Papa Francisco

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Papa Francisco 1 Índice Introdução .............................................................................................................. 3 Cap. 1: O retraimento pastoral dos ―valores não negociáveis‖ ........................................................................................................ 13 Cap. 2: Promoção da agenda neomarxista e altermundialista dos ―movimentos sociais‖ ................................................................................ 31 Cap. 3: Promoção da agenda ―verde‖, da governança mundial e de uma mística ambígua em relação à ―Mãe Terra‖ .................................................................................................................... 59 Cap. 4: Favorecimento da imigração e do Islã ‒ Parcimônia em relação aos cristãos perseguidos do Oriente Médio ............................. 73 Cap. 5: Indiferentismo religioso, relativismo filosófico e evolucionismo teológico ................................................................................... 91 Cap. 6: Uma nova moral subjetiva, sem imperativos absolutos ............................................................................................................ 105 Cap. 7: A mudança de paradigma em um caso concreto: o acesso à comunhão aos divorciados recasados .......................................... 119 Cap. 8: O denominador comum da mudança de paradigma: adaptar-se à Modernidade revolucionária e anticristã .............................. 151 Cap. 9: O reverso da medalha: a simpatia dos poderes mundanos e de correntes anticristãs ............................................................. 167 Cap. 10: Liceidade da resistência ................................................................. 175 Conclusão .......................................................................................................... 191 2 Introdução No mês de março último, o pontificado do Papa Francisco atingiu o importante marco dos cinco anos, um lapso de tempo mais do que suficiente para que histo- riadores, analistas e estudiosos em geral possam fazer dele um balanço. Ainda que os prismas de análise possam ser muito diversos, todos concordam no fato de que se tratou de um período carregado de inovações, marcado pelo empenho constante do Pontífice de apresentar uma fisionomia diferente da instituição por ele governada, a ponto de mais de um ter chegado a falar de ―uma nova Igreja de Francisco»1. A ideia de uma ―nova Igreja‖ paira, de modo mais ou menos definido, sobre o recente debate em torno da pertinência da aplicação do conceito de ―mudança de paradigma‖ à vida bimilenar da instituição fundada por Nosso Senhor Jesus Cris- to. Na sua acepção tradicional, um paradigma é um exemplo ou padrão a ser se- guido2. No campo da filosofia das ciências, a expressão ―mudança de paradigma‖ – tradução de paradigm shift, empregada pelo físico e filósofo americano Tho- mas Kuhn em seu ensaio Estrutura das Revoluções Científicas – passou a signi- ficar um novo sistema ou modelo conceptual que reorienta totalmente o desen- volvimento posterior das pesquisas3. Adotada pela linguagem comum e fora do marco científico, uma ―mudança de paradigma‖ indica, segundo o conhecido es- 1 Cfr. por exemplo, o livro La nuova chiesa di papa Francesco, dir. J. M. Kraus, Ed. Mora- lia, bem como as manchetes dos jornais La Repubblica (Itália) de 14-03-2013 (http://www.acidigital.com//imagespp/prensaitalianafrancisco.jpg) e La Razón (Espanha) de 13-03- 2017 (https://www.larazon.es/religion/la-nueva-iglesia-del-papa-francisco-EK14699739). A mesma ideia é expressa, com outras palavras, pelo Washington Post de 24-09-2017 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/09/24/how-pope-francis-has- fundamentally-reshaped-the-catholic-church/?utm_term=.8f70db361778) e pela edição de 12-03-2018 do North Jersey (https://www.northjersey.com/story/opinion/contributors/2018/03/12/five-years-pope- francis-framing-new-church-opinion/417177002/) 2 https://www.dicio.com.br/paradigma/ 3 https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/paradigma 3 critor George Weigel, ―uma dramática, repentina e inesperada mudança no pen- samento humano – e, portanto, algo à maneira de um novo começo‖4. Nos limites dentro dos quais a expressão ―mudança de paradigma‖ pode ser aceita5, tem havido e ainda haverá tais mudanças na história das ciências. Mas cogitar num novo modelo conceptual para a Igreja fundada por Jesus Cristo – a qual recebeu em depósito a Revelação divina, cujo conteúdo imutável foi explici- tado por um Magistério constante e coerente de vinte séculos –, é uma empresa muito audaciosa, para dizer pouco. Entretanto, foi o próprio Papa Francisco quem usou a expressão na recente Constituição dedicada ao ensino universitário 4 The Catholic Church Doesn‟t Do “Paradigm Shifts” (https://www.firstthings.com/web- exclusives/2018/01/the-catholic-church-doesnt-do-paradigm-shifts). Nas páginas do Avvenire, jornal pertencente ao Episcopado italiano, Andrea Lavazza abunda no mesmo sentido: ―Entrou no uso comum a ideia de mudança de paradigma. A expressão foi cunhada para indicar uma passagem radical do modo de enfrentar um problema científico. Numa fase, todos os pesqui- sadores concordam sobre um núcleo de conhecimentos e métodos, e trabalham com eles sem peripécias, com pequenos progressos. Quando, porém, aparece uma série de anomalias na teoria dominante, ela entra em crise e se assiste a uma fase revolucionária que conduz à mu- dança do paradigma até então compartilhado.‖ (https://www.avvenire.it/opinioni/pagine/cambio-di- paradigma) 5 A versão original é certamente inaceitável. Thomas Khun descreveu a si próprio como um ―Kantiano post-Darwiniano‖. Como Kant, ele acreditava que a mente é incapaz de pôr ordem nas experiências sensoriais sem algum tipo de paradigma a priori. Mas enquanto Kant e Darwin achavam que toda a humanidade nasce mais ou menos com um mesmo paradigma inato, Kuhn alegava que os paradigmas dos homens mudam continuamente junto com a sua cultura. ―Grupos diferentes, ou um mesmo grupo numa ocasião diferente, podem ter expe- riências diferentes e, portanto, em certo sentido, viverem em mundos diferentes‖, dizia. Pela sua herança biológica comum, os homens podem dar algumas respostas comuns a experiên- cias similares, mas tudo aquilo que na experiência humana é universal e transcende uma cul- tura e a história, é ―inefável‖, porque, segundo ele, a linguagem ―não é um instrumento uni- versal‖. Pelo que os conceitos de verdade e de erro são válidos, e até necessários, mas apenas no interior de um determinado paradigma. O resultado é que, em qualquer campo, a ciência é incapaz de chegar até a verdade absoluta, porque a realidade é irreconhecível (ver John Hor- gan, ―What Thomas Kuhn Really Thought about Scientific ‗Truth‘‖in Scientific American, (https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/what-thomas-kuhn-really-thought-about-scientific-truth/). Não foi sem motivo que seu pensamento foi adotado pela corrente ―desconstrutivista‖, anti- científica e absolutamente relativista do Pós-modernismo (ver Marcel Kuntz, ―The postmo- dern assault on science: If all truths are equal, who cares what science has to say?‖ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3463968/). 4 católico, onde augurou que uma ―mudança radical de paradigma‖ possa inspirar uma ―corajosa revolução cultural‖ na formação acadêmica católica6. Conceitos como ―revolução cultural‖ e ―mudança de paradigma‖ trazem por si mesmos à mente a ideia de ruptura ou de descontinuidade em relação a modelos precedentes. O conceito vem aplicado, sobretudo, à teologia moral e a uma de suas componentes – a doutrina social da Igreja7 –, abrangendo, portanto, a ma- neira de o catolicismo se relacionar com a sociedade contemporânea nos campos mais diversos, das ciências em geral à economia, da política à diplomacia. Em to- das essas esferas, segundo a opinião de uma alentada equipe de bispos e de estu- diosos não desprovidos de poder, uma ―mudança de paradigma‖ seria necessária. Nesse contexto, são inumeráveis os fiéis que, fazendo ouvir suas vozes ou permanecendo num silêncio perplexo, se perguntam para onde ruma a Igreja e que perspectivas se abrem ao termo do primeiro quinquênio do atual pontificado. Há uma preocupação difusa de que uma mudança semelhante coloque em risco um dos fundamentos da Igreja, isto é, a sua unidade. De fato, como veremos adiante, o debate a respeito da mudança de paradigma é indicativo de uma crescente e profunda divisão nos ambientes católicos, a des- peito de todo o palavreado sobre a diversidade legítima, o caráter poliédrico da realidade eclesial, o diálogo e a escuta no seio da Igreja. Aliás, como julgar pos- síveis o diálogo e a escuta quando o próprio significado das palavras é radical- mente mudado, haja vista a ―conversão pastoral da linguagem‖8 gerada pela tão propalada mudança de paradigma? 6 https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/pt/apost_constitutions/documents/papa-francesco_costituzione- ap_20171208_veritatis-gaudium.html 7 Sobre o fato de que a doutrina social católica deriva da teologia e especialmente da teologia moral, cfr. João Paulo II, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, n° 41 (http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul- ii/pt/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html) e Centesimus Annus, n°55 (http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/pt/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp- ii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus.html). 8 Cfr. Guido Vignelli, Uma Revolução pastoral – Seis palavras talismânicas no debate sino- dal sobre a família, p. 13 (http://www.rassegnastampa-totustuus.it/cattolica/wp-
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