Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Cytotoxic (In-Vitro
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ISSN 2278- 4136 ZDB-Number: 2668735-5 IC Journal No: 8192 Volume 2 Issue 1 Online Available at www.phytojournal.com Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Cytotoxic (In-Vitro) Effect of Methanol and Petroleum Ether Extracts of the Aerva lanata. Entaz Bahar*1, Joushan Ara2, Mofasser Hossain3 ,Bashutosh Nath4 and Nazmunnahar Runi5 1. Entaz Bahar, Department of Pharmacy, University of science & Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chawkbazer, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh. [E.mail:[email protected]] 2. Joushan Ara, Department of Pharmacy, University of science & Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chawkbazer, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh. [E-mail:[email protected]] 3. Mofasser Hossain, Department of Pharmacy, University of science & Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chawkbazer, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh. [E-mail: [email protected]] 4. Bashutosh Nath, Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Chawkbazer, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh [E.mail:[email protected]] 5. Nasmunnahar Runi, Department of Pharmacy, State university of Bangladesh, Dhaka-1203, Bangladesh [E.mail:[email protected]] The present study was designed to investigate cytotoxic activity of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of the Aerva lanata. Both extracts were subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay for possible cytotoxicity where a concentration dependent increment in percent mortality of brine shrimp nauplii was produced by the extracts indicating the presence of cytotoxic principles in these extractives. The cytotoxicity of the extracts were found promising. The results of these studies suggest significant cytotoxicity of different extracts of Aerva lanata. The result that obtained from the Crude extract of the of Aerva lanata have strong cytotoxic activity. Keyword: Aerva lanata, Cytotoxicity Activity 1. Introduction: characteristics in the medicinal plants growing Medicinal plants are various plants used in with them, yet they possess some special qualities herbalism and thought by some to have medicinal or virtues that make them medicinally important. properties.The definition of Medicinal Plant has It has now been established that the plants which been formulated by WHO (World Health naturally synthesis and accumulate some Organization) as follows- “A medicinal plant is secondary metabolites, like alkaloids, glycosides, any plant which, in one or more of its organ, tannins, volatiles oils and contain minerals and contains substance that can be used for vitamins, possess medicinal properties. therapeutic purpose or which is a precursor for synthesis of useful drugs.” The plants that possess 1.1.1Toxicological studies therapeutic properties or exert beneficial Toxicology is the branch of pharmacology, which pharmacological effects on the animal body are deals with the comprehensive study of poisonous generally designated as “Medicinal Plants”. and adverse effects of bioactive substances on Although there are no apparent morphological living organisms along with their detection, Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 92 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry prevention and treatment of poisonings. All drugs II. Sub- acute toxicity studies are toxic at higher doses and people vary greatly Sub- acute toxicity studies are done by giving in their sensitivities to the drugs. So the safe and repeated dose of a drug in sub- lethal appropriate dose for someone may be an over concentration to animal species for a period of 14 dose for another individual. Moreover, even the to 21 days. The aim is to predict toxic effect that therapeutic doses, many drugs have unavoidable may occur during chronic administration of the toxic effects (Klaassen, C.D. 1991 and Plaa, drug. A Varity of parameters are monitored G.L. 1988). during this period and at the end of the study, In order to develop and assess the safety and tissues and organs are examined from efficacy level of a new drug, toxicity studies are histopathological changes. essential. No drug is used clinically without its clinical trial as well as toxicity studies. III. Chronic toxicity studies Toxicological data helps to make decision Chronic toxicity studies refer to the toxic effects whether a new drug is adopted for clinical use or of a drug over a extended period of time during not, which animal may receive repeated doses of the Toxicological studies are used: drugs in an apparently safe level. Study of a a) To determine or evaluate the efficacy, chronic exposure is often used to determine the safety or toxicity of a new drug. carcinogenicity and mutagenic potential of the b) To determine the factors those modify drug drug safety and efficacy. c) To get information about drug 1.1.3 Toxicity: metabolism. Sum of adverse effects or the degree of danger d) To reveal the toxic effects on different posed by a substance to living organisms. It is organs. expressed generally as a dose response e) To predict therapeutic dose relationship involving the quantity of substance to f) To establish dose interval time which the organism is exposed and the route of g) To determine lethality (LD50) bioassay. exposure skin (absorption), mouth (ingestion), or Toxicity studies are carried out on experimental respiratory tract (inhalation). Toxicity can refer to animals like mice, guinea pigs, dogs and the effect on a whole organism, such as an monkeys under various conditions of drug animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect administration. on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity), such 1.1.2 Types of toxicity studies as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the I. Acute toxicity studies word may be metaphorically used to describe Acute toxicities are those which occur rapidly as toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, result of exposure to a relatively large quantity of such as the family unit or society at large. a drug, administered as a single dose. The effects Toxicity is classified usually as are quite dramatic occurring shortly after the drug 1) Acuteicitytox : harmful effects produced administration drug is characterized by untoward through a single or short-term exposure. reactions having serious symptoms and short 2) Chronictoxicity : harmful effects course of existence, which may follow the produced through repeated or continuous administration of a single dose ( or an over dose ) exposure over an extended period. of the drug ( Satoskar, R. S. et al. 1995 ). 3) Sub-chronic: harmful effects produced During screening of a new drug, acute toxicity through repeated or continuous exposure test are done to estimate the nature and extent of over twelve months or more but less than acute toxicity. the normal lifespan of the organism. Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 93 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1.1.4 Types of toxicants: cytotoxic effects. Compounds that have cytotoxic There are generally three types of toxic entities; effects often compromise cell membrane chemical, biological, and physical: integrity. Vital dyes, such as trypan blue or propidium iodide are normally excluded from the 1. Chemical toxicants: include inorganic inside of healthy cells; however, if the cell substances such as lead, mercury, asbestos, membrane has been compromised, they freely hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas, organic cross the membrane and stain intracellular compounds such as methyl alcohol, most components. Alternatively, membrane integrity medications, and poisons from living things. can be assessed by monitoring the passage of 2. Biological toxicants: include bacteria and substances that are normally sequestered inside viruses that can induce disease in living cells to the outside. One commonly measured orgasm. Biological toxicity can be difficult to molecule is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). measure because the "threshold dose" may be Protease biomarkers have been identified that a single organism. Theoretically one virus, allow researchers to measure relative numbers of bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a live and dead cells within the same cell serious infection. However, in a host with an population. The live-cell protease is only active in intact immune system the inherent toxicity of cells that have a healthy cell membrane, and loses the organism is balanced by the host's ability activity once the cell is compromised and the to fight back; the effective toxicity is then a protease is exposed to the external environment. combination of both parts of the relationship. The dead-cell protease cannot cross the cell A similar situation is also present with other membrane, and can only be measured in culture types of toxic agents. media after cells have lost their membrane 3. Physical toxicants: are substances that, due integrity. to their physical nature, interfere with Cytotoxicity can also be monitored using the biological processes. Examples include coal MTT or MTS assay. This assay measures the dust and asbestos fibers, both of which can reducing potential of the cell using a colorimetric ultimately be fatal if inhaled. reaction. Viable cells will reduce the MTS reagent to a colored formazan product. A similar 1.1.5 Cytotoxicity: redox-based assay has also been developed using Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. the fluorescent dye, reassuring. In addition to Examples of toxic agents are a chemical using dyes to indicate the redox potential of cells substance, an immune cell or some types of in order to monitor their viability, researchers venom (e.g. from the puff adder or brown