editorial Assistant: Mihaela BADEA, PhD, Assoc. Prof. chem Nicusor Bagiu, M.D., Assist English Language Supervision Lucian RADU, Lecturer Web-site: http://but.unitbv.ro/BU2009 Address: 29, Eroilor st., 500036, Braşov, Romania Phone: +40-268-410525 E-mail: [email protected] © All rights reserved SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Assoc. Prof. chem. Mihaela BADEA, Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Salem ABDEL-BADEEH, Ph.D., Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Doina Paula BALABAN, PhD., Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania Prof. Cristina BORZAN, M.D., Ph.D., UMF Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Prof. Sorin BUZINSCHI, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Dr. Daniel CATALAN, European Center for Disease Prevention and Control Prof. chem. Gheorghe COMAN, Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Nina Micosa CADIZ, Ph.D., University of the Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Prof Dan Mircea CHETA, MD, Ph.D., UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania Assoc. Prof. Carmen DOMNARIU, M.D., Ph.D., University Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, Romania Prof. Alin CUCU, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Dan DUMITRASCU, M.D., Ph.D., UMF Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Prof. Leonida GHERASIM, M.D., Ph.D, UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Member of Romanian Academy, Romania Prof. Ove HELLZEN, Ph.D., Faculty of Health Sciences, Norway Prof. Kornelia HELEMBAI, Ph.D., University of Szeged, Hungary Prof. Teodor LEASU, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Member of the World Academy of Medicine, Romania Prof. Roger Maurice LEBLANC, Ph.D., University of Miami, USA Prof. Peter MANU, Ph.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA Prof. Jean-Louis MARTY, Ph.D., Universite de Perpignan via Domitia, France Prof. Dan MINEA, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Aurel MIRONESCU, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Nicolae MIU, M.D., Ph.D., UMF Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Assoc. Prof. Marius MOGA, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Ioana MOISIL, Ph.D., University Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, Romania Prof. Dimitrie NANU, M.D., Ph.D., UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania Assoc. Prof. Laurenţiu NEDELCU, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Dr. Marian NEGUŢ, M.D., Ph.D., UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Codruta NEMET, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Gilvanda Silva NUNES, Ph.D., Federal University of Maranhao, Brasil Prof. Lazar ONISÂI, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Assoc. Prof. Candan OZTURK, Ph.D., Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Prof. farm. Honorius POPESCU, Ph.D., UMF Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Member of the “Academie Internationale d’Histoire de la Pharmacie”, Romania Assoc. Prof. Mariusz PUSZCZEWICZ, M.D., Ph.D., Poznan University of Medical Science, Poland Prof. Mariana RADOI., M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Assoc. Prof. Patrizia RESTANI, Ph.D., Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy Prof. Ilia REUBEN, M.D., Ph.D., Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Prof. Liliana ROGOZEA, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Iosif SAMOTA, M.D., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Erich SORANTIN, M.D., Ph.D., Medical University Graz, Austria Assoc. Prof. Claudia STIHI, Ph.D., Valahia University of Târgovişte, Romania Assoc. Prof. Mihaela IDOMIR, MD., Ph.D., Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Prof. Caius ZAMORA, MD., Ph.D., UMF Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca Conference Organizing Committee - Liliana Rogozea - Pascu Alina, - Nicolae Marcu - Miclăuş Roxana, - Mariana Rădoi - Gabriela Sechel - Teodor Leaşu, - Andreea Fleancu - Gabriel Moraru, - Adela Bădău, - Botezatu Maria - Gabriela Mailat, - Curesciuc Cerasela - Mioara Georgescu, - Manolachescu Doina - Bălescu Alexandru, - Dorina Popa - Sanda Hondor, - Leaşu Florin, - Ana Ionescu, - Corina Derczeni, - Crisitina Egri, - Adrian Rotaru, - Tatiana Oglindă, - Geta Miron, - Mihaela Cardiş, - Nemet Codruţa, - Godri Dora - Mihai Ţurcanu, Scientific Conference Committee: - Philippe Albou - (France) - Miladin Apostolov (Bulgaria) - Dana Baran (Romania) - Gheorghe Bratescu - (Romania) - Victoria Burtea - (Romania) - Nicolae Constantin -(Romania) - Aysegül Demirhan Erdemir (Turkey) - Athanassios Diamandopoulos (Greece) - Daniela Ion (Romania) - Cristina Ionescu (Romania) - Teodor Leasu (Romania) - Elena Helerea (Romania) - Nicolae Marcu (Romania) - Emeritus Spyros G. Marketos(Greece) - Ioana Moisil (Romania) - Codruta Nemet (Romania) - Manu Peter (USA) - Honorius Popescu (Romania) - Liliana Rogozea (Romania) - Mariana Radoi (Romania) - Alfredo Musajo Somma (Italy) - Carlos Viesca-Trevino (Mexico) - Jean-Pierre Tricot (Belgium) - Giorgio Zanchin (Italy) Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra2ov • Vol. 2 (51) - 2009 Series 6: Medical Sciences Supplement – Proceeding of The IVth Balkan Congress of History of Medicine LAWS ON MEDICAL ETHICS IN TURKEY FROM THE PAST TO NOWADAYS AND COMMENTS Ay2egül Demirhan ERDEMIR1 Abstract: The responsibility of the physician is also an important theme of the history of Turkish medical ethics. Turks believed in a polytheistic religion, namely Shamanism, before Islam. This religion is a religion with regard to nature. Ottoman physicians were educated in the form of master- apprentice. The responsibility of the physician was examined both by the Islamic Penal Code and by Ottoman Lawbooks in the Ottoman period. Some interesting characteristics were found in some medical manuscripts and some documents in the period of the Ottoman Turks. Afterwards, the responsibility of the physician showed a modern characteristic and some modern laws came into force. An education in the type of medrese (an Islamic High School) was seen in the Islamic World in the Middle Ages. A Medrese was a kind of high school, and this foundation was also seen in the field of medicine. The persons who graduated from medreses got their diplomas in the name of educator in the period of Otoman Turks. The period of high school began with the foundation of Tıphane and Cerrahhane-i Amire (Medical and Surgical School) in 1827. So, some modern laws were passed about the responsibility of the physician. So, today, a physician is responsible in all the medical practices according to Turkish Criminal Law, The Turkish Obligation Law, Turkish Civilian Law, Medicine and Its Branches’ Law, Turkish Medical Ethics Regulation, Health Protection Law, Turkish Medical Association. The Agreement on Patients Rights with the date of 1998 contains the subjects such as justice, the choosing of of foundation of health, informed consent, fidelity, confidentiality, privacy, veracity, the refuse of the treatment, the suing of the patient. In this paper, we will comment about laws on Medical Ethics in Turkey from the past to nowadays. Key words: law, history of medicine, malpractice 1. Introduction Shamanism, which was a polytheist In the world of Turks, remarkable totemic religion of nature. In it, the sky, developments have always taken place in sun, moon, stars, earth and animals were terms of physician responsibilities and all holy beings believed to have spirits and duties and there are many archive materials angels in them and Turks kept a deep kind on it. This study gives examples from such of mysticism in their souls. materials and makes some comments. Ottoman physicians held onto Islamic traditions too. For long years, 2. Historical context medical training was given by masters to Before Islam, Turks followed medical students. Therefore, the loopholes 1 Department of Medical History and Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa/TURKEY. 6 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra2ov • Vol. 2 (51) - 2009 • Series VI in the Islamic law were tried to be closed all closed. Some medical manuscripts and an alternative code of laws based on dated the 18th century and the Ottoman local traditions was developed. The Archives of the Prime Ministry talk about statutes like those of Fatih Sultan Mehmed, physician responsibilities. In his “Ra’is al Kanuni Sultan Süleyman and Mehmed IV Cerrahin” written in 1720, Cerrah Mes’ud closed some of the loopholes in the Islamic Efendi reports that good physicians are penal law. The sanctions on physicians compassionate,
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