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Livelihoods and the Farming Sector of the Mier Community in the Northern Cape Province

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Livelihoods and the Farming Sector of the Mier Community in the Northern Cape Province Livelihoods and the Farming Sector of the Mier Community in the Northern Cape Province Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, in cooperation with the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria PRETORIA Supervisor: Professor N.F.G. Rethman Co-supervisor: Professor J.F. Kirsten © University of Pretoria I declare that this is entirely my own work and has not previously been submitted for any qualification .. Where material from other sources has been used, it has been referenced in full in the text. Signed: -j;t~ ~~. Heleen P. Koster The author wants to express her sincere appreciation to the following persons/organisations (in alphabetical order): • Dr. C. Twyman and Dr. D. Sporton for all their valuable suggestions, advice and literature provided; • Miss K.M. Viergever for her tremendous help and company during the surveys; • Miss M. Bosman for all her helpful advice, effort and time; • Mr. A.F. Van Rooyen for sharing his insights of the community and for bringing me in contact with stakeholders and various specialists in this study field; • Mr. J.W. Brink and Mr. D. Smith for informative conversations and for providing transport; • Prof. N.F.G. Rethman and prof. J.F. Kirsten for their advice and corrections; • The FRD (Foundation for Research Development) for funding. Without these funds, the project would not have been possible; • The Mier community for their co-operation, friendliness and time, and in particular Mr. C. ViIander, Mr. P. Mathys (Freddy), Mr. J.M. Bok (Basie), Mr. P. Afrikaner (Scotts) as well as the staff of the MTC offices for their assistance; • Werner, my husband, for all his help, especially with Microsoft Access and for the use of his pick-up during the main survey. • Above all I would like to thank Almighty God for giving me this opportunity, because working with this remarkable community in the Kalahari is a memory that I shall always cherish. Declaration '" .i Acknowledgements .ii Table of Contents .iii List of Figures vii List of Tables viii Acronyms and Definitions x ABSTRACT , xi OPSOMMING xiii Chapter 1 Motivation and Methodology of the Study 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.1.1 Background Summary of the Mier Area 1 1.1.2 Why a Livelihood Study? 5 1.2 Objectives 7 1.3 Methodology 8 1.4 Outline 12 Chapter 2 Defining a Sustainable Livelih ood 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Social Context. 17 2.3 Conclusion 18 Chapter 3 Contexts, Conditions and Trends 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 History 21 3.2.1 Course of Events 21 3.2.2 The Evolution of SmaIl Towns During Rural Development 24 3.2.2.1 The International Experience 25 3.2.2.2 The Mier Area's Villages 26 3.3 Politics 27 3.4 Macro-Economic Conditions 29 3A.l Mier Farmers and Price Incentives 29 3.4.2 Government Subsidies 31 3.4.3 Labour Issues 32 3AA The Exchange Rate and Inflation 32 3.5 Climate 34 3.5.1 Introduction 34 3.5.2 Temperature 34 3.5.3 Rainfall 35 3.5.4 Evaporation 35 3.5.5 Humidity 35 3.5.6 Prevailing \\rinds 35 3.6 Agro-Ecology 36 3.6.1 Topography 36 3.6.2 Soils 36 3.6.2.1 Dune Veld 36 3.6.2.2 Hard Veld 37 3.6.3 Vegetation 37 3.6.3.1 Introduction 37 3.6.3.2 Annual Versus Perennial Grasses 38 3.6.3.3 Rhigozum trichotomum Invasion 39 3.6.4 Interaction Between the Different Ecological Components in the Dune Veld .40 3.6.5 Water 43 3.7 Demography 44 3.7.1 Population Figures 44 3.7.2 Immigration and Emigration 45 3.7.3 Age Distribution 45 3.7.3.1 Age Distribution per Group 46 3.7.3.2 Age Distribution per Village 47 3.7.4 Household Information 47 3.7.5 Economically Active Age Group (EAA) 48 3.7.6 Unemployment...; 49 3.7.6.1 Unemployment per Group 51 3.7.6.2 Unemployment per Village 51 3.8 Social Differentiation 52 3.8.1 Generation Differentiation 52 3.8.2 Gender Differentiation 54 3.8.3 Status Differentiation 55 3.8.4 Political Differentiation 56 3.8.5 Religious Differentiation 56 3.9 Current Community Perceptions 56 3.9.1 Introduction 56 3.9.2 Farm Sector Changes 57 3.9.3 Future Prospects 59 3.9.4 Households' Opinions About the Communal Land 60 3.9.5 Households' Opinions About the Commercial Land 63 3.9.6 Contributions Made by the Commercial Farming Sector to the Mier Area 65 3.9.7 Households' Opinion About the Game Ranch System 67 3.10 Conclusions 67 Chapter 4 Livelihood Resources 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Natural Capital 70 4.2.1 Water 70 4.2.1.1 Water Sources 70 4.2.1.2 Ground Water Quality 71 4.2.2 Land 73 4.2.3 Eco-tourism 74 4.2.4 Minerals and Diamonds 75 4.3 EconomicallFinancial CapitaL 76 4.3.1 The Mier Area's Financial Capital Resources 76 4.3.1.1 The Government 76 4.3.1.2 Tax and Service Payments 76 4.3.1.3 Rent Payment from Lease Farmers 76 4.3.2 Financial Services and the Mier Area 76 4.3.2.1 A Lack of Formal Financial Institutions 77 4.3.2.2 Shop Accounts 77 4.3.2.3 The Land Bank 78 4.3 .2.4 Other Credit Sources 79 4.3.3 Cost of Living 80 4.4 Human Capital 81 4.5 Social CapitaL 82 4.6 Conclusions 85 Chapter 5 Institutions and Organisations 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Institutions of the Mier Area 88 5.3 Internal Organisations of the Mier Area 89 5.3.1 Mier Transitional Council (MTC) 89 5.3.2 Local Development Forums (LDF) , 89 5.3.3 Mier Resident Union (MRU) 90 5.3.4 Farmer Union (FU) 90 5.3.5 Other Interest Groups 90 5.4 External Organisations Active in the Mier Area 91 5.4.1 The Department of Agriculture of the Northern Cape Province 91 5.4.2 The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) 91 5.4.3 Impak Consulting Engineers 92 5.4.4 Public Works 92 5.4.4.1 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 92 5.4.4.2 LandCare 93 5.5 Conclusion 93 Chapter 6 Livelihood Strategies 94 6.1 Introduction _ 94 6.2 Permanent Work 95 6.2.1 Permanent Workers per Village and per Group 96 6.2.2 Permanent Occupations 97 6.2.3 Work Places 98 6.3 Migration 99 6.3.1 Reasons for Migration 100 6.3.2 Migrant Profile 100 6.3.3 The Cost of Migration _ 101 6.3.4 Income to Rural Household 102 6.3.5 Do Migrants Prefer to Live in the Mier Area?" 102 6.3.6 Migrants per Group I03 6.3.7 Migrants per Village 104 6.3.8 Migrant Employment Types 104 6.4 Casual Labour I05 6.4.1 Casual Labour Types 106 6.4.2 Casual Labourers per Group 107 6.4.3 Casual Labourers per Village 108 6.5 Micro-enterprises 108 6.6 Private Transfers _ 110 6.7 Government Welfare and other Allowances III 6.7.1 Government Allowances III 6.7.2 Allowances and the Mier Community 113 6.7.3 Government Allowances per Group 114 6.7.4 Government Allowances per Village 115 6.8 Agriculture 115 6.8.1 Crop Production 116 6.8.1.1 Garden Production 116 6.8.1.2 Loubos' s Irrigation Lands 118 6.8.2 Animal Production 118 6.8.2.1 Livestock Owners 118 6.8.2 .1.1 Commercial Farmers 119 6.8.2.1.2 Communal Farmers 121 6.8.2.1.3 Livestock held on somebody Else's Mier Commercial Farm 122 6.8.2.1.4 Other 123 6.8.2.2 Domestic Livestock of the Mier Area 123 6.9 Main Sources of Income 126 6.10 Conclusion 127 Chapter 7 Vulnerability ..•............................................................................................................ 128 7.1 Introduction 128 7.2 Precautionary Measure 129 7.3 Short Term Food Security Strategies 131 7.4 Large Unexpected Crises 134 7.5 Pooling Resources 137 7.6 Sources of Income 138 7.7 Conclusion 140 Chapter 8 Summary and Conclusions .......•...•.....•...••........•......................................................... 141 8.1 Overall Summary and Conclusions 141 8.2 A Profile of Each Group and Village 144 8.2.1 The Groups 144 8.2.1.1 Group A - Households owning no livestock 144 8.2.1.2 Group B - Household owning less than 10 animals 146 8.2.1.3 Group C - Households owning 10 animals or more 148 8.2.1.4 Group D - Commercial farmers 150 8.2.2 The Villages 152 8.2.2.1 Groot and Klein lYIier 152 8.2.2.2 Loubos 154 8.2.2.3 Philandersbron 155 8.2.2.4 Rietfontein 156 8.2.2.5 Welkom 158 8.2.3 Conclusion 160 References 161 Appendices 171 Appendix A 172 Appendix B 190 Appendix C 191 Appendix D , 193 Appendix E 194 Appendix F , 196 Chapter 1: Figure 1. Location of the Mier area, Northern Cape, South Africa 2 Chapter 2: Figure 2. Components and flow in a livelihood 16 Chapter 3: Figure 3. Consumer price inflation in south Africa 33 Figure 4. The boundary effect as result of different farm management practices .,43 Figure 5.
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