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Fortresses As Specific Areas of Urban Greenery Defining the Uniqueness of the Urban Cultural Landscape

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Fortresses As Specific Areas of Urban Greenery Defining the Uniqueness of the Urban Cultural Landscape sustainability Article Fortresses as Specific Areas of Urban Greenery Defining the Uniqueness of the Urban Cultural Landscape: Warsaw Fortress—A Case Study Ewa Zara´s-Januszkiewicz 1,* , Jakub Botwina 2 , Barbara Zarska˙ 1 , Tatiana Swoczyna 1 and Tomasz Krupa 3 1 Department of Environment Protection and Dendrology, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (B.Z.);˙ [email protected] (T.S.) 2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Pomology and Horticulture Economics, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 December 2019; Accepted: 23 January 2020; Published: 1 February 2020 Abstract: The term “fortress landscape” is a holistic one which involves coverage and terrain adapted for defensive purposes. The specificity of the historical heritage of the Polish cultural landscape is expressed in a great number of such objects, some of which have been absorbed by its cities. A case in point is the Warsaw Fortress. A significant part of its fortification has survived to this day. Due to its spatial structure, manner of use and condition, the Fortress constitutes a valuable element of Warsaw’s natural system. At the same time, it should be noted that this element is important due to being a tourist attraction and is an example of qualified military tourism. Military tourism is one of the most popular types of modern tourism. Its elements are frequently integrated into the urban green area system. Moreover, due to its specific spatial structure, the Fortress provides a unique element enriching the cultural landscape of the city. In this paper, a historical background of the Warsaw Fortress is analyzed with a special emphasis on its cultural value and public perception. The methods used in the study include a cultural value assessment, the WNET method, a survey questionnaire and both PCA and PCC statistical methods. The analysis showed that the landscape value of the Fortress received 70% of the maximum possible rating in the conducted survey. What is more, the Warsaw Fortress was also evaluated using all the assessment criteria. The study shows that the entry of the fortress elements into the city’s natural system is perceived as being valuable, although it often lacks a specific program. Consequently, the Warsaw Fortress should be subject to landscape protection with a view towards revitalization, along with introducing a recreational program. Keywords: fortress landscape; fortress; fort; city natural system; cultural landscape 1. Introduction The term “fortress landscape” was introduced into the language of landscape architecture by Bogdanowski [1]. The term refers to a holistic form of coverage and landform adapted for defensive purposes. In addition to combat facilities, such landscapes also include non-combat constructions, such as engineering and logistics buildings, a barracks, road and railway objects, fire connections and greenery [2], which are currently viewed as communication links with accompanying avenue trees. Fortress landscapes are very important for a city’s natural system due to their specific spatial structures and characteristic functional and spatial solutions in the field of greenery, whose remains Sustainability 2020, 12, 1043; doi:10.3390/su12031043 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability SustainabilitySustainability2020 2020, 12, 11, 1043, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 ofof 3032 structures and characteristic functional and spatial solutions in the field of greenery, whose remains areare easy easy to to detect detect in in the the fabric fabric of of the the modern modern city. city. At At the the same same time, time, these these objects objects strongly strongly fit fit into into the the landscapelandscape and and can can be be part part of of the the “showcase” “showcase” of of the the urban urban silhouette. silhouette. Examples Examples include include ring ring objects objects locatedlocated in in each each of of the the partitions, partitions, such such as theas the Prussian Prussian Toru´nFortress, Toruń Fortress, the Russianthe Russia Osowiecn Osowiec Fortress Fortress and theand Austrian the Austrian Przemy´slFortress, Przemyśl Fortress, one of one the of largest the largest facilities facilities of this of type this in type Europe in Europe (Figure (Figure1). 1). FigureFigure 1. 1. MapMap ofof selectedselected fortsforts inin PolandPoland againstagainst thethe backgroundbackground ofof thethe bordersborders ofof threethree Russian,Russian, PrussianPrussian and and Austrian Austrian empires empires after after 1815 1815 (Own (Own study study based based on on Google Google Maps,). Maps,). NotNot only only are are fortifications fortifications among among the the most most architecturally architecturally and and landscape-coherent landscape-coherent objects, objects, but, but, at theat the same same time, time, they they are are significant significant surface surface areas areas of of urban urban greenery, greenery, combined combined into into a a compact compact layout layout thatthat often often overlaps overlaps with with the the city’s city's natural natural system. system. Due Due toto thethe rapid rapid density density of of the the city city and and significant significant lossloss of of greenery, greenery, understanding understanding the the potential potential of of these these places places as as multifunctional multifunctional landscapes landscapes is is crucial crucial forfor the the sustainable sustainable development development of of the the city, city, comfort comfort of of life life and and health health of of residents. residents. Little Little research research on on fortressfortress landscapes landscapes and and specific specific vegetation vegetation associated associated with with them them has has addressed addressed the the problem problem of of social social andand recreational recreational values values of of this this specific specific space, space, focusing focusing mainly mainly on on observing observing existing existing users users and and their their currentcurrent activities activities on on site. site. TheThe main main aim aim of of this this work work is is to to determine determine the the specificity specificity of of the the fortress fortress as as part part of of the the green green areas areas ofof the the city, city, as as well well as as its its importance importance as as a a component component of of the the city’s city's sustainable sustainable landscape. landscape. Moreover,Moreover, takingtaking their their position position in in public public perception perception as as exemplified exemplified byby the the Warsaw Warsaw Fortress Fortress into into account, account, their their culturalcultural value value is is established. established. AA methodologicalmethodological approach,approach, basedbased onon thethe useuse ofof various various research research and and analyticalanalytical tools tools (including (including assessment assessment of of the the cultural cultural landscape, landscape,scale scaleof offortified fortifiedlandscape landscapechanges, changes, attractivenessattractiveness ofof fortress fortress landscapes landscapes andand thethe WNETWNETmethod), method), isisused usedto toimplement implement thisthisassessment. assessment. TheThe main main thesis thesis is: theis: fortressthe fortress landscape landscape is a valuable is a elementvaluable of element the cultural of landscape,the cultural characterized landscape, bycharacterized high specificity by high and uniqueness.specificity and uniqueness. AnAn extremely extremely interesting interesting example example of theof the adaptation adaptation of defensive of defensive works works to the contemporaryto the contemporary needs ofneeds qualified of qualified military military tourism touris is them reconstructionis the reconstruction of the of New the DutchNew Dutch Waterline, Waterline, also knownalso known as the as Newthe New Hollandic Hollandic Waterline. Waterline. This is This one is of one the mostof the interesting most interesting examples examples of the Dutch of the military Dutch heritage military heritage and its relationship to landscape design. The project not only revitalizes individual Sustainability 2020, 12, 1043 3 of 30 and its relationship to landscape design. The project not only revitalizes individual fortresses, but also strengthens the regional identity, which directly translates into increased tourist interest. It is an illustration of understanding cultural heritage as landscape and individual objects, as well as an example of reasonable interference in them. It also shows how dealing with these different scales can help in dealing with future spatial challenges. The transformation of the New Dutch Waterline from a large-scale military defense line to a tourism line has accelerated the civil use of historical military heritage as a tourism resource. The New Dutch Waterline has brought military heritage into fashion for new solutions, dedicated to the delivery of ecosystem services in cultural services. This reconstruction has helped society both to understand the historical dynamics of landscapes on a larger scale and recognize the value of our military past as part of regional identity [3,4]. The Unique Specificity of Fortress Objects in
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