Ground stone technology in the Silver Creek area, east-central Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Valado, Martha Trenna Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 15:08:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278692 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Infoanation and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 GROUND STONE TECHNOLOGY IN THE SILVER CREEK AREA, EAST-CENTRAL ARIZONA by Martha Trenna Valado Copyright © Martha Trenna Valado 1999 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS WITH A MAJOR IN ARCHAEOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1999 UHX Nvunber: 1395269 Copyright 1999 by Valado, Martha Trenna All rights reserved. UMI Microform 1395269 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advance degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special pennission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ^ . XkUJ^ 3.^ ^pgit- Barbara J. Mills | Date Associate Professor of Anthropology 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Barbara Mills for getting me involved in the SCARP project and to Jenny Adams for her tireless training and advice. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Barbara Mills, Jenny Adams, J. Jefferson Reid, and Michael Schiffer, for their insightful and helpful comments. Finally, I must thank everyone who works on the SCARP project for answering endless questions and reading drafts of my various papers, including Sarah Herr, Eric Kaldahl, Susan Stinson, and Scott Van Keuren. 4 DEDICATION To my loving husband and best friend, Ed, without whom nothing is possible!! 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 8 LIST OF HGURES 9 ABSTRACT 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION II Research Goals 12 Raw Material Selection 12 Occupational Histories 13 The Organization of Labor and Intensity of Production 14 Migration 17 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS 19 Artifact Type and Subtype 19 Material Type and Texture 19 Processing Type 20 Contact Type 21 Manufacture and Tool Surface Wear 22 Tool Use and Sequence of Use 23 Application to Research Goals 24 CHAPTER 3: THE RESEARCH SETTING 26 Previous Research in the SCARP Area 26 SCARP Research 27 Cothrun's Kiva 27 Hough's Great Kiva 29 Pottery Hill 30 Bailey Ruin 31 CHAPTER 4: RAW MATERIAL SELECTION AND OCCUPATIONAL HISTORIES 33 Raw Material Selection 33 Occupational Histories 36 Cothrun's Kiva 36 Hough's Great Kiva 38 Pottery Hill 40 Room 1 41 Room 3 43 Bailey Ruin 44 Room 1 45 Room 2 48 Room 3 48 Room 4 50 6 Room 5 52 Room 6 53 Room 7 55 Plaza Excavations 56 Summary of Occupational Histories 57 CHAPTER 5: THE ORGANIZATION OF LABOR AND INTENSITY OF POTTERY PRODUCTION 62 Background 62 Experimental Procedures 67 Materials 67 Clays 67 Tempers 68 Polishing Stones 68 Forming the Bowls 70 Polishing the Bowls 71 Experimental Results 73 Experimental Conclusions 80 Archaeological Specimens 81 Ground Stone Artifacts Associated with Pottery Production 85 CHAPTER 6: THE ORGANIZATION OF LABOR AND INTENSITY OF SUBSISTENCE PRODUCTION 87 Technological Development 87 Number of Used Surfeces on Manos 90 Intensity of Use and Implications for Efficiency 91 CHAPTER 7: MIGRATION 94 Identifying Prehistoric Migrations 95 The Kayenta Anasazi 100 The Data 101 Tsegi Phase Technology 102 Abraders 102 Axes 103 Balls and Disks 106 Grinding Slabs 106 Hammers 107 Hammer Stones 108 Hand Stones 108 Hoes 109 Jar Lids 110 Lapstones/Palettes 110 Manos and Metates Ill Mealing Bins and Grinding Rooms 113 7 Mauls 113 Mortars and Pestles 114 Polishing and Rubbing Stones 114 Shaft Smoothers 115 Slabs and other Miscellany 115 Kayenta Diagnostics 116 Assessment of Kayenta Migration 118 Conclusions 119 CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 121 APPENDDC A: SCARP GROUND STONE CODES 125 APPENDDC B; SOURCES FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA 143 REFERENCES 147 8 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 Analytical Categories used to Address Research Domains 24 TABLE 3.1 Ground Stone Recovered from Excavated Sites 28 TABLE 4.1 Ground Stone Material Types from Excavated Sites 34 TABLE 4.2 Mano and Metate Material Types by Site 36 TABLE 4.3 Pottery Polishing Stone Material Types by Site 36 TABLE 4.4 Pottery Hill Room 1 Ground Stone Assemblage 42 TABLE 4.5 Pottery Hill Room 3 Ground Stone Assemblage 44 TABLE 4.6 Bailey Ruin Room 1 Ground Stone Assemblage 47 TABLE 4.7 Bailey Ruin Room 2 Ground Stone Assemblage 48 TABLE 4.8 Bailey Ruin Room 3 Ground Stone Assemblage 50 TABLE 4.9 Bailey Ruin Room 4 Ground Stone Assemblage 51 TABLE 4.10 Bailey Ruin Room 5 Ground Stone Assemblage 53 TABLE 4.11 Bailey Ruin Room 6 Ground Stone Assemblage 54 TABLE 4.12 Bailey Ruin Room 7 Ground Stone Assemblage 55 TABLE 4.13 Bailey Ruin Trench 4 Ground Stone Assemblage 57 TABLE 4.14 Ground Stone Artifacts Exhibiting Secondary Use by Site 59 TABLE 4.15 Secondary Use of Manos by Site 60 TABLE 4.16 Secondary Use of Polishing Stones by Site 61 TABLE 5.1 Polishing Stones Used in the Experiment 69 TABLE 5.2 Recipes for Clay Mixtures Used in the Experiment 70 TABLE 5.3 Wear Traces on Polishing Stones 76 TABLE 5.4 Polishing Stone Types by Site 81 TABLE 5.5 Number of Used Surfaces on Pottery Polishing Stones by Site 83 TABLE 5.6 Intensity of Pottery Polishing Stone Use by Site 84 TABLE 5.7 Ground Stone Artifacts Associated with Pottery Production 86 TABLE 6.1 Mano Types by Site 88 TABLE 6.2 Metate Types by Site 89 TABLE 6.3 Number of Used Surfaces on Manos by Site 91 TABLE 6.4 Intensity of Mano Use by Site 92 TABLE 7.1 Tsegi Phase Ground Stone Assemblages by Site 104 TABLE 7.2 Potential Kayenta Ground Stone Diagnostics 117 9 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 3.1 Cothrun's Kiva Site Plan 29 FIGURE 3.2 Hough's Great Kiva Site Plan 30 nGURE 3.3 Pottery Hill Site Plan 31 FIGURE 3.4 Bailey Ruin Site Plan 32 10 ABSTRACT This analysis of nearly 1500 ground stone tools coUected during five years of excavation in the Silver Creek area of East-Central Arizona is aimed at addressing four research goals: I) raw material selection; 2) occupational histories; 3) the organization of labor and intensity of production; and 4) migration. Four excavated sites span the time period from A.D. 1050 to 1330. These research domains are investigated by examining technological change and variation in use-wear in the ground stone assemblage. Evidence suggests that although raw material selection was generally consistent throughout this period, there were significant changes in the use of ground stone tools. These changes are especially pronounced in grinding equipment and pottery polishing stones, possibly representing changes in the organization of subsistence and craft production. A comparative approach to assessing the possibility of Kayenta Anasazi migration to the area is also presented. 11 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Although ground stone technology has often been a neglected subject, examination of variation in ground stone manu&cturing within individual sites or regions can be a valuable source of information about how prehistoric inhabitants adapted to their envirorunent, processed foods, and participated in craft economies. Early interest in ground stone technology in the U.S. Southwest focused primarily on the technological development of mano and metates (Bartlett 1933), which is not surprising given that subsistence production and processing occupied a central role in the lives of historic and prehistoric Pueblo groups.