Gender Differences in Performance in Competitive Environments: Evidence from Professional Tennis Players* M. Daniele Paserman Boston University and Hebrew University
[email protected] November 2007 Abstract This paper uses detailed point-by-point data from four tennis Grand Slam tournaments played between 2006 and 2007 to assess whether men and women respond differently to competitive pressure in a setting with large monetary rewards. It finds that at crucial junctures of the match the probability that a point ends in an unforced error increases substantially for women, but remains unchanged for men. Data on serve speed, on first serve percentages and on rally length suggest that women play a more conservative and less aggressive strategy as points become more important. I present a simple game-theoretic model that shows that a less aggressive strategy may be a player’s best response to an increase in the intrinsic probability of making unforced errors. JEL codes: J16, J24, J71, L83, M50. Keywords: Gender differences, performance under pressure, tennis. * This paper is a substantially revised version of “Gender Differences in Performance in Competitive Environments: Evidence from Professional Tennis Players,” CEPR Discussion Paper 6335, June 2006. I thank Dan Ariely, Iván Fernández-Val, Esteban Klor, Lawrence Katz, Motty Perry, Antonio Rangel, Avi Simhon, Eyal Winter, seminar participants at Hebrew University, the University of Pittsburgh, UC Davis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Boston University, Case Western Reserve University, Tufts University, Tel Aviv University and conference participants at the European Summer Symposium in Labor Economics for comments and suggestions. This paper would not have been possible without Yaron Aronshtam’s outstanding research assistance.